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'80 on--up to its more complex ming- 'savagery, is full of dramatic elements, 'displayed to the fullest effect against - followed his contact with the white 'invader. _ come "Lanadian Literature." jor to the Mexican border as a Mexi- ia ' "Mexican border tourists So wide- * Pver, that this supposedly Mexican pro- ranging from its merely aspects -- endurance, keenness of sensory perceptions, and ling of dignity, courage, and fierce 'the background of eventful life on the prairie, mountain, and river. Finally 'there is the tragedy which inexitably The impulse to study the Indian in the flesh and not fancifully did not first through literature but through painting. The adventurous artist Paul Kane showed the inex- bhaustible fund of picturesque scene and incident provided by the Indians of the plains. He and his successor, Edmund Morris, have left on canvas invaluable records of the réd man as he was, while some of his fading glory survived. While in poetry Canada has no "Hia- watha," in prose she has a "Last of the Mohicans." Indeed, Richardson's #Wacousta," produced contemporan- eously with Cooper's books, seems to be inheriting at this late date the es- teem that Cooper has gradually been losing. Since Richardson's time, how- ever, the Indian's role in Canadian fic- tlon has been a minor one Apparently the dramatic elements, which we have found effectively used in poetry, have mot appealed to anyone as valuable for the more sustained effort of a novel.-- Lionel Stevenson, in "Appraisals of : ----f Scientist Declares Death : Is Busiest at Night The question of the time of day at 'which most deaths occur has engaged 'the attention of the French scientist, Lavastine, we are told in the Neues 'Wiener Journal (ienna). We read: "On the strength of carefully collect- ed statistical material Lavastine has 'come to the conclusion that the pre- -fominant majority of deaths occur at might. ! "Most people die during the time of sleep, between seven o'clock in the ove and six in the morning. More rarely fleath occurs in the hours which aan usually spends awake. Thus La- vastine observed last year that in the 'hospital under his direction about 120 patients died at night, whereas ac- .gording to the records only sixty-eight deaths occurred in the daytime, It is interesting . that the French Jsclentist, although he expressly em- phasizes his" rejection of * astrology, traces this back to cosmic influences, still unknown to us. "Moreover, he has concerned him- self with the problem of the hour of 'birth, and has collected extensive ma- terial from the memoranda of Parisian hospitals for women. Here, too, it may be proven from statistics that the number of births in night time, is much Jarger than by day." pte Mexican "Home Dish" Declared to be Importation Mexico City.~--"Chile con carne," {t is known in the United States, is - a Mexican dish, writes a correspond- ent in The Christian Science Monitor. It really is not, for in Mexico the real product is "carne con chile." The first consists of an alleged Mexican bean soup, while the real article is a sort of meat stew with chile sauce. Here Is the true story of "chile con carne," It 4s in reality a Texas product, manufac- tured and canned in the United States as a Mexican importation, and is gen- erally recommended to northern visit- 'can dish. Its popularity is great and 'has become accepted as a "native dish of Mexico," and a lure to gpread has Been its popularity, how- fluct has actually migrated into MexI- go, where it has become accepted as a "Mexican" dish imported from the | United States, but it appeals to the Mexicans themselves. ~~ vised dyeing it anll recommended Dia- Interesting Facts Of Bird-Life « By Professor 'Julian Huxley In The Strand Magazine Man happens.to be the most success- ful of a whole series of diverse: and fascinating experiments to deal with the problems of the world; but we are not therefore the most beautiful or the most ingenious, Birds branched oft from reptiles somewhere about a hundred millien years ago, and were remodelled for flight, so that their forelimb was irre- vocably converted into a wing. They clung obstinately to one important character of their reptilian ancestry-- the shelled egg, and thus debarred themselves from ever being born into SAVED IMPORTED DRESS | | "After a little Wearing, a Tovely green voile--an {imported dress--Ilost color 80 completely that it was not wear able. A friend who had admired. it asked me why I wasn't wearing it any more. On hearing the reason, she ad- mond Dyes. To make a long story short, it turned out beautifully. I have a lovely new dress that really cost just 15c--the price of one package of Diamond Dyes, "I have since used Diamond. Dyes for both tinting and dyeing. They do either equally well. I am not an ex- pert dyer but I never have a failure with Diamond Dyes. They seem to be made so they always go on. smoothly and evenly, They never spot, streak or run; and friends never know the things I dye with Diamond Dyes are redyed at all!" --Mrs. R. F., Quebec. Then as Now-the| Sen} for Toilet and | Nursery. "Best, Too" 10e. 2-01 ALBERT SOAPS LTD. ~- MONTREAL RESTFUL SLEEP for FRETFUL, FEVERISH CHILD -- With Castoria's regulation fare 30 ailments. When your child tosses and cries out in his sleep, it means he is not comfortable, Very often the trouble is tea that poisonous waste matter is not being 'carried oft as fit should be. Bowels need help--mild, gentle help --but effective. Just the kind Cas- 1] torta gives. Castoria is n pure vege- 3 | table preparation made specially for was. the Question. passed a vay very to Quebec has many turnings and where and how Mr. Wood- ruff's younger brother was to locate: the tourists quickly I In 'been two. days AWAY r when Mr. Woodruff's Twenty-one long distance polls o on their supposed route were necessary before Mr. and Mrs, for the funeral. the time and worry of locating "long distance telephone. . Woodruff were found. distance away meant that they arrived home in barely time Had they thought to inform the home folks each day by long distance of their itinerary, much of Nowadays there is no point so remote that telephone service will not reach the missing party. All that is needed, and that at little expense, is to regularly keep in touch by telephone calls to fourteen The time lost and the them would have been saved. the world at such an advanced state of development as is possible to man and other higher mammals. In respect of thelr minds just as much as theirs bodies, birds have de- veloped along other lines than mam- mals. Mammals have gradually per- fected intelligence and the capacity for learning by experience, and the power and fixity of the instincts have diminished; birds have kept instinct as the mainstay of their behaviour, and while they possess some intelli- gence, it is used merely to polish up the outfit of inherited instincts. The front part of their brain, known to be the seat of intelligence and learning, remains relatively small, while other parts, known to be the regulating ma- chinery for more automatic and emo- tional actions, are in birds relatively larger than in four-footed creatures. Perhaps the most obvious way in which birds differ from men in their behaviour is that they can do all that they have to do, including some quite complicated things, without ever be- ing taught. Flying, for instance, with all its complexity of balance and aero- nautical adjustment, comes untaught. Young birds very frequently make their first flight when their parents are out of sight. The stories of old birds "teaching" their young -to fly, seem all tg be erroneous. Some kinds of birds, once their young are full- fledged, do try to lure them away from the nest, but this is merely to encour- age them to take the plunge. There is no instruction by the old bird, and no conscious imitation by the young. I Still more wonderful is it that a bird hould be able to build its nest un- taught. Young birds, mating for the first time, can make perfectly good nests, and nests of the usual type found among their particular species. Some people suggest that the young birds may have gained the necessary knowledge from contemplating the, were brought up, but this theory is negatived by the facts. The young brush-turkey of the Australian region scrambles out of its tunnel immediate- ly upon hatching, and does not bestow rubbish and decaying leaves that formed its nest, yet when the time for just as its ancestors have done. More- over, young birds reared by hand in artificial nests will later build the pro- per kind of nest for their species. A finch will have the impulse to weave coarse material into a rough cup, and then to line this with a finer material; the tailorbird, takes leaves and sews them together; and the house-martin collects mud or clay and constructs a cup against the side of a cliff or a house. Birds in a state of broodiness, will have the impulse to sit om eggs, but if eggs are not available, then on some- thing else. Crows have bréoded on golt-balls, gulls on brilliantine tins, and penguins on lumps of ice. Contrary to general opinion, birds have no real affection for their young. They have a strong, emotional, irra- tional concern, not entwined with rea- son, memory, personal affection, and foresight. When a nestling dies there is no sign of sorrow, although there may be some agitation it a whole brood is stolen. When a chick be- comes ill, it {s definitely neglected. It would seem that the 'bird is only im- pelled to parental action when there is some activity, like gaphmg or squawking, on the part of the children. Perhaps the familiar cuckoo pro- vides us with the completest proof of the di ty of birds' minds with "| our own. A young cuckoo, having been deposited as an egg in the nest of y quite different species of birds 38 | having hatched out in double-" ifs, rocests to evict all the tents of the nest, wheth- eggs or youpg birds. It] there structure of the nest in which they | so much as a look upon the mound of | mating comes, it will build a mound! y hollow, hyper-sensitive | a the touch of any object | Dim frantic, so that, no cruelty nor malice aforetionght, it is merely -instinct. When the foster-mother comes home, she is not distfessed in the least, but sets about at once feeding the change- ling, and paying no attention to her own offspring, even though some of them may' be dangling just outside the nest. Even when the young cuckqo grows into a creature entirely different from its foster-parents; and so bulky that they have to perch on its head to feed it, the older birds do not seem disconcerted as human beings cer- tainly would. The well-known "broken-wing" trick is usually set down as a remarkable example of intelligence, but all the evidence points to this, too, as being merely instinctive--a trick not invent- ed by the individual bird but patented by the species. Its, in fact, on a par with the purely automatic "shamming dead" which many insects practice, and is the inevitable outcome of the animal's nervous machinery when it is stimulated in a particular way. Besides instinctive actions, we could multiply instances of unintelligent be- haviour among birds. If a strange egg is put among a bird's own eggs, the mother may either accept it or intelli- gently turn it out of the nest and con- tinue to sit. But a quite common re- action is for it to turn the strange egg "out and then desert the nest. But because birds are mainly In stinctive amd not intelligent in their actions, it does not follow that their minds are lacking in intensity or variety: in fact, they experience a wide range of powerful emotions. There is an intense satisfaction in brooding and feeding its young; where there is danger, birds suffer very real fear; in song, the bird gives vent to a deep current of feeling; the emotions aroused during their courtship display often make them oblivious of danger; and they are as subject as men to the emotions of jealousy -- rival cocks sometimes fight to the death. Bird-mind has sufficient subtlety to indulge in play: birds have been seen dropping small objects in midair, and swoop down to catch them before they reach the ground, with the greatest evidence of enjoyment, Some birds, for example, the ravens, have a real sense of humor although of a rather. low order. Two will combine to tease a dog or a cat, one occuping its atten- tion from the front, and the other stealing behind to tweak its tail. But being without the power of con- ceptual thought, birds still differ in a fundamental way from ourselves. Their emotion is not linked up with the future or with the past as in the human mind. Their fear is just fear: it 18 not the fear of death, nor can it ent of a lasting "complex." They can- bird mother is not concerned with the fate of an individual offspring; when the young grow up and her inner physiology changes, there is no intel lectual framework making a continu- ing personal or individual interest pos- sible, Our powers of thought and our imagination bind up the present with the future and the past: the bird's life must be almost wholly a patchwork, a series of self-sufficing moments. = BRONCHIAL TROUBLES SCOTT'S | EMULSION ¢ / b , of Norwegian Cod Liver Qil anticipate pain, nor become an ingredi= not worry or torment themselves. The and '| quent wilting. | cacti, are able to store water for years. Plant Life Lifels Forever Thirsty By Dr. D. T. MacDougal, in the Scientific Monthly (August, 1931). . The fundamental thirst of lving matter has laid the foundation of wars between peoples, and has been the cause of racial migrations affecting civilization in the profoundést manner, The water problems of a city of over a million people in one American state have recently led to the expropriation and assignment of the water on one of the largest-rivers, and a controversial discussion by the people of seven states occupying an area of half a mil lion square miles. It is highly prob- able that among the earliest agree- ments between family or tribal groups were those as to the shared use of limited supplies of water. Plant lite, especially, is forever thirsty, and when active, continually takes in and loses; water. The growing substance in. tender root tips, in swelling buds, in the fra- gile wood-forming combium layer of tree trunks, and in enlarging fruits, may have as much as a hundred or a hundred and fifty parts of water to one of solid matter, but, as the liquid is being lost all the time, a continuous new supply is necessary, We can prob- ably understand this condition by fill- ing a drinking glass loosely with ex- celsior or wood-fibe: packing, and then pouring in water until it rises to the brim. Wacer is similarly placed among the ultimate strands or par- ticles of protoplasm, which--unlike the woed fibres--adhere by their poles like fragments of magnetized iron. These molecular clumps, or strands, unlike the wood fibres, also bind the water in much the same way as they hold to each other, so that it does not run out freely: when the water is forced out by pressure the fine mesh- work or grouping of the molecules is broken up and the protoplasm is in- jured or destroye' If instead of pres- sure the water should be slowly evap- orated from the surface of the mass of living matter, the fibers would be brought closer together with an ac- companying concentration of the sap which slows down the activities which constitute life. This is the universal effect of thirst. Crop plants and forest and fruit trees obtain their water supply from layers of soil of varyipz depths. The roots of some species form great web- bed sheets of wide extent just under- neath the surface. Others send root- lets deep into the substream. The first habit is especially prevalent in places where the rainfall is uged as soon as it soaks into the ground. Deeply pene- trating roots take up large amounts of | water: a sunflower with a leaf spread of about 11 square yards will evapor- ate about 75 quarts of water from its | leaves during the course of develop ment; a corn plant takes up about 16 quarts of water during its lifetime; a hemp plant twice as much. An acre of cabbage plants needs over two miil- lion quarts of water in a season, Two hundred beech trees on an acre re- quire nearly double this amount. One of these trees loses about 80 quarts of water as vapor daily from its leaves. Irrigation practice must put enough water into the soil to replace losses from the leaves and losses from the surface of the soil as well as the amount actually used or bound in the tissues. The farmer knows that over 600 pounds of water must be put into the soil te provide one pound of dry alfalfa, while the forester estimates that half a ton is necessary to make | a pound of wood. | { mechanism that converts the energy | of sunlight into power. Some 'of the but 98 per cent of the energy absorbed hy leaves and other green expanses of the plant is used in evaporating water from the surfaces of the cells. The work of lifting water from the rootlets dn the soil to the crown of tall trees, to heights as great as 400 feet, is done by power generated in this manner. This movement of liquid in the ascent of sap is as important as the circula- tion of our blood, although the move- ment is not a circulation, Watery solu- tions rise from the roots to the leaves where most of the liquid goes into the alr ag water vapor, -Only a small frac- tion of the water which moves rapidly upward in the woody conduits of stems is bound or held in chemical combinations in the cells. The green surfaces are held toward the sunlight partly by stiff, rigid stems, and partly by the force of water through the tiny cells, Some- times the water is forced through the elastic cell walls at a pressure of a ton to a square inch. A stem, leaf, or | flower, the cells of which are distend- ed by such pressure, will have great rigidity and firmness. The production of sugars and other organic substances in green leaves de- pends directly on the extent of green surfaces exposed to light. Over.ex- ed by undue loss of water and a conse- Certain plants, such as fountain pens, which carry cartridges ' matter what it is--eggs, young birds, lee to | | filled with tear-gas, are on sale on 'ithe Continent, They are intended for private use against bandits. tension of the surfaces will be follow-, = Owl Laffs Man is a rather peculiar creature. He shoots the birds and then turns around and spends millions of dollars to fight insects. Maybe some head- aches are proof of brain, as scientists | now inform us, but not the kind you have next morning. For years things have been getting better and better for the children, but often worse for the parents. Clarke--"So Ethel returned your en- gagement ring?" Harold--""Yes, she mailed it to me and had the nerve to paste the label on the outside of the package: "Glass, handle with care." Not Much To Be Thankful For You think you've little to be thank- ful for, do you? You're able to read this, aren't you?" Well, that's a lot to be thankful for. We've just been to a place where there are some blind men--they'll never see the beauty of God's world again in all their lives. They were soldiers, too--gave thegr eyes for their country. It they could have their sight re- stored to them they would get down on their knees and praise God! You would, too, if you were blind and had sight restored. But you have your eyesight, so there's that at least to be thankful for. Some of those boys are crippled, armless, legless, hopeless invalids for life--because they served thdir coun- try. They haven't much to be thank- ful for, have they? Yet most of them are so grateful for little favors done them, your heart would ache to see it. Nothing to be thankful for? Look around a bit and you'll prob- ably find you are mistaken and that you have a lot to be thankful for, Wife--""John, the bill collector's at | the door." Hubby--"Tell him to take that pile on the desk." Kathleen--"Clarice always leaves a | good impression on the boys." Ellen--"Yes, the kind of lipstick she uses comes off very easily." Nurse--""Bobby! father say if he saw you'd broken that branch off?" Bobby--"He'd say trees are not so well made as they were before the Give a man enough 1 rope and he il start manufacturing, five-cent cigara. The less a man knows the tighter he clings to the things he thinks he knows. Don't take your undertaker too seriously when he asks you to drop over some time. To Begin With Owing to the absence through fll- The plant is a complicated LiVIDE| agg of the woman who taught the senior girls' Bible Class, the young assistant minister was asked to under- energy is used in making compounds; | tac the duties for the day. He con- sented, but before beginning he sald, - "Now, girls, [ want to con- duct your class just as your teacher smilingly: does, so you might tell me what she does first." A short pause, then the answer from a pert miss of sixteen: ways kisses us all round!" RAW FURS 5 per cent. BONUS EXTRA. Ship your furs now. Send for our Free "1931-1932 Raw Fur Price List, shipping tags and information on Free Bait. LEVIN PUR COMPANY L 172A King Street East, rae ver ree ------ Try Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound | Toronto. ont. - » ; ; -- Sick with Monthly Pains Every month... the same story! Headache, a awful cramps. Lydia E. Pink= ham's VegetableCompound brings come forting roher, Buy ( the new tablets today. KEEP THE Children Healthy tpn en ' i > they're "off colour" give Pain p : them Dr, SA all net It a man, by causing pain to others, . Liver Pills. 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Be sure to get the genuine. * The ideal dentifrice for Dental Magnesia, a superior | paste: FodgiinnAuy mouth. (Made in Canada.) | ISSUE No. 4: 3