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ve Moving Sheep Big Operation One of the oldest stories in the world is relived early each July in. the rugged Rocky Moun of Montana. From their winter pastures on the vast plains that stretches eastward below the mountains hundreds of thousands of sheep are herd- ed up and over the 10,000-foot passes of the front range to reach the summer grazing lands hat lie beyond. As the hot sun of early sum- mer dries the plains the rich grasses of the high mountain meadows are just reaching mat- urity. Then it is that the rangers who control grazing in the nat- ional forests admit livestock to feast upon government-owned land. From prehistoric times this an- nual migration of sheep from lowlands to highlands has been going on all over the world--in Spain, Persia, Switzerland, Greenland; indeed, any place where there are sheep and mountains, The sheep fatten on the rich mountain diet, and their valuable wool coats grow heavy in the cool air, The winter and spring pastureland below is rested and given a chance to produce new growth, Climbing up the valley of the Boulder River each year from . the ranches around Big Timber, Mont., are about 60,000 head of sheep. Their destination is Gal- latin National Forest, which ad- Joins 4he north side of Yellow- stone National Park. Moving at the rate of five to ten miles a . day, depending on the type of terrain covered and the number of veterans of previous summers in the band, many of the sheep take more than a week to com- plete the journey. Sheep from more distant ranches may have to travel almost 100 miles. The first part of the journey is made along public roads, Here the main problem of the sheep- herders and their hard-working assistants, the sheep dogs, is to * keep each flock moving at a roper pace so that it does not ecome intermingled with others ahead or behind. The sheep are dabbed with colored paint for identification purposes. But se- parating two mixed bands of a thousand or more animals each, | - with or without painted brands, is a trying task even for the calmest of the traditionally pa- tient shepherds, writes William A. Bardsley in "The Christian . Science Monitor." : Food also is a problem for the sheep passing along the narrow, fenced-in right of way of the highway, especially for those flocks toward the end of the long train, By the time the last groups arrive most of the meager roadside grass is gone. Bome ranchers now transport their sheep by truck as far as possible into the mountains. As the gentle foothills are passed and the climb over Boul- der-Hellroaring Divide begins, the difficulties of the sheep- herder and his band increase. No longer do marauding Indians, ravenous wolves, and land-hun- gry cattlemen have to be con- tended with, Nevertheless, the road soon degenerates into a steep mountain pass, presenting many pitfalls to the timid, deli- tate sheep. rai Dangerous, rock-strewn moun- lain streams, swollen by 'the rigid waters of mountain snows, must be forded. Sharp canyon walls drop off beside the trail. Many injured sheep must be lreated by the herders, and.some ust then be carried on pack orses. Coyotes, bobcats, and an oc- casional bear lurk near the trail ascending the rocky, evergreen- covered slopes. Nothing pleases them more than to prey upon the flock either on the trail or at night. Near the top of the pass deep \ The national sheepherder times his journey so that he can cross these in the early morning when the still frozen crust will support the sheep. Later in the day the anl- mals would break through and wallow helplessly in the deep, wet snow, As a rule, however, few sheep are lost on the drive to the mountains, for the herders know their job well. Once over the summit of the pass, green fields lie just ahead. The sheep plunge happily down the slopes into lush meadows. Good shepherds and good sheep dogs work on the same principle --that the best. way to drive sheep is to direct them so that they think they are going where they want to go. Applying this Idea, they are able to guide the sheep through many appetizing flelds until they arrive at the ground allotted them by the for- est rangers. On public lands each flock must graze within a specified area, Upon entering the national forest the sheep are counted and, according to grass condi- tions, assigned a certain amount of land. A fee of about nine cents a month for each ewe -- lambs are admitted free -- is assessed to help defray costs of national forest maintenance. A percentage of the grazing fee also is returned to the state, which, of course, receives no taxes from federally owned land. forest system was established in 1905, but it was not until several years later that a standardized government program emerged to control grazing in the federally owned forests. These years saw con- tinued much of the open-range warfare and bitter legislative debate that marked the West from the day the first sheep and cattle owners came in contact with one another. The Montana sheepherder, however, probably thinks little about this history. His concern lies with the $25,000 band of vir- - tually helpless woolly critters cropping their way slowly down the mountain valley at his feet. For 24 hours of every day through a lonely summer, dur- ing which he may see no other humans but the camp tender who brings his supplies and the ranger who checks his location, the health and safety of the sheep are his complete respon- sibility, More often than not the - flock is in good hands and com- pletes its mountain vacation in excellent condition. September no doubt arrives all too soon for the sheep, as it. does for all summertime' excur- sionists. Even that early in the [fall a threat of heavy snow de- velops in the northern Rockies. By then the sheep again are on the move repeating once more the age-old story, for they must be out of the forest before Sept. 15. All the same dangers exist along the trail as on the way up. But the return to the plains goes more- easily. The lambs are stronger and have the experi- ence of the previoys trip. The route is mostly downhill instead of up, and the sun no longer . beats down with an exhausting midday heat. Cool breezes sweep across the mountain ranges from the north, heralding the approach of an- other winter. The sheep, their herders, and the dogs hurry down the slopes, hoping to re- capture a few days of summer on the plains below. Smart Boy! Johnny was a bright pupil, but this question had him stumped. It read: "State the number of tons of coal shipped out of the United States in any given year." Johnny scratched his head and squirmed, and then his face lit up. He licked the end of his pencil and wrote: snowfields are encountered, The "1492--none." 1. Step 35. Allow CROSSWORD 8. Casual 28. Devour 9. Bread spread 40, Gulde | 10. Prevaricator 42. Laughing 11. Nobleman 44. Roman road 19, Unwlise 45. Body of a - 21. Julce of a tree church ACROSS DOWN 23. Jewel 46. rae poem 1 Dexterity 1. Lofty mts, 26. Wolframlite 47. Diminutive ot 4 Dog's feet 2 Harvest 26. Wing Abraham 8 Oliver Crot 3. Give 27. 8hort sleep 49. Baking well y information 28, Title chamber 12. Shelter 4 Gate - 30. Half dozen 60, Reside 13. Ski F Chalice 31. Golf gadget 51. Jump 14. Medley 6. Afr in mction 22 Completion 54, Guido's note 16 Cron . y 16. Frog genus ) 17. Close 18. Divide 20, Lack of harmony . 20 Pester 24. Cheering cry 26. Tapers 29 Glue 33. Turk regiment 21 Wire . measurement 36 Legal claim 27. Pass, as time 20, Rested | 2. Wheeled vehicle . Decad 4 Indisposition to move 48. Coral reef 62. Binding fabrle 13. Retire 65. Contend 86 Bacchanallan ory '#1. Egyptian river '88 Uncls Tom's rien © §9. Remainder '40 Pull apart 81 Catnip had 4 4 { -+ Answer elsewhere on this page, OH, AlL THOSE STEAKS | -- Bearer of a regal name to go wit BL Sul h his massive bulk, Bellevue Bardoliermere, 26, poses proudly for Gene Moore, after being named the Grand Champion Angus Bull at the Missouri State Falr In Sedalia. 3, The incredible growth of the mushroom raising. industry is the subject of a highly interest- ing article by Harland Manches- ter in "The Christian Science Monitor. The following excerpts are taken from that article. L LJ] * Kennett Square, P.A., a town famous for its fine stone houses and magnificent gardens, is the capital of one of the oddest in- dustries in the United States -- mushroom growing. Draw a circle with a radius of 25 miles from the. center of town and you will cover the source of about half the mushrooms served on American tables. In this area the once rare and exotic delica- cy reserved for the--feasts of monarchs has been coaxed into lush growth to feed the millions. » * * Take any route out of Ken- nett Square and you will find "long rows of low, barracklike cinder-block buildings emitting pungent, earthy odors. These are the famous 'mushroom houses" where, by a process that lies simewhere between science and art, about 550 Chester County families and companies grow the mysterious fungus. The mushroom turns ordinary farm- ing upside down. The growing houses are dark, for mushrooms have no chlorophyll and sun- light is bad for them. Instead of "would Humane Slaughter The humane slaughter bill reached only the House of Rep- resentatives calendar during the session just closed. But since the same Congress will recon- vene next. year it has this much of a start toward debate by the House and possible considera- tion by the Senate. Co A cross section of editorial comment, besides a great vol- ume of congressional - mail, shows that this measure is one of exceptionally widespread public appeal. It should get prominent attention .in 1958. "We cannot continue. to pose as civilized people if we con- tinue to condone some of the inhumane methods that are used in slaughtering defenseless ani- mals," said the Texarkana (Tex- as) Gazette. Another Texas paper, the San Angelo Standard, observed: "If it happened to a dog, almost any witness would call the police. But the process is fully as ter- rifying and painful to a hog as it would be to a dog." The Youngstown (Ohio) Vin- dicator pointed out that the usu- al slaughtering method involves "considerable danger to the worker." Labor's Daily referred to sup- port for the bill as "one of Ame- rica's most amazing lobbies," in- cluding members of both poli- tical parties, residents of every state, adherents of every re- ligion -- in shoft, "animal lov- ers." Said the San Fransisco Ex- aminer: "Brutality always .bru- talizes him who employs it." The Boston Herald: "The tol- eration of the poleax is an evi- dence of a deeper social bill than mere inefficiency." The Wash- ington Post held the Poage bill introduce clvilization into our packing houses." The Miami (Florida) Herald summed it up: "Americans don't want their food animals to suf- fer needlessly," -- From The Christian Sclence Monitor. "rich compost in THE FARM FRONT 44 John Russell -- behaving like green plants, which absorb carbon dioxide from the air and give off waste oxygen, mushrooms act like ani- mals, breathing oxygen and ex- haling carbon dioxide. So the successful grower has a "white," not a "green thumb"; he hasn't the occupational tan of the field farmer, and instead of a straw hat he wears a miner's lamp on his head. , » iy These growers scoff at the phrase "like a mushroom over- night," for months of prepara- tion and weeks of growing take place before the pickers go to work. Each "house" is filled with long rows of multiple- decker wooden beds filled with mushroom spawn is planted. Be- fore planting, heat is turned on and the compost thoroughly pasteurized to kill competing fungys growths and insect lar- vae, Then the spawn, bred in la- boratories under sterile condi- tions, is spread on the com- post. It germinates for about three weeks, as threadlike strands interlace the compost; then the bed is covered with an inch of topsoil which has been sterilized by steam. The beds are frequently wa- tered, and in 10 days to two weeks the first white "buttons" poke through, then surge up- ward with a tremendous vital force. There have been many reports of mushrooms forcing their way through pavements. Growing mushrooms are 90 per cent water, and scientists liken their upward drive to that of the hydraulic lift used to raise cars in service stations. About 10 days after they appear the first mushrooms, which are real- ly the flower of the plant, are ready for picking. J] " * The most important element in mushroom production is the exact composition of the com- post. Growers say that the in- dustry is now based squarely on the pari-mutuel betting system, for horse manure is the main ingredient, and the race tracks and breeding farms are the chief remaining source of the valu- able fertilizer. A subsidiary of the huge Brandywine Mush- room Corporation hauls it to its supply yards with a fleet of trailer trucks, and recently had an inventory of more than 20,- 000 tons, worth well over $300,- 000, all destined to mushroom growing. Machines turn and aerate the compost, which is rolled on steel trucks into-the---- growing houses to fill the beds. oe * + Cultivated mushrooms have been raised since about 1700. Before that wild mushrooms were eaten as early as 1000 B.C,, when Egypt's Pharaohs attrib- uted their sudden overnight ap- pearance to magic and mono- polized the delicacies for royal tables. Roman epicures called them "food for the gods,' be- lieved they gave strength to warriors, and served them on festive occasions. During the reign of Louis XIV Paris gar- deners learned to grow them in caves and cellars, and the Bri- tish grew them in the dark gpaces beneath the raised benches in greenhouses. LJ] LJ LJ In the early 1890's three Quaker gardeners in Chester County, Pa, Willlam Swayne, Harry Hicks, and Willlam Sharpless, imported spawn and copied the English method, and which the_ in 1893 Mr. Sharpless Shipped 66 baskets to New York. Far- mers began growing them in unused barns; then Mr. Hicks designed and built the first Pennsylvania mushroom house, which has served as a pattern for the entire industry. After a slow start, the indus- try has boomed from a United States crop of 20 million pounds in 1930 to the current annual total of about 75 million pounds. Mushroom culture has spread to Delaware, Maryland, California, New York, Illinois, and a. few other states, and is backed by an investment of 50 million. dol- lars by 900 growers. 550 are in the Kennett Square area where the business started. * * * Many factors have contribu- ted to the mushroom boom. Most important is the improvement of the spawn or "seed." Once spawn of uncertain origin was sold in bricks containing seeds and alien organisms which might foul up an entire crop. Good strains were jealously guarded by families, and new- comers ran great risks. Then - 'natural scientists at the De- partment of Agriculture devel- oped a method "of breeding se- lected spores. In a dozen im- maculate laboratories, like that of the Mushroom Growers' Co- operative Association, spores are taken from sturdy, well-shaped fruit and propagated for future crops. The spores are micro- scopic black. specks on the knifelike gills seen beneath the cap of the fully mature musgh- room. These gills are not seen on market mushrooms, which are picked before the "flower" opens to expose them, A few of the spores are placed In a bot- tle of pure nutrient, and in a few weeks they send forth a mass of fuzzy white threads called spawn runners. The ma- terial is subdivided and used to seed' more bottles of sterilized grain, and the process is re- peated again and again. In this way one prize mushroom can sire millions of quart bottles of spawn, and one bottle will seed Upsidedown to Prevent Peeking f Of these, 1 about 78 square feet of growing space. All growers now buy this pure spawn and get superior mushrooms, fewer discards, and fewer pests, * . B Another great advance came from a lucky accident, In the mid-20's Lewis Downing of Downington, Pa.,, was inspecting his mushrooms in a stone barn which had served as a hosiptal for Washington's troops during the winter of Valley Forge, At that time all cultivated mush- rooms were of a creamy, light- brown color, and the white ones always sold better. Mr. Downing was startled by a clus- ter of snowy white buttons in one bed. When they were plck- ed, more white ones grew. L. F, Lambert, a breeder of mush- room spawn, took some of them to his laboratory, propagated the spore, and obtained a very prolific, true-breeding white strain, He placed the spawn on sale, and now 98 per cent of all American cultivated mushrooms, variously called Snow White, White King, and White Queen, are descendants of this mutant which grew in the stone barn. A Woolly Solution The difficulty inherent in the effort of the American Govern. ment to be all things to all men is neatly illustrated in the mud- dle that has developed in the international wool market. A month or so ago President Eisenhower set a tariff quota on U.S. imports. of woven wool cloths, It provides that if such imports go above 14 million pounds In 1957, the tariff will automatically rise to 45 per cent from the present 23 per cent, The 14 million pounds is sup- posed to represent 5 per cent of the average U.S. domestic out- put from 1954 to 1956. The idea was to help the do- mestic industry protect itself against the British woolen mills, without making restrictions so severe as to get the British mad at us or to upset the interests of Japan and Australla. As it ls, everyone, including the do- mestic industry, seems to ba up- set. The British and the Japanese both say they. .can not compete with Ameircan mechanization in the average wool fabric, so they specialize in only the finer grades, which amount to a mi- nor part of the U.S. market. But the American makers of the fine fabrics say the threat Is bigger than it seems. * The Japanese say they are apt to be caught in the effort to catch the British. And if they should have to curtail their shipments of wool fabrics to the United States, then they'll have to reduce their purchase of wool from Australia. It doesn't seem to have oc- curred to anyone that, it there were no restrictions of any kind, the mills that could produce and deliver the best fabrics for the all yo people of the land, the Lord, and work; for I men' have demolished 38 ho in three weeks. It will take ; in in thelr place. But Nehege -ary problems. First he m countered more than the Er rouse the people to undert "wera not being given to the Le» NDAY SCH LESSON | By Rev. R. Barclay Warren { ' B.A, B.D Nehemiah, Patriot in Action '" Nehemiah 2: 17-18; 4:6; i 18:19-21 Memory Selection: Be str with you. Haggal 2:4. It's easier to tear down to build. A block from our ho years to build a 13-storey b ah, in his task of ralsing the walls about Jerusalem the work. The walls were a sore ry sight and the gates were co sumed with fire. He squarely faced the desperate situatlo and, strengthened by prayer," sald, "Come, let us build up t wall of Jerusalem, that we no more a reproach." As he reé+ counted God's dealings with in bringing him back fro Babylon, the people caught vision and sald, "Let us rise and build." The neighbouring Samarita tried to hinder the work. Th despised the workers and laughs ed at them in scorn. Tobiah sal "Even that which they build, a fox go up, he shall even bre r down their stone wall" Th i tried violence, conspiring to" sl the Jews. They slandered Jews chorging that they we plannf®y to rebel. They trl intimidation, using a prophet induce Nehemiah to take refu and his men kept praying working. The people had a mi to work. The wall was finish in fifty-two day. Nehemiah's leave of absen expired after twelve years he returned to Persia, but s secured permission from king to return to Jerusal again; He found that certain had reappeared. The pe harvested thelr crops on Sabbath and the: merchan! bought and sold, The tith marrying foreign women. hemiah went to work to co these and other evils, We need godly leaders to like Nehemiah; men who w on the principle that righteo ness exalteth a nation but sin reproach to any people; who will give leadership leading the people back to Se) vites and some of the men WR he! JRE money would get the business -- which might not make every. one happy but would leave n® one with any excuses. -- Worth - (Texas) Star-Telegram. 3 i]s hey o v : % 4 A Ga ns Le EPR © Ee 7H & & SESS GP Ved AR PW ls Ni VINTAGE RETREAT -- When it comes to a motel with a motif i that's original in taste, "Cask Villa" takes the cake. Built of i wine casks more than 100 years ago, the dwellings each have . a bedroom and a screened porch in front for sitting space. hy Vi NE " 5 i 1) 1) i, ai VAT a RIE ZA A " . DE BEE READY -- Although they may seem to be members of soma secret society, these are really hi ¢auvtious nawsmen at Celle, Germany. Members of the Lower Saxonian Press Conference, Ri) 8 they're outfitted In protective hats and veils during a visit to an institute for bes ressarch, Ne