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3 © 250,000 Nestilalotade inthe City of Toronto Without Loss of Limb or Life--Immune to Onslaughts Wa : of Dreaded Smallpo: 'By JOHN BURKE INGRAM v In our last article I' told you how. Hdward Jenner, one of mankind's, greatest benefactors discovered how | to prevent smallpox: I told you how -one person in ten died of this dis- ease prior to his discovery and how in the eighteenth. century 60 million Europeans died from it. I told you how the Sovereigns and leadors of Europe, how Parliaments and people all over the world poured honours 'upon the great Jenner. Today I should like to tell you just exactly! what vaceination is, how the vaccine is secured, how it is" administered and a few other interesting facts about mankind's great safeguard against one of the most horrible dis- | eases that ever afflicted the human! race. In the first place, doctors secure a healthy calf, From the time they select the calf till the moment of its painless death 'it becomes one of the, most favoured of animals. It leads the life of Riley or whatever the bovine equivalent to the life of Riley may be. It is bathed gently and «carefully, it" 1s excellently fed and, © organs are absolutely free from dis- ease. it this examination shows any ! diseased condition all the time and effort expended up to this point are wasted because they have to start in all over again with another calf. What the doctors have got from the calf is called green virus. From it every bit of bacteria has to be re- moved. 'It is carefully ground with a mixture of glycerine and carbolic acid through a very fine bronze wire gauze. All germs are thereupon killed. What is left is a creamy substance which is kept on ice until 'ready to be used on human beings, 'but first it is thoroughly tested on animals. So you see how careful ! doctors are in preparing this health- | preserving substance. Now let us consider for a moment the claims of ! busy-badies who oppose vaccination {and allege that it is harmful. One | of the claims that these people make arms rot off, and all sorts of terrible ! things of that sort happen after vac- | cination. Dr. Hastings, for many | years medical officer of health in the City of Toronto and one of the best- known public health officials in the "Of approximately 260,000 vaccin- <ared for, kept clean and healthy. | "of y, Tecently said:-- Then they vaccinate it with the germs of cowpox. This gives tho call a mild case of cowpox. Then what happens? Because the calf Is healthy its body begins to fight the: cowpox germs and it develops what | are known as antibodies in order to fight these germs. It is these anti- bodies that the doctors want to be developed in the blood of Humaa be- ings; they produce a re-action which enables the human blood to success- tully fight smallpox germs, so that these germs are not even permitted to begin their work of causing small- pox. The process of preparing the vac cine is very interesting. When the «<alf is ready the doctors chloroform it, wash off that particular part of its skin upon which the vaccine vesi- cles have appeared. (This process of washing by the i.ay, sometimes takes a couple of hours so thorough- ly is it done. Sterile warm water is used.) The dbctors then examine the calf, make sure that its internal rated in the city I defy anyone to produce evidence of ong single death that has been brought about by vac- i cination. I defy them to produce a case where an arm was even threat- ened. There is not as much danger from infection from vaccination as there is danger from the scratch of a pin." Dr. Victor Helser of the Rockefeller Foundation sald in a let ter to the Social Hygiene Council. "Ten million vaccinations were made in the Philippines without loss of life or limb. Foreigners who were un- vaccinated invariably contracted smallpox. I recall especially that several who declined vaccination died within a short period after their arrival on the Islands. Prior to vae- cination, there was an annual death rate from smallpox of approximate- ly 40,000. Upon the completion of the 10,000,000 vaccinations referred to above, this death rate was reduced to a few hundred, and these deaths occurred almost entirely among per- sons who were unvaccinated." Scholarships Given To Young Farmers Essay * Contest Winners for Province Also An- nounced Toronto--~Announcement of the win- ners of the 15 scholarships donated by the T. Eaton Company, Limited, To- Tonto, to the members - of the "1930 "Royal 600,' has been made by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, 'These scholarships of $100 each are to be applied on a regular course at the Ontario Agricultural College. One hundred and ninety-eight tried the examination which was held in each county and district of the pro- vince under the supervision of the ag- ricultural representatives. The winners are as follows: Bruce County, George Downey of Tiverton; Kent County, William Keyes of Ridge- town; Wellington, Thomas MecClana- han of Drayton; Middlesex, Cameron McTaggart of Appin; York County, Alexander W. Davidson of Agincourt; | Ontario, John Dryden of Brooklin; Durham, James Hancock of Courtice; | Dufferin, Austin Brown of Shelburne; Dundas, Phil Strader of Williamsburg; Grenville, Lawrence O'Marra of Odes- ea; Prince Edward, Gordon Reid of Milford; Carleton, James McNeice of Kars; Fort Willlam, Gladstone Ridler of Rosslyn Village; Rainy River, Brn: est J. Gosselin of Rainy River; Mani- toulin, Raymond Baker of Poplar, These youths will enter the Ontario Agricultural College next September in either the associate or degree course. The Ontario Government, it is understood, is cancelling all tuition fees for such winners during the first two years of thelr courses. Essay Contest Winners - As a follow-up to the 1930 Royal 500" Party, the department of agricul ture conducted an essay contest open to all members of the party. In addition to local prizes offered for the three best essays in each county or district, each of the writers of the ten best essays in the province receives free transportation, board and lodging for two weeks while attending one of the short courses at the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, or the Kemptville Agricultural School, The winners of the prizes are as follows: Glengarry Couiily, Donald Watt, "Lancaster; Grey, Wallace Holll- day, Mount Forest; Halton, Jack Law- ;@on, Acton; Lanark, R. Shetwood Lumsden, Smith's Falls; Leeds, Ken- neth Bolton, Bellamy; No land, Norman Flindall, Mervyn Oehm, Stratford . coe, William J. 8. Grant, Stayner; Sudbury, Wallace Mooney, Massey; Waterloo, Sherwood "Tay r, Galt. Lite is like a book; fools ager through {it hastily; the reads it with attention, boots Bo had knows he csu read it only once. -- . Jean Paul Richter. ERR 3 Dominion's Output Of Butter Gaining Canada to Supply Own Needs in Two Years, Says . Ruddick Ottawa.--Canada will be producing all the butter she requires within two years and the question of importing butter from New Zealand and Aus- tralia will then no longer be one of prime importance to the dairy industry in this country. This view was ex- pressed by Dr, J. A. Ruddick, Dairy Commissioner, here, on Jan, 10th, Dr, Ruddick had been discussing the situa- tion with an English exporter who called him up from London with re- spect to the re-exporting of New Zea- land and Australian butter to Canada. He oxplained that considerable butter comes from the Antipodes to Canada by that route. The low price of grain {3 having a stimulating effect on butter production in Canada. The production of both cheeses and butter doubled last month "as compared with the corresponding month in 1929, The mild weather and the low price of feed encouraged the farmers to keep their cows milking later than had been their practice in former years despite the lower price butter 1s About 10,000,000 'pounds more cream- ery butter was produced in the Do- minjon during 1930 than in 1920 and about 80,000,000 pounds was imported Dr. Ruddick thought that the farmers were seeking to make up for the lower prige by increased production. As a rule milk prices in the cities have not dropped and the, farmers sup- plying milk for city distribution for the most part are faring better than those who are sending their milk to the butter or cheese factories, Disease Among Reindeer - Now Under Control Torontd.--Governmental methods of preventing disease among reindeer in Northern Canada were detalled by Dr. 8. Hadwen, Ontario Research Founda- tion, at the regular monthly meeting of the Tor Humane Boclety here. Disease was. depleting the herds in the North, Dr. Hadwen said, and eyery effort was being made to confrel it, Reindeer were not only useful for northern transportation, but were al- |: most a necessity for food during Win- ter months when districts were cut oft from supply posts. - J. J. Kelso, vice-president, presided. mmr pm---- : Six Nations Number 4,588 Brantford--The Six Nations band | ot Indians new number 4,588, accord- ing to the records of the local Indian Office. They, as members of the Six Nations, are entitled to receive nd iin Ske A tow of oer but the ) Nene on fhe afar nearly the al reserve populatiod. wy Edna May Cooper (shown) and Miss Bobbie Trout took off from Los Angalss in an attempt to break exiting Yeldeliug endurance records. Big Decrease Shown $4,210, 140 Surplus For 1930 Accidents' Shown By Quebec Fatalities Are ¢ Slightly Up However -- Compensa- tion Less Than in 1929 A summary of figures by the Work- men's Compensation Board of Ontario for 1930 shows a total of 69,267 accl- dents reported during the year, a de crease of 17,836 from the number dur- ing the previous year. Fatal accidents numbered 520, as compared with 510 during 1929. The total benefits awarded during the year amounted to $7,423,018.82, as compared with $8,012,157.78 during 1929, the 1930 figures being made up of $6,086,972.77 compensation and $1,- 336,046.05 medical aid. Taking a basis of 300 working days, this would show average daily benefits awarded of $24,743, requiring an aver- age of 865 cheques per day. There was a decrease in the average number of new claims in the average number 290, in 1929 to 231 in 1930. Accidents reported during December numbered 4,694, compared with 6,283 in December the previous ycar. --e Argentina Reports More Pigs and Sheep Buenos Aires, Arg.--Large increases in the number of sheep and pigs In this country and a sharp decrease in the number of cows since the last ag- rigultural census taken in 1922, was re- vealed by the new census which has just been completed. The total num- ber of cows decreased 5,000,000 to 2, 211,855, sheep increased 14,000,000 to 44,443,221, and pigs Increased 2,300,000 to 8,768,738, according to the now cen- sus. ------r i e-- Forest Resources Valuable Next to her wealth of arable lands, Canada's forests are her greatest natural resource, Be total forest area is estimated be 1,151,454 square miles. Preservation measures to conserve forests include fire pre- vention and control (by fire rangers alded by watch towers, alrplane pat- rol and tr: tation, teleph and radio communication, power pumps, etc,), protection against pests, refor- estatlon, strict protective legislation, educational propaganda and Domin. fon and Provincial reserves. Total Revenue for Province Was $43,585,140, and Expenditure $39,- 374910 Quebec.--A surplus of $4,210,140.83 in the finances of the Province for the | fiscal year ended June 30, 1930, was announced in the public accounts, tabled recently in th Legislative As- sembly by Hon. L. A. Taschereau, Premier and Provincial Treasurer. The total revenue of the Province for the year under review was fixed at $43,685,140.83, while the total expendl- ture was $39,374,910.30. A sum of $2, 449,600 was placed apart for the reduc- tion of the Provincial debt: Prominent among the revenues, of the Province was that obtained from the liquor law operations, which brough $8,600,701.76. The gasoline tax rendered $3,972,038.5. ---- iar ----- January There's not a singing robin In all the northern land, But a grey gull preens its plumage Beside the hoarse-voiced strand. There's not a heaven-sent bluebird In all this world of white, But a great owl winged with silence Passed over me last night. There's not a song at morning, And not a song at eve, And the woods for old companions 'With saddest murmurs grieve. There're snowflakes in the hammock The oriole weavers hung, And snowflakes where the thrushes Their golden vespers sung. But, oh, the little people, All clad In sombre grey, Who come to seek my bounty Each bitter winter day. To taste a bit of suet, To find the smallest seed, To thank me with their chatter And chirping sweet indeed! And though there's not a robin, Not any bird that sings, I love the little people The winter always brings. ~Lillian B. Andrews in "The New Outlook," 45 Lives Lost in Collision with 8,8. Arcturus and sank within three minutes, between Denmark and Sweden. Above 1s view of damaged Arcturus bow. Girls who expect to get their legs wet in winter storms should wear wool stockings rather than silk ones. Not only wjll the stockings themselves be he fc to suffer but possible harm to Me health of the wet-legged wear- er/is less. To prove this two students the National Training School of Cookery and Domestic Subjects, of | London, England, recently set up as a part of the School's Annual Exhibit a demonstration of the scietific relations between rain, stockings and legs. Every ounce of water which evapor- definite amount of heat. wearer of a palr stands in front of a fire to supply this heat the heat energy must come from the legs themselves. tion is too rapid the heat will he taken Why Silk Stockings When Wet tage n Are More Chilly Than Wool Vs. Screen 4 away faster than the warm blood from the rest of the body can supply it. Thus the legs and feet will be chilled, something which physicians believe to be one of the commonest causes of colds, rheumatism, sciatica, and simi- lar diseases. The difference between silk stockings and wool ones, as de- monstrated in the London exhibit by the visible faster cooling of a thermom- eter inside rain-wetted silk hose, is | that water evaporates much more rapidly from silk than from wool. The | fibers of the latter materials hold' la longer time so that the circulating blood is able to keep up with it with- It this evapora-| out important chilling either of the drive a pair of horses than one. ! wet legs or of the whole body. Pansies Pansies are always smiling. They are to the garden what children are to the home--full of liveliness, and abounding in a spontaneous joy which is unquenchable. Rain may fal], and skies be at times gray, but the pansies smile on and blossom only the brighter for a friendly show- er. Perhaps it is this which imparts 80 great a sense of sunshine and cheerfulness to this charming group. Even the fish swimming upon the curved porcelain of the Oriental bowl, and the dragon coiling around the Chinese vase add their quota to the impression of gayety. Clear sunlight throws up the intricate pat- tern of the Persian mat on which they stand; and the quaintly shaped the dragon vase and the porcelain i bowl, the decorative, yet simple tree pattern upon the curtain in the back- and creamy white. Just as natural clustered here as if they were in their own flower bed; be whispering secrets ,or, filled with curiosity, to lean over the edge of the bowl for a glimpse of fish or dragon. Surely the craftsman, why with his | deft hand and eenmsitive .eye for beau- ty, adorned bowl or vase, who .haped | and hammered the curiously handled bell, would, with the Oriental's deep love for blossoms rejoice to see his bowl filled with these smiling, radi- ant English flowers; making a happy occasion when East and West meet. RULE Wifey: "George, for goodness sake take that knife out of baby's mouth." Hubby: "Oh, let him have it, my dear, Perhaps he's trylng to cut a tooth." ------ eet Small son--"If you don't give me a | penny I will go and see Johnny Jones who has measles, and then I shall have thom." TE CE Stranger: "What do you do for a living?" Rastus: "Nuthin', suh," Stranger: "Well, that's a pleasant Job, I must say. No worries attached to it?" Rastus: "Nawsuh. 'Ceptin' I mought lose It." bell with its luminous reflection stands out definita in outline. Ori ental in character. Indeed, the group mingles the charms of East and West; so strongly Eastern are purple and bronze, crimson and gold, they seem to | Tiny Planet May Be Used As Yardstick By Astronomers Washington.--A new yardstick to ed in the tiny planet Eros, which will come within 16,000,000 miles of the earth on Jan. 29. Astronomical cameras in widely separated observatories are now being trained on this moving point of light | in a world co-operative program spon- cal Union. Eros approaches the earth at cer- tain times nearer than any other mea- surable celestial body, except the moon. An eccentric orbit brings it | vals, the last comparatively near ap-, proach occurring in 1900-01, when the distance was about 30,000,000 miles. Eros will swing well within the or- bit of Mars, but will stay outside the earth's orbit, Judged by its bright- ness, it has a diameter of 15 miles, astronomers Say. habit of disappearing at certain stages of its progress Eros is believed irre- gular in form. | Bros is important to ground, the Burmese bell, and tle finely woven mat. And again en- tirely Western, with the freshness of a summer breeze, sweetly redolent of English gardens, those many hued | pansies; their lovely velvet petals earth, and is so small it can be con- sidered a mathematical point with no | mass, breadth or thickness to upset i calculations. The naval observatory said Eros affords the best opportunity to determine what astronomers do not know--the exact distance of any object in the solar system. The present yardstick for measuring ! planetary distances is: the space be- 'tween the earth and the san. Astrono- mers can determine precisely that an 'object in the heavens is so many times as far away as the sun, or a fraction as far. This can, after a fashion, be reduced to terms of miles but with a probable high degree of error, because the sun, oe Oxford Shrine Damaged By Death-Watch Beetle Oxford, Eng.--Extensive da nage | by the death-watch beetle 13 threaten- ing the Shrine of St, Mary the Virgin at the tIniversity of Oxforl church. The church is the mecza for many American visitors who trace their families through Colonial figures, Damage to the church was discover- ed when experts were checking it for cracks caused by traffic vibrations. Immediate action is planned to rem- edy the damage and stop further as- tacks. * REREA A TRUE HEART When a strong brain is welghed with a true heart, it seems to me like balancing a bubble against a wedge of gold. Ap nn A vicar was visiting one of his poor- er parishioners, an old woman afilicted with deafness, who expressed her great regret at not being able to hear his sermons. Desiring to be sympath- etle, he sald with unnecessary self- depreciation: "Yon don't miss much." "So they tell mel' was the unexpected reply. That our sun renews its youth every ten millon years or so In a bath of fire, like the mythological phenix imagined to rise anew from the ashes of its funeral pyre, is the belief of Dr. Hugo von Zeipel, of the Astronomical Observatory at Upsala, Sweden, expressed in a monograph recently honored with tha A. Creasy Morrison Prize of tls New York Aca- demy of Sciences It has long been known to sc aitific men that neither combustion !ike that of fuels nor any Sther ordina v source of heat can possibly suppl' ne sun with the enormous energy wich it pours out continually into space as light and heat. Most sclentists believe that the sun 1s kept golng by some kind of atomic energy, a secret which earth- ly laboratories have not yet learned. The usual idea is that this atomlo energy is set free more or less uni formly inside the sun, so that each BLE ne . ---- light and heat is bal- Forty-five peuple 106¢ their lives when Finnish ship Oberon collided: 10°78, Output of light and heat ia bal anced approximately by each day's | supply of new energy from atoms. This ia, whege Dr. von Zeipel's theory 3 kd Lote Ld New Theory Advanced of How The Sun Renews Its Youth differs. Hea imagines the release of atomic energy inside the sun to hap- pen only at long Intervals and by what is really a kind of explosion, making the sun for a few days or weeks far hotter than usual and leav- ing it somewhat larger. Then the burst of atomic explosion ceases and the sun gradually decreases In size and heat for ten million 'years or more, when these comes another ex- plosion and another rejuvenation of the solar energy. Astronomers have seen other stars going through ex- perlences not unlike this, but it has been imagined that any such sudden outbursts of heat from our sun would have wiped all life from earth. This might not be true, Dr. Zelpel con- tends, if the released energy were absorbed more or less completely by the enlargement of the sun itself, so that any hot blast accompanying the explosion would cease in a few days and leave the enlarged and rejuven- ated sun to spend its mew supply of energy gradually during the next few million years. measure the solar system is envision- styun sored by the International Astronoml-| close to the earth only at long inter-| Because of a queer | astronomers | since it comes relatively close to the | it 1s not known exactly how distant Is Writer Claims ns Screen Acting Requires Less Experience / Than the Stage | London.--Superficially alike in some respects, stage and screen acting dif- j for as completely in their technique as two Individuals, outwardly alike, may differ in temperament and char acter. The two art forms frequently are compared, and the question arises which is the greater. Precedence has been claimed for the screen, especial- ly before the advent of the talking ates from any surface, including al tightly to the water with which they! film, on the ground that, with a more suk-clad leg, carries away with it a| are wetted and give it up slowly. Thus limited means of expression and de- Unless the the heat loss from a leg covered with | prived of the medium of speech, inter- of wet stockings a wet woollen stocking is spread over pretation becomes the more difficult | mish But this is a fallacy. As well might one argue that it is easier to The act of pantomime, though difficult sure- 1 requires less mastery than that of monologue. It is easier to appear 'than to sound tragic. Many a good artist fails when given a voice to use, and in many a scene, hitherto con: vincing, the artistic illusion is dis. pelled at the sound of a false note in | the voice, especially in tragedy. | The voice is a delicate musical in- | wnt, and correspondingly diffi- cult to keep in tune. Its introduction into the film has shown clearly the | imitations of many famous screem artists. Also, many film artists who possess excellent voices are capable only of certain broad effects, since certain roles within the range of their voices are beyond the reach of their talents and they can never scale the heights on the talking film reached by them on the silent screen. Their voices limit their range instead of { nsasisting their art. All this indicates that screen act- ing is certainly easier than stage act. ing. And, even if the soundscreenm may appear to be the most difficult | medium of all, this is not really so; for on the screen, talking or other- | wise, an actor has Seldom to sustain . a role for more than two or three min- | utes at a time. Many vaudeville art- ists are capable of giving us glimpses of convincing art. In his character | songs, Sir Harry Lauder is capable of truly convincing touches. Coleridge said of Edmund Kean that to see him act was "like reading Shakespeare by flashes of lightning." But that is surely not a satisfactory way of reading Shakespeare, though { better than nothing. It is possible that this explains Kean's fine perform- ances in certain melodramatic types of plays, essentially flashy. An artist who can convince only in flashes can achieve on the screen a sustained ef- fect with the aid of artifice. The fact that much of his timing is done for him renders his art less difficult. Artificial means render many an artist capable of accomplishing on the screen what his art 'alone could never achieve on the stage. A certain film artist, who has reached the top of the tree, depends almost entirely on arti fice and a plastic individuality. Nor is this any discredit in an art where such are legitimate means, Thus' the screen is a combination of art and artifice, where a very limited talent will take one furtb4r than om the stage; indeed, it pften leads to the top of the tree,~C. F. A, in "The Christian Science Monitor." mr en Coreign Air Mail Routes Arranged in Divisions Ottawa.--Grouping of all foreign alr-mail routes into four divisions as the basis for Canadian charges will be made hy the Postoffice Depart- ment. Officials declared that this did not mean a revision of charges so much as a grouping of the routes themselves, The plan would apply chiefly to far-away points as South American cities. The postage, includ- ing fees for all air-mall services available to any places in Canada, Great Britain, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland and the United States, will be.5 cents for the first ounce and 10 cents for each additional ounce. aa Needing a cook, a laay Interviewed ona who had advertised in the nows- papers, and engaged her. Next day the new cook phoned: she had a bad cold, and could the lady wait a few days for her services? The lady went on for three or four days, hearlng nothing, improvising durlug the de- ficlency in her menage. Then she started reading the ads again, to find that the cook she had hired was still advertising for a job. She thought this over, bitterly. Then she got a triend to call the cook up, make het an entlcing offer, and gave her a fairly inaccessible false address, After this she felt better. pf sim "Madam," he sald, "there is some thing you need in this shop. The work is too heavy for you. Tell m do you never feel the need for help The woman giggled. He smiled. "A woman llke you," he proceeded, "should not have to do such work a# carving. You can be saved all the weariness and worry if you will allow me to--" Then something like ® thunderbolt descended on him, When he awoke, he was in bed .,. him, "We both made a mistake," em plained the sufferer. "I didn't know she was taking it as a proposal; and the back room." ; Bh tio In the course of time, his pals gathered round she didn't know her husbang ras. h 4 - 14; b & EAE =