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_ These are known by many different ¥ in Africa. For instance, in the [ s of Kenya the Medicine Man is sometimes known as the Mun. du Mugo. In these parts special clans are credited with supernatural pow- ers, Such is the Eithaga Clan, nick- mamed Kiuru, or 'Those who bewitch - people'. The stronghold of the Eith- aga is Karuris country, on the east coast of Mount Niandarua, called thus by the inhabitants of the surrounding country because of its resemblance, when viewed from- certain directions, 10 an elephant's head. Just as in the medical profession thére are physicians and surgeons who specialize in their particular branch of service, so among Ju-ju men theer are vafieties in specializa- tion, such as the Ambura and Akiura, the Rain-makers and the Wizards, and it is only fair to point out at this stage that there are many misunder- standings among Europeans as to the functions of these professions, and claims are made for them by others than the practitioners themselves which often bring them into disrepute which is not always jjust. The Raln- bringers profess to be able to make raln under certain conditions, but the important point is that the rain clouds must be forming, and that it is the right season for rain. This is all they claim. Kinanjul, Chief of the Kikuyo tribe, was one of the first important Afri- can chiefs versed in the art of Ju-ju that I met during my travels, He was then a man aged about forty-five years, tall and always dignified in his bearing. Although he could not speak a word of English, yet he had a very fine perception, and his intuition was #80 keen that he often responded to the unspoken thought. His genius was turned to- good account in deal: ing with the demands of the daily life of his tribe. He seemed to com- bine in himself both the arts of a clever detective and the sagacily of & judge. In my personal experience of tribal cases that came before him in the course of the happenings of every day, I rarely found him to be wrong. It was enough for the thief to know that when Kinanjjui was en- gaged on the case confession of guilt was Inevitable, In his and neighboring tribes were other Juju men who contributed their part to the welfare of their peo- ple. For instance, the Eithaga who dealt with the Spirit of tite Forest: this order became one of the recog- nized guardians of sacred groves when the surrounding forests were destroyed. To them we owe the pre- servation of frequent patches of trees which are seen on the hiltops in what would otherwise be a bare country. When demarcating a forest reserve fn the Southern Provinces of Nigeria 1 made the acquaintance of the Croco- dile Catcher, of Gili Gill. I learnt that at one time his father was an Important Ju-ju man in the service of the Oba of Banin, but had been ban- ished fro mthe presence of the king for making bad magic. He was hence- forth doomed to catch - crocodiles alive for the use of. the Oba for Juju ceremonies in :he Citq of Benin. The son had inherited his father's profes- plon, and in the depth of the forest was condemned to expiate the sins of kis parent by plying this mysterious and dangerous trade. When my in- terpreter, Igabon, informed me of this man's occupation, I gsked him," 'Da yon really catch crocodiles? Hoy then do you do it?" He replied, "Truly, Master, crocodiles be fools', and then went on to explain that in the dry season when the creeks were Jow, he dug a narrow channel up from the bank, ut the end of which he con- structed a cage to receive a live goat, 'which acted as bait for the crocodile. He would then wait near by for his prey. The crocodile, tempted by the presence of the live goat, left the water and worked his way along the marrow ditch up to the cage, but was unable to reach the goat, as it was protected by piles of wood driven in- 10 fhe earth. The defeated crocodile then attempted to retreat and finding himself unable to turn round fn the . marrow trench, and the banks too steep to scale, was trapped. 'Croco- diles be fools; they be no fit to walk back', sald the crocodile catcher. 1 Rave ence been told that it is a physi eal impossibility for a crocodile to backwards in a narrow trench, sand. this no doubt accounts for the th which the crocodile catcher bind up his victim, Creepers are m the forest; a noose {s drawn his jaws, while his tail towards pan ancient tradition, for when the people of Agenebodies were fleeing before their Fulani invaders from the north they took refuge on the banks of this lake. They skillfully crossed the swamp" on bamboos cut from palms, in the very same manner that I had to employ in order to reach the banks. The last man to leave the firm ground collected the bamboos, passed them along to the next, so that by the time that all the inhabit- ants of the yillage had passed over the swamp there was no bridge left behind upon which their pursuérs could cross. The enemy, not knowing the dangers of the botfomless swamp, rushed in, and were sucked under. In this way they all disappeared. This is the tradition, and it is an historical fact that the people of Agenebodle were never conquered by the Fulani, When I first saw the lake and was told that it was sacred, Iasked, "Why is it sacred?" and the Juju man re- plied, 'Because it contains the sacred crocodile, and when I said, 'Why is the crocoile sacred? he replied, 'Be- cause the lake is sacred. At any rate the lake upon whose banks these refugees from Agenebodle found re- fuge contained a crocodile which the neighboring tribesmen still worship, and to whom they bring offerings. The Juju keeper of the crocodile act- ed ay intermediary between the peo- ple and their deity, and when an of- fering bad been made would stand on fhe bank of the lake and call to its 'secred' occupant to come and eat. 'When I visited the 'sacred' lake I took with me as guide the present custodian of the crocodile, and doy reaching the brink of the water I re- quested him to call his charge for my inspection. Looking out across the water he exclaimed in a loud voice, 'Isamore, Isamore, Isamore jeje. (Come and eat, come and eat, come and eat quick!) I watched my Ju-ju guide, intently calling for my benefit, and urged him to call louder and yet again, but as far as I could see noth- ing happened. He assured me that the crocodile was looking and pointed to a distant speck on the water, which might have been anything. Af- ter he had been calling a long time I said to him, 'Why does not the croec- odile come? He thereupon turned to me quite solemnly and said some- thing Wke this, which was translated by my interpreter into the colloquial pigeon English, 'This crocodile be no fool. He savvy too much. You got no goat for him to eat so he no be fit to come.' This Ju-ju man, like all of his kind, was undefeatable. It was while I was instructing a gang of laborers in sylvicultural operations, deep in the forest, that a huge Gaboon viper appeared and showed fight. A unanimous cry went out for one of their number, who quickly came to their rescue and alone, with forked stick in hand, faced the dangerous reptile, wisile the frightened gang kept their distance. It wae obvious to me at once that be knew his work and, with the laborers, 1 watched him suecessfully battling with the viper. It was soon over and the poison sac was extracted and re- tained ~ by the snake-catcher to be used in the preparation of an anti- dote for another day. At my request on returning to camp the skin-was stretched on the wall of a mud-hut and dried for my collection. In some of the tribes this art of handling -poisonous snakes can be acquired by those who become neo- phytes In the profession, but this snake-catcher belonged to a tribe in hich snake-catching was hereditary, b "he had béén Tastinciea or father. He knew his job well, and I found that his healing art was in constant demand. Crude and primi- tive as was his forest laboratory, mar- vellous were the means by which he administered his many serums, For just as the modern physician devel ops an antidote for eich disease, so this snake-catcher dispenses the anti- dotes for eadh kind of poison. It is well known amongst Africans that the meaus of oblaintog the antidote for each snake's poisbn is from an- other snake of the same species. The knowledge extends farther, and many snakes used for ceremonial purposes are rendered harmless. But no one save the initiated knows the secrets of this Ju-ju. > - - The Life-Giving Sun (From an address by Sir Richard Paget given over the British Radio) The sum; from which practically ali our energy comes, is now believed to be just a great ball of glowing gas, Probably liquid at the centre. It is about a mithon--miles thick, and over 90 million miles aistant from the earth. The sun's surface is about twice as hot as the hottest electric furnace, but ths interior of the sun os very much hotter, and its centre must be at the almost incredible tempera- ture of 40 to 50 milllon degrees centi- grade--over ten million times hotter than our hottest furnace. The surface of the sun gives our light and heat and (as we now know) other rays, a little of which strike our earth and keep us alive and warm. All these rays are what are now called electro-magnetic waves (wire- less waves and X-rays are members of the same family) and they all travel through space at the fame ter- tific speed of 186,000 miles per second ~s80 that it takes only 814 minutes for the sun rays to reach our earth, across a space of nearly 100 million miles. Waves of Electricity Matter, whether on the sun's sur- face or on the earth's surface, 1s made up of very small particles called atoms--they are so small that about 250 milli6n of them In a row would make up a length of about 1 ixch, All these atoms In the sun are In a terrific state of activity, darting and swirling about in immense croyds, and also sending out a great variety of vibrations of different wavelengths on- their own account, The kind of pictures we may make of an atom is that of a very small central speck with one or more halos round it--like the thin ring-shaped halo encircling the head of a saint in an old Italian picture. Only the halos of the atoms are very large compared with the wearer's head, most of thé halos consist of geveral rings of differ ent alzes, one within the other, and each ring conglsts simply of a wave: let of electricity circling round and round the speck at an enormous rate. The atoms of different kivds of matter, such as hydrogen, Ira, eal- ofum, snd go on, each have differant futabérs of halos (ome within the other) which send out the viilous waves which reach us hers on earth. Pach different atom sends out ite owl selection of waves. Disturbances of the outer halos send out waves which we see as light--disturbances of the inner halos send out waves of shorter wavelength than light-- so YOUNGSTERS SERVE BREA short in fact that our eyes cannot see them, though they tam our skin. Dis- turbances of the innermost rings of all--the tightest-fitting halos. or un: derskirts of the atoms--send out X- rays which would kill us all if they reached us here. Fortunately these X-rays get absorbed in the sun itself, and even If they escaped from the sun they would probably be stopped by our own atmosphere. Shaking Atoms The important thing to realize now is that the waves which come from different parts of the atom produce different effects on us when we inter- cept them with our bodies, so that they shake the atoms of wbich we are made, The reason is that waves which come from a comparatively large outer halo naturally shake an outer halo here, and that waves from a smaller Inner halo naturally shake an inner halo. Longer waves, which are produced by the shaking of a whole 'atom (halo and all) in the sun, shake whole atoms in us. In the same kind of way our eyes act like groups of bells, which only answer to waves produced by the vibration of the outer halos of mat. ter at the sun's strface. Our skin is sensitive to shorter waves coming from the inner halos--our Berves which perceive heat and cold are stir- red by longer waves coming from atoms vibrating as a whole. You must realize that all these solar waveleigths are very, very short compared with an inch or a centimetre; for this reason they are comnfonly measured, not in fractions of an inch or a centimetre, but on a scale of very short lengths, called Angstrom units, of which 250 mil lion units go to 1 inch, In the one octave of wavelengths which affects our eyes as light, the notes of the scale are what we see as the various colors of the rainbow, The lowest note in the rainbow scale, with the longest wavelength, Is red light; the highest note, with the shortest wavelength, is violet light. The invisible rays, of shorter wave- length than violet light, are therefore called "ultra-violet", because they lle beyond the violet rays in the scale of sunrays; while those of greater length than red, that is the rays which we feel as heat, are called "infra-red", because they come be- low the red in the same scale. A hot watér or steam radiator gives out Infra-red rays, Coal, gas and electric fires, and electric lights, give out various mixtures of lght and Infra- red rays. Electric are lamps and quartz mercury vapour lamps give out various selections of infra-red. light and uitra-violet rays. KFAST TO FOREST FOLK IN WINTRY LAND Children enjoy feeding a tame deer that visits a nearby lodge dally between. the hours of 9 and 10 a.m. Ee Altogether we now know of sixty octaves of the electro-magnetic waves, of which the shortest of all, called Cosmic rays--a hundred times more penetrating than X-rays--apparently come; not from the sum, but from the very distant nebulae in space where new suns are being formed. The longest waves of all are those used in broadcasting and -W. T. . The Life-Giving Sun It is under the stimulus of the six octaves of solar waves (with the pos- sible addition of the Cosmic rays) that all life on this earth has been de- veloped. Civilized man gets part of his vitality directly from the exposure of lis face and hands to the sun's rays, and the rest he gets indirectly, namely, by eating other animals or plants or fruits (which have already gathered in a store of solar energy for themsélves) and so getting it into- his own system. It has only comparatively recently ben discovered that the ultra-violet rays, which we cannot see or feel, are quite as Important to us as the light and heat rays which we do see or feel. The ultra-violet rays solar angels which we have entertain: ed unawares! The method of measurfng "the amount of these rays which eccur in daylight has been worked out by Pro- fessor Leonard Hill. The Sunlight League has done invaluable work in presenting Professor Hill's apparatus to a great many local authorities, so hat the average amount of ultra lolet rays In each locality might be measured; other authorities haye in- stalled the apparatus themselyes, The results last year were very strik- ing. Torquay headed the list ot an average Of about 6% units of ultras violet rays, while Kingsway, London, had a beggarly 134; the smoke and dust of London had cut off most of the rest! Practical Sun-Worship There is evidently a grea! national work to be done in clearing the air of our cities of smoke and dust, and in elimignating narrow streets and dark alleys, which prevent the en- trance of daylight to the homes of our people. Until thefe things are done, our children will not develop the vitaity that Nature intended them to have. . Ordinary window glass Is Opaque to ultra-violet rays, quartz glass Is highly transparent, but com- paratively costly (since it is made of rock crystal apd fused at a very high temperature). There are now some special glasses, which let through about half as much ultra-violet rays as quartz glass. But all such glasses are useless unless they -are--kept are, MARION BROWNFIELD ! (Author of The Courtesy Book) Some children do not have to be taught to be generous. They are as impartial in giving as sunshine itself! But many children are, if not actual- Iy. stingy, inclined to be selfish. In a family where there are several chil either generosity or stinginess is a marked trait in each child. The "only" child is often little to blame It he grows up selfish, for he hasn't the opportunity for sharing that one of several children in a fam- ily has, and 'his parents often uncon- sclously encourage him. to be selfish. But unfortunately, adults may also teach children, blessed with brothers and sisters, to be selfish, both by ex- ample and by speech. The "holding- on" habit is easy to learn. It grows, and it is hard to-break! The mother who hoards, / unnecessarily, in her household, tbe father whose garage is a junk pile from which he won't spare a scrap or the aunt who can't] bear to pick a flower in her garden because "they look so much prettier growing", all teach children to be the opposite of generous. Contrast, with these, the mother who encourages Johnnie to collect newspapers in his own home and neighborhood to salvage for char or, better still, the parents who fro the child's babyhood by suggestion and example make him eager to share his seat, his playthings, his candy, with brother or sister or even the forlorn little child of the ltundress playing at the back door. "Not what ye give, but what" ye share," Children ave like putty at the begin- ning, and those first impulses, educat- ed in the right way, may beconie the cornerstone of generosity. When a little girl sees Mother share her "company" dessert po a neighbor, remember thie gt ist. alts", 1énd mas who can't "exthan; her magazines = Be gave willingly to various in- the real joy of generosity. [ spiritual doesn't need to be voiced. It will be felt, ' But how cgrefully must the nt he Sah ol to Hat zine back on M3. wh. She's had ft all fer long enough! 1 want it myself this ov "18 un- aware, doubtless, thai slo % grafting an unlovely bit from her own char- acter onto her child's! By this act she is likely to impede even the child's material success in lifc, ." ~ As ungelfishness is a fundamental of generosily it can be impressed on children that sharing does not always refer to matérial things. They can easily understand that to share a friend, to show others a pleasant Walk or a beautiful sunset is often a most delightful kind of generosity. It is worth while to help them to oul tivate it. mes roi HEARTFELT WORDS Deep feeling is contagions. Words poured forth irom bufning hearts are sure to kindle the héaris of others. Hearts that can stand everything else are often meliéd by a tear. Let the heart palpitate In eyery line, nd Ia T Our Eastern Sister Province Goes Ahead oes bi | TT ---------- 'hum fn every word:--Anonymons; [must also have the machine schools, our churches." --Will dren, it will often be 'noticed -that| gate The fact that the telephone Is & Canadian invention 'may account, in" some way, for its great popularity in the Dominion. It was Invented by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell and de- monstrated successfully for the first time on August 10 1876, over a line that- ran from... Brantford. to Paris. Ontario. © re ee - > Produces Bread and Butter Winnipeg.--Not only do the farms in the three prairie provinces--Mani- toba, Saskatchewan and Alberta--pro- duce about 90 per cent. of the wheat grown in Canada, but they now pro- vide a substantial 'mount of butter to spread on the bread made from the wheat, or for other edible purposes. Last year these three provinces pro- duced a total of 81,977,109 pounds of butter, 2 big increase over the produce tion in 1928. This was enough to provide every man, woman and child fn Canada with over eight pounds. Fifteen years ago the prairie pro annually to meet the home demand, now they export hundreds of carloads every year, The province of Sas. katchewan headed the lst in butter output in 1929 with a total of 31,280, 000 pounds of creamery and dairy butter; Alberta was next with 27,026, pounds and Manitoba third with 23,672,100 pounds, Canadians eat' more butter than the people of any other country, the annual per capita consumption being about 80 pounds. ---- ---- -Ontario's Gold Production Toronto, Ont.--The value of gold producdd from mines {n the province of Qutasle in 1920 amounted to $38, 383, an increase of $694,345 over the 1928 production. The mines from which gold is produced in Ontario are located In the Porcupine and Kirk. land Lake districts of Northern On- tarlo, of the lines of the, Temiskams ing and. Northern Ontario Railway. Northern Ontario 18 also righ in of er minerals, principally silver, cop- per, nickel, cobalt, etc. It js also a productive agricultural country, Its famous Clay Belt has 20,000,000 acres of land excellently suited to farming. ete ett. UNFAVORABLE VIEWS We must net Indulge in unfavorable views of mankind, since by Joie it we make bad men believe that or are no worse than others, and wi teach the good that they are good - in vain. we v. rere "Rhetoric is the gasoline, but Lloyd George. "Any unfair attack business is an attack on maint¢hance of our hospitals . and our H, Hays. vinces were importing many carloads