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i RNAS nat Celebrate Birth Of The Atomic Age After making a few calcula- tions with his slide rule, the short, vibrant man signaled to his assistant, who pulled a rod leading into a massive pile of graphite bricks that looked like an immense black baker's oven. "This is going to do it," said Enrico Fermi, consulting his slide rule again. "Now it will become self-sustaining." The in- strument needles climbed stead- ily. At 3:25 p.m. on Dec. 2, 1942 -- twenty years ago -- Fermi smiled and announced: "The reaction is self-sustaining." The 42 witnesses to the birth of the atomic age solemnly drank a toast with Chianti from paper cups. To commemorate the anni- versary, President Kennedy has scheduled a White House cere- mony this month for some 30 members of the original Fermi team (Fermi himself died of cancer in 1954). The Atomic Energy Commission plans cele- brations around the country. In Chicago, some of Fermi's col- leagues are gathering to plan a permanent memorial to the Ital- ian-born physicist. The triumph that December day, under the stands of the University of Chicago's Stagg Field, was only part of a four- year, $2.2 billion effort to build the first atomic bomb. The first chain reaction produced a bare half a watt of power, and, due to wartime secrecy, there was no announcement. Even Fermi's wife did not know of her hus- band's achievement until 1945. Moreover, to many of the ob- servers present that day, the event was almost anticlimactic. This in part was due to Fermi's own genius, Physicist George 'Weil, the man who pulled out the control rod, expressed the conscnsus recently when he re- minisced: "I had very little doubt that everything would work out. I had seen how Fer- mi's predictions worked . . . There just wasn't anybody who oould come close to him from a theoretical point of view." Formi's teammates also knew the first chain reaction was just the beginning. Well remembers that his elation was "tempered by the concern that the Ger- mans may have been ahead of us." In the twenty years since that first chain reaction, nuclear wea- pons have so changed the mili- tary and political facts of life that it is difficult to conceive of the world before The Bomb. Yet man has had only limited suc- cess in harnessing the atom for peaceful uses, More than $2 bil- lion has been invested in re- search, but A-energy still can- not compete economically with plentiful fossil fuels. Last month the U.S. Atomic Energy Com- mission, in a special report to President Kennedy, predicted that atomic-power costs will not match those of conventional fuels even in such high-cost areas as New England and Cali- fornia until 1968. Nuclear elec- tricity will not make a signifi- cant dent in the average home- owner's electric bill until the 1970's. Despite the setbacks, long- range prospects are bright. The AEC's report foresees that by 1990 Americans could be saving $2 billion a year in power costs. Some men know where they will spend their holidays next year. The wives of others haven't yet decided. LONG HAUL -- Adjusting pulley cables 2: he cn did , workmen prepare to move the old Sodertalje, Sweden, town hall, which was originally built in 1730. It will be pulled to its new loca- tion by means of tackle blocks and rollers. It's supported by giant platform. Schooner Reveals Ocean Secrets Like an explorer's ship of old, Columbia University's rescarch vessel, the Vema, has returned from its longest voyage laden with news of fresh discoveries about a little-known world on earth -- the oceans and seas. The Vema is the sea-going re- search laboratory of Columbia's Lamont Geological Observatory at Palisades, N.Y., about 20 miles up the Hudson River from the university campus. The ship has complete a 15-month, 56,000- mile voyage that scientists al.- ready rank with the great oceanic explorations. On 'this cruise, its 18th, the Vema had about a dozen scientific objectives and pursued them in the North and South Atlantic Oceans, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico. Essentially, it circumnavigated the Southern Hemisphere. Its broad goal was further knowl- edge of the structure of the earth. Much of the new knowledge of the oceans obtained in the past decade has come from voyages of the Vema, the 202-foot, three- masted schooner. On previous voyages, the Vema developed new techniques for studying the ocean, including the use of seismic refraction and re- flection measurement, and deter- mined how gravity can be mea- sured on surface vessels. Its sallor-scientists adapted magne- tometers for sea use and develop- ed a precision depth recorder. A way to study ocean circulation by a carbon-14 method was found. Through application of these techniques, physiographic maps of the ocean floor are being made, and such major features as the worldwide ridge systems have been discovered, processes of marine sedimentation have been worked out, and the structure of ocean basins defined. On its latest expedition, the Vema carried out almost every phase of oceanographic research. It came home with two major accomplishments. It obtained more complete measurements of sediment layers under the sur- face of oceans and, for the first time, made continuous gravity 'readings around the Southern Hemisphere. How these computations were made, and their significance, was disclosed in an interview with Dr. Charles L. Drake, associate BENEATH THE PALMS -- President Kennedy and Prime ; 18 i > Ba Minister Macmillan chat in a garden prior to their first offi- cial conference at Nassau, Bahamas, EL 1s pa NEW RATE, NEW STAMP -- New, 5-cent American flag stamp in red, white and blue goes on first-day sale in Wash- ington, D.C., as Congress con- venes. It augments the 5-cent Washington stamp, issued to meet first class mail needs when rates jumped. professor of Geology at Columbia, who was a chief scientist on the Vema. . The thickness of sediment under the ocean floor and the nature of its layers were mea- sured by a device called the pro- filer. "We fired 180,000 . . . seismic shots and now have a pretty good picture of the sediments under all the oceans," Dr. Drake added. These records and previous data collected by the Vema pro- vided Lamont scientists with sedi- ment thickness along 200,000 miles of track. How thick is sedi- ment? Up to 15,000 feet. Data gathered by the profiler: may change knowledge of how and when sediments were de- posited below ocean floors. Dr. Drake said there is not complete agreement on this, "but we think the ocean floor is part of the orig- inal crust of the earth, going back billions of years. If this is true, it is important to know what the material now covered by sedi- ment looks like. "It may well be like the sur- face of the moon," he declared. "Another problem is that sedi- ment found by the Vema has never been older than the Creta- ceous, or 100,000,000 years. If the oceans have been here since the dim beginnings of time, why isn't the sediment older?" "Through the profiler and by dating such phenomena as sub- marine volcanoes it will be pos- sible to determine how much sediment has been deposited in a more or less fixed unit of time," he said. "Knowing this, one can either say: here is the sedimen- tary column for the whole of geological time, or I can say this column represents a short period of time, and prior to the deposi- tion of the discovery, sedimen- tary conditions must have been vastly different. "Another thing: "If you ex- amine rocks on land," Dr. Drake continued, "you are struck by the fact that they were originally under the surface of the ocean, Therefore, if you want to study the processes by which these rocks were emplaced and to look into the formation of mountain systems and land areas, one must study ocean sediments and the rock below it. "With the profiler, we have a powerful new tool for doing this, and this is what we have been doing on the Vema. It adds up to almost as great a revolution in ocean geology as the development of the Echo sounder, for deter- mining ocean depth," Dr. Drake concluded. On the Vema's gravity work this time out, Dr. Maurice Ewing, director of the Lamont Geological Observatory, said that "it has long been the dream of geophysi- cists to obtain gravity measure- ments around the world, particu- larly in the Indian and Pacific Oceans." The only previous gravity cir- cumnavigation was made in 1923 by a submarine of the Nether- lands Navy, but the special apar- atus developed could not mea- sure continuously, The Vema did the job without stop, writes Joseph Deitch in the Christian Science Monitor. Finish For Mike, The Great Imposter Robert Benchley used to say Romanoff's was the one restaur- ant where the customer was rarely right. With great disdain, - proprietor Mike Romanoff agreed: "The very notion of the customer complaining is prepos- terous. It is I who should do the complaining about them -- the louts." When loutish patrons wrote letters of complaint Ro- manoff simply hung them up on the walls of the men's room of his Beverly Hills restaurant. Back in the days of the 1940s and 1950s, the creme de la creme of Hollywood society was found at Romanoff's tables. The res- ervation list might include Jack Benny, the James Masons, Paul Douglas, Hedda Hopper, Jennifer Jones, Sam Goldwyn, the Cole Porters, Frank Sinatra and the Clan, Joan Crawford loved the Caesar salad and minute steak, very rare; Zsa Zsa Gabor order- ed caviar by the pound and Rhine wine by the magnum. For Clark Gable, it was always champagne, ice cold, "I detest the salad trade," Ro- manoff once said. "If anybody tells me he's on a diet, I tell him the Brown Derby is just up the - street. . We admire expensive eaters with good taste." Mike claimed the title Prince Michael Alexandrovich Dimitri Obolensky Romanoff, though he was actually born Harry Gergu- son and raised in New York or- phanges. Along the line, he pick- ed up an Oxford accent, impec- cable manners, and a persuasive way that enabled him to become one of the century's more suc- cessful impostors. In the 1930's, he wound up in Hollywood, where his charm drew a coterie of friends among celebrities. Mike's sense of style appealed to them; he would send out engraved invitations from "His Imperial Highness" inviting distinguished guests to cocktails. The gentry discreetly accepted the simple notation in one corner: "Bring Your Own Bottle." In 1940, friends like Charlie Chaplin, John Barrymore, Jock Whitney, and Humphrey Bogart backed Gerguson-Romanoff in a restaurant, It quickly became the neighborhood bar and grill for scores of filmdom's famous, There was one problem: The room had only five front tables; nobody wanted to sit in the rear. So Mike moved his crest (R's back to back, topped by a crown) down the street into a dining room so designed that there were no front or rear tables; everyone could stare at everyone else. "A soup stain on Jack Benny's waistcoat at one end of the room is instantly visible to Humphrey Bogart at the other extremity of the dump," said Mike with satis- faction, - In 1958, Romanoff hit a high- water mark with the party he threw when he became a citizen. ("I hereby renounce my claim that I am Prince of all the Rus- sians," said Mike.) Everybody who was anybody showed up dressed in the evening's color motif--red, white, and Blue. But tastes in Hollywood were rapidly changing. Death, taxes, foreign productions took their toll on Mike's customers, So, too, said some, did the astronomic prices and declining cuisine, Me- thod actors in sweatshirts patron- ized coffee-houses to talk of art; corn-fed Cleopatras on the way up preferred hamburgers and red wine, "There's a new kind of snob- bery," Mike said sadly. "A shirt- less, hatless, tieless type of snob- bery. There is no longer room here for an elegant restaurant of this kind." Last month, Ro- manoff announced' he ' would close for good on New Year's Eve. Looking back, the Prince of all the Russians sighed nostal- gically: "This is the end of an era" -- from NEWSWEEK DRIVE WITH CARE | dei 45 mts ge oR A SN Don't Call Me Lord --Just Plain Mister! For anyone with a taste for real power, Britain's House of Lords is a gilded dead end. A hodgepodge of some 600 peers (hereditary peers, law peers, church peers, and peers appoint ed for life), it has as its chief re- maining prerogative the delaying of Commons bills for one year. Though still performing some useful functions -- debates on broad issues --- the House of Lords spells doom for those wanting to get to the top of the political tree, for a Lord cannot sit in the House of Commons. Such was the case of Anthony Wedgwood Benn in 1960. An am- bitious Labor M.P. in the Com- mons, Mr. Wedgwood Benn re- luctantly became Viscount Stans- gate on the death of his father and was elevated to the House of Lords. In vain, Lord Stansgate tried to renounce his coronet and ermine-trimmed robes. The case stirred such wide public debate that Parliament appointed a Joint Select Committee to study re- form of the Upper House. Last month, the results were in. The committee recommended that all hereditary peers in the House of Lords should be allowed to surrender their titles during their lifetime, thereby enabling them to stand for the House of Commons. Stansgate, the "reluc- tant peer," said: "This is a victory for common sense. The battle is not yet won and will not be won until the law is actually changed. But this is the beginning of the end." And the end could have some intriguings .results. For instance, Foreign Secretary Lord Home and Minister for Science Lord Hailsham, two powerful figures in Britain's Tory Party, could possibly, if they wish, return to the Commons. As Mr. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home and Mr. Quintin Hogg, the two Tories are seen as potential Prime Ministers at a time when there is much con- jecture as to who will ultimately. replace Harold Macmillan. Most of the peers however, were expected to remain where they were -- drawing their 3 guineas ($8.82) a day, plus tra- - veling expenses, for attending debates in the Upper House. Even those who might have parliamen- tary ambitions were not too happy about surrendering their titles. The lanky, 56-year-old Earl of Sandwich (full name: Alex- ander Victor Edward Paulet Montagu), who, before the death of his father had sat in the Com- mons as Viscount Hinching- brooke, said the report created a "vexatious situation" for peers with political aims. Wedgwood Benn retorted: "You want to be Earl of Sandwich and an M.P. as well." Dentures lost at sea en route to South Africa twenty-two years ago have been returned to a Dutch woman. Washed up on Durban Beach, they were iden- tified later by her dentist hus- band. es TOP HAND -- Kai Uwe von Hassel, 49, is West Germany's new defensive minister, replac- ing Franz-Josef Strauss in the critical ministerial post, RE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES - HOW to succeed in Business! Own a Franchise Business, starting with as little as $95.00, W L Company, Box 1555, Springfield 1, fassachusetts, + BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES USA, "°°". 0 h 326 W. N. Temple, Lake 6, Utah, US.A, MOTEL and Restaurant, 16 modern units, heart of Kawartha Lakes. Year round, good income. Restaurant can be run by owner or leased. $25, down Write owner, Box 128, Fenelon Falls, Ont, SAVE Money! Import from Foreign Countriés. List 42 World Trade Magazines, $2.00. Start business. Act now. Ashbee, 267 High Street, Burk's Falls, Ontario. SNACK bar and billiard parlour in good industrial town and prosperous farm- Ing area, Only one in town. Excellent location, everything in tip top condi. tion. A real going concern. 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Last month, over the ground traversed by that long-vanished trail, Chicago opened the latest marvel in high- . way engineering; a spacious (fourteen lanes wide for much of its 12-mile length) $200 million expressway serving the city's teeming South Side. Wonder of 'wonders, the new marvel worked. For South Side residents ac- customed to. creeping through re- sidential streets on their way to and from work, the Dan Ryan Expressway (named for Cook County's late board president) was a 55-mile-an-honr miracle. Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley reached his office in twelve min- utes instead of 30, and called the road "terrific." Only at its inter- section with two other freeways, a three-tiered cloverleaf maze which Chicagoans are calling "confusion circle" or 'spaghetti junction," was there trouble on the Dan Ryan. And the jams there occurred because drivers on the other roads were slowing down to gawk. Part of the credit for the new drive's success goes to highway engineers who divided each half. of the fourteen-lane expressway into four inner express lanes and three outer local lanes. Cars can exit from the local lanes every half mile, can get onto the ex- press section every mile and a half. And if there is a backup on one, police can channel traffic into the other and keep it mov- ing. After seven days of service, traffic was moving, and the critics who had warned of mas- sive tangles were forced to eat their words of doom. "It was a sad day for the pessimists," said deputy state highway engineer Roger Nusbaum, after the Dan Ryan's first rush-hour baptism. "Over-all, it worked like a charm." How Can I? By Roberta Lee Q. How can I remove the marks left on the skin after some adhesive tape has been pulled off? A. Fingernail polish remover is excellent for -this purpose, Q. How can I keep the colors 4n silk fabrics from running? A. 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