The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

~ a PER FE SANS A Tt a A SL RM RA Sh Th CE SY Te ET EARS LENE Early Methods Of Blowing Glass The glass used in medieval times was made by two methods ene known as "Muff" and the other as "Crown." In the first type the workman manipulated it by swinging and twisting it into a long sausage-shaped bal- loon. The top and bottom were then opened out to form a cyl- inder, which was split longways with a hot iron. This was allow- ed to cool and flatten out in an annealing oven to form a sheet of uneven thickness, But the "crown" process, after the glass had been gathered on the pipe and the small bubble formed, it was transferred to an iron rod, and a hole made in the other end. By spinning and whirling the rod between his hands, the workman opened the bubble out into a circular disc some twenty-four inches in dia- meter, thick in the centre, get- ting 'thinner towards the outside circumference. The method of manufacture can often be de- tected from the direction taken by the small air bubbles in the glass. If these run to more or less parallel lines, the glass is "muff," but if the bubbles huve a circular direction in ever-wid- ening circles then it is "crown." Coloured glass was mad. by both methods, but there is a ftur- ther distinction to be made. Some kinds of it are known as "pot-metal" -- that is, coloured throughout their entire thickness -- others were "flashed." Ir the latter the pipe was first dipped into molten coloured glass and then, once a bubble had been blown, further dipped into mol- ~ ten white glass until a good- sized lump was formed. It was worked as before, but the re- sulting glass had a thin layer of coloured glass on one side only. The original reason for this me- thod was the difficulty of mak- ing "ruby" or red glass translu- cent enough, By superimposing a thin layer of colour on a thicker layer of white or trans- parent glass a rich but transpar- ent red was obtained. Much la- ter the method was extended to other colours. = The glasses were coloured by adding various metallic salts to the materials used for making clear white glass. The colours Obtained depended partly on the | "Metal used and the temperature ¢o which it was taken. Copper oxide produced red or ruby as it is usually called. Oxide of co- balt gave blue. and oxide of managanese, purple glass, Oxide of iron was used for making reens, and by adjusting the pro- rtion and temperature strong, rassy yellows could be made. the metal salts were found quired gentile 'in Brigham _ J ""Match-Mates"' by Coun Whaldn Oval shape is elegant; pin- wheel, so pretty--crochet match- mates for living, dining room, Pinwheel ovals--dramatic for doilles, place . mats, TV cover, buffet scarf. Pattern 582; dollies 15x30 and 11x16 in string; 13x24 and 9x13 inches in No. 30. Send THIRTY-FIVE CENTS (stamps cannot be accepted, use -, ttern to Laura Wheeler, Box 1, 23 Eighteenth St, New Toron- , Ont, Print plainly PATTERN pater note for safety) for this a UMBER, your NAME and AD- DRESS. JUST OFF THE PRESS! Send now for our exciting, new 1961 Needlecraft Catalog. Over-125 designs to crochet, knit, sew, em- broider, quilt, weave--fashions, homefurnishings, toys, gifts, ba- zaar hits, Plus FREE--instrue- tions for six smart veil caps Hurry, send 25¢ now! in an impure state, and no doubt used more or less as they were found, this would probably ac- count for the tremendous varia- tion in ggch different colour. The white glass of the time was far from pure as we know it, and was usually tinged with green or yellow due 'to the im- purity of the sand used in its manufacture. -- From "English Stained Glass," text and <«com- ment by John Baker, photo- graphs by Alfred Lammer. Brigham Young's Wife Who Flew The Coop Nobody knows how many" wives Brigham Young, the Mor- mon "Lion-of the Lord," actu- ally took to his bosom. What- ever the number, Ann Eliza Webb -- who author Irving Wal- lace believes was the 27th and last -- was one too many. Alone of the Prophet's numerous har- em, Ann Eliza soured on Ce tial Marriage (polygamy), f the coop, and sued for divorce. Out of her extraordinary story Wallace has built a biography, "The Twenty-Seventh Wife," fascinating enough to wipe out the memory that his last consi- deration of sex on a large scale was the tawdry best-selling no- vel, "The Chapman Report." Ann Eliza, child of Mormon "Saints" in good standing, trek- ked West in the exodus to Salt Lake at the age of 2. Growing vp under the Prophet's eye, she first detected a gleam in it when she was 17. Young lodged her as guest in the Lion House -- his populous seraglio -- but did not snare her into Celestial Marriage until she had wed and divorced a young plasterer who mistreat- ed her. Ann Eliza later insisted that she thought Young a "hate- ful old thing" and married him only to save a brother whom he threatened to ruin. When she became wife No. 27, Ann Elza was 24; the Prophet was 68. Ann Eliza. put- up. with -it for four years. Eventually, she ac- {non-Mormon) allies when she opened her cot- tage to boarders. With their help, she fled the Prophet's bed and board to lodge in a gentile hotel. Here, she went to bed at night expecting to be murdered 'by Mormon avengers and awoke one morning to find that her apostasy had _made_her-a-.coast- to-coast celebrity. - For ten years, Ann Eliza stumped the nation, raking in money with her lectures on life Young's Shrilly and tirelessly, she nag- ged Congress to outlaw poly- gamy in Utah and, in time, she helped inspire some genuinely stiff legislation, though a good many Fundamentalist Mormons still practice plural marriage to-® day.-Another irony attended Ann Eliza's crusade: Shé married a- philandering Michigan lumber- man who taught her to hate monogamy as much as polygamy. What finally became of her is one of the unsolved mysteries of the American past. Ducking Stool For Nagging Women When a woman was charged recently with "being a "common scold," she presented a problem for court officials at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. A spell in a duck- 'ing stool is the normal punish- ment for such offenders, but no one could remember when one was last used. Sis The magistrates wondered if a 'new stool would have to be built until the State Attorney-General ruled that a fine or imprison- ment would be a fairer way of dealing with the woman if she was found guilty. The ducking stool was used frequently in Cromwell's regime and imme- diately after the Restoration. A common scold was not a woman who nagged her husband, - nor was she a malicious gossip. She was a person who constantly 'complained about the Govern- ment! The unfortunate weman to be ducked was put in a bucket which hung from a tree over the village pond. She was lowered. into the water, hauled up and lowered again as often as was necessary to make her change her political views. harem. - Britain during' PIN-UP GIRLS -- Wearing unus ditional cloth braids, these Lombardy girls take Roman pageant. * val halos of huge pins in tra- part in a RONICLES ZGavgrn Fry Clarke There are all kinds of wonder- ful things on the market these days -- electrical and otherwise. A gadget to cook weiners, special candles to burn to keep bugs away, humidifiers and de -hu- midifiers; push-button contrap- tions for this, that and the other. ~ Providing you have the money-- or credit -- you can get them with lgss. trouble than it takes to tell. But suppose you want something ordinary -- just an ordinary, -everyday article--now, , that's a different story. You shop, and you shop and you shop, only to be met with a blank stare and a shake of the head wherever you - go. What you want may be so ordinary that department stores __and such like don't. even bother to stock it. What am I getting at? 1 | i pa 1 was badly in need of a shower-cap. Naturally 1 didn't anticipate any trouble in getting it, but, will you believe it, at a nearby shopping centre J went into Tamblyn"s, Kresge's, Wool- worth's and all the ladies' wear I could find and not one of them had an ordinary shower-cap. Swim caps, yes, in all kinds of --fency-shapes-and-patterns;-all-of--- them too tight -- and too expen- sive for my purpose. After I came home I was airing my grie- "vances to a neighbour. The very next day she came over and brought me a shower-cap. . "Where in the world did you get it?" I asked. "At a little store in the village," she answered. It was just what I wanted -- good quality plastic with elastic round the edge and it cost only thirty-nine cents:-- | A few days later while work- "ing on a wool afghan I am mak- ing I broke my crochet hook. It was bone and had worn smooth with "all the work it had done 'over -- I don't know how many years. I had another hook a steel one, but it wouldn't slide in and out of the wool nearly so well. That afternoon I went into two wool shops and a variety store in _search of another. bone crochet. hook but all they had were steel hooks. One" storekeeper said -- "Why don't you try next door -- Mrs. Smith has all kinds of things you probably wouldn't find anywhere else." So I went "next decor". Proper- ly speaking it wasn't a store at all but an ordinary house, the front room fitted with shelves ard a couple of counters and-the owner-storekeeper a little old lady, probably in her middle sev- enties. "Bone crochet hook?" she re- peated, in answer to my query. "Oh yes, I have lots of them." And she produced a sma! box, with hooks of all sizes. "They don't sell very fast now," she ad- "ced, "no one seems to crochet any more," I got talking to the old lady and was told she had been in business forty years and in her present location sixteen years. "I have lots of stuff here" she «aid proudly, "maybe things "ryou'd never find elsewhere. 'If you can't find what you want in the big stores come back again and I'll likely have it." 1 looked around the crowded little store and' could quite be- lieve it. It was one of those de- lightfully quaint places that have a' little of everything ---.toys,; china ornaments, socks, knitting * wool, greeting cards, notions of all kinds and, thank goodness, crochet hooks. Among the crochet hooks I noticed some bodkins -- -~and -I- hadn't seen -a- bodkin -for- younger folk who don't even years, Maybe there are plenty of know what a bodkin is. Sometime later I am going to pay a second visit to that little store, It was like stepping back to the days of Charles Dickens and the "Old Curiosity Shop". A colourful old world oasis in the midst of modern merchandise -- a shopping centre was just across the road, with stores too modern to sell shower-caps and crochet hooks. The front door of this lit- tle shop even had an over-hang- ing bell that rang when the door was opened. It is possible many readers of this column may have just such a shop somewhere in their com- munity. At any rate I secon (0 run across wherever I go. Sume- times the owner is an elderly pensioner, keeping store because it gives him an interest in life -- he probably has a room at the back where he and his cronies can play cards'in between cus- tomers. If you like colourful characters pay him -- or her -- a visit. You will be richly re- warded. Generally speaking it is not only the store that is inter- esting but the owner as well. Engage him in conversation and you will usually find his philoso- phy of lite is liable to put many . of us to shame. Just a word about the weather. Here it is almost the end-of June and our. furnace hasn't stopped pumping yet. This summer (?) will 'surely set some kind of a record. Q. The man I am to marry. is a widower, but I have never been previously . married. Am { per- mitted to wear white and a vel? A. The bridegroom's sta.us has nothing to do with the bride. So long as she has never been mar- ried previously, she may wear "the traditional white "wedding gown and a veil. What Would Happen If A Bamb Went Off? At first it was merely a sense of annoyance that swept the city when everything stopped work- ing. Then annoyance deepened to outrage. And finally, it was a sense of utter helplessness that gripped hundreds of thou- sands of New Yorkers -- and a realization 'of how fearfully de- pendent the inhabitants of a great city have come to be on electrical power. In the tall buildings, there they were, thou- sands and thousands of them, without elevators, Darkness came on, and they were with- out lights. It had been the hot- test day in nearly two years (96 degrees) and suddenly they were without air conditioning. And for four hours and 22 min- utes there was precious little that most of them could do about it. The power failure that crip- pled New York last month brought chaos to a 3-square-mile area of Midtown Manhattan in which 400,000 people live and at least that many work. It couldn't have happened at a worse time -- at 5:05 in the afternoon, at the peak of the rush hour. Thou. sands just leaving their offices found themselves standing in pitch-dark lobbies high in" sky- scrapers, with endless stairs as their only way out. Thousands of others were stranded deep in tunnels ow -stalled - subway - trains. Probably the luckiest -- none too gustly -- were those who had/already 'stopped off in their favourite bars for a couple of quick ones before starting home. In most places candles were quickly lit and cash registers singled as the customers gradu- ally got the idea that they had - a wonderful excuse for staying right there. People in rooms with natural light found that there is a basic urge that guides your action when you-find -that the power is off. You go to a window and look out -- to find someone across the street look- ing out at you. Va But for the great majority, it was anything but a joke. They stumbled and groped down the skyscraper stairs. It took two hours for 3,000 people: to clear out o! the. new 4l-story 'First Natio} 1 City ~Bank Building. Even worse off were those dark caught in elevators. The Fire Department answered some - 75 calls to rescue scores of trap- ped victims. It was just as bad in the tun- nels of the Independent subway system, which carries about a third of the 800,000 rush-hour passengers. About 4,000 riders were trapped in trains under the East River, between their jobs in Manhattan and their homes in Queens, for a long, long - three hours. Women faint. ed, men took off their shirts, others ripped advertising signs down and used them as fans - against the steamy heat. Somehow the city's institutions managed to carry on. Hospitals used bucket brigades to feed their patients on upper floors and kept iron lungs in operation with dlesel power. The New York Times, the only newspaper affected, got its copy written by candlelight, then sent it by platoons of messengers to the downtown plant of The World-Telegram and The Sun to be printed on the latter's presses. At 9:27 the power came back. The city, blinking: a bit, return- ed to normal. Warning Against The Witnesses Some 70,000 Jehovah's witness- es, most of them toting Bibles, gathered in New York last month for meetings at Yankee Stadium and "field service" -- ringing "doorbells and proselyting. In an article timed to meet this on- 'slaught, the Jesuit weekly Amer- ica warned its Roman Catholie readers that since the witnesses generally "know more about the Bible than most Catholics . . . it would be well .to advise un- prepared Catholics to avoid them, for they will accomplish little and may endanger. their own faith." 4 Appraised of the warning, the chief of the witnesses, Nathan __H. Knorr of Brooklyn, had this' | reply: "If (the Catholics) had the truth and . . . witnessed to it, they would be able to convert the world in two or three years." Mrs. Mary Schmidt, a witness-- and former Catholic--from Flor- ida, heartily agreed. "We know they haven't the truth," she sald. "The Bible shows us they're way oft" "DRIVE CAREFULLY = The | life you save may be your own. Slim, Sleek, Easy! PRINTED PATTERN Sew it one day, wear it the next! This shapely princess. sheath is so easy to fit, and fits so beautifully. Stitch it straight- away in white, black, or a bril- liantly colorful cotton. Printed Pattern 4814: Misses' Sizes 10, 12, 14, 16, 18. Size 18 takes 2% yards 33-inch fabric. Send FIFTY CENTS (stamps cannot be accepted, use postal note for safety) for this pattern. Please print plainly. SIZE, NAME, ADDRESS, STYLE NUMBER. Send order to ANNE ADAMS, Box 1, 123 Eighteenth St, New Toronto, Ont. The biggest fashion show of Summer, 1961 -- pages, pages, pages of patterns in our new . Color Catalog. Hurry, send 33¢. ISSUE 28 -- 1961 Prescription for Hospital Visitors- "THE ROOM, NOT T ness. may "TO OUR VISITORS: ED, IS SEMIPRIVATE--polite- prohibit him from complaining, but the HE B patiént's comfort could be. jeopardized hy someone. sit. ting on his bed. Please use the chairs nrovided, and keen 'visits <hort. TO OUK. VISITORS: 4 "A SEA OF UPTURNED FACES" , . . is hound to upset a room at one time. return later, - ; 3 is why we suggest only two visitors in he a It others = there, please wait or TO OUR VISI i Se i i Bind T ORS: FT : patiente "TO OUR VISITORS: THERE ARE TWO SIDES TO EVERY STOGY! The patient's side may not be as pleasant as yours." Be con. siderate, and always observe "Nd Smoking" signs posted in the hospital. They are there for the safety of the = : ~ DON'T BE A "HAPPY WANDERER." Make certain of the correct room first, and always knock before enter. = oy ing. The blushes you save may be your own. VISITS SHOULD BE ENJOYED - NOT ENDURED Humor and horse sense are mixed into Ontario Hospital Association's "prescription." It's intended to cure the -thoughtlessness of the small minority of hospital visitors who make things miserable. for patients, hospital per- sonnel and other visitors, Based on an idea originating with a group of hospitals jn Fort Wayne, the opening. 4 For the welfare of our, | patients, please observe good visiting practice. move by the Canadian organization has been to dis- tribute the four posters shown, above, to its 200 member hospitals in Ontario province. Bottom bar appears on each poster. If the operation on the funnybones of 'visitors is suzcessiul, the campaign will be pursued with further "treatments." coum