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U. of T. study shows children learn deceit by age of four Children begin to understand the concept of deception at the age of four, a U of T graduate stu- dent in the Centre for Applied Congnitive Science has found. In a study conducted with 72 pre-schoolers, Joan Peskin con- cluded that it is when they are four or five years old that children grasp the notion that what people believe determines how they act. "It is this understanding which leads them to attempt to change another's actions by changing the person's beliefs," she said. Peskin's experiment required children of three different age groups to conceal their preference for a sticker from a "bad" puppet. In the experiment, when the puppet character was given a choice of stickers, he always chose the one the child wanted, and the only way to avoid this was for the child to conceal the information as to which sticker was desired, either by minsinforming or by refusing to tell the puppet when asked. The results show a dramatic development from the age of three tn five years in the children's ability to prevent the puppet from selecting their favourite sticker. On the basis of two out of four correct trials, on- ly two of 24 three-year-olds were able to hide their preference as compared to 14 of 24 four-year- olds, and 19 of 24 five-year-olds. The youngest children were more likely to depend on physical solutions such as hiding or cover- ing the stickers, than on attemp- ting to influence the puppet's behaviour by refusing to tell or by providing it with wrong informa- tion. While 87% of the three-year- MUSIC INSTRUCTION Flute, Voice, and Music Theory (all levels) Beginners and Advanced Students Nicholas Barakett A.R.C.T., B.Mus., MA. 985-4522 OVER 70°° WORTH OF ACCESSORIES (WITH 21" CHAIN) STIHL WOOD-PRO Gas'N'Go Kit EACH KIT INCLUDES: ® Oilomatic Replacement Chain Loop ® Combo Fuel/Bar Lube 'Container ® 250 ml Engine Oil Mix ® 6" Pruning Saw @ Stihl Hat ® "Sharp Advice" Filing Manual @ Valuable Stihl Coupons worth $75.00 'with required purchase =e Number One Worldwide BLACKSTOCK COUNTRY HARDWARE 74 SCUGOG ROAD NORTH, BLACKSTOCK 986-4971 "The Chain Saw Specialists" Availablo at Stihl dealers in Central and Western Canada while quantities last with purchase of Stihl 0001, 011. .. Q117, 024, 028, 028, 034 and 038 Super Pro chain gaws olds knew to physically exclude their competitor, only 8% know to influence the puppet's mental state. '"The success of the older children in concealing their inten- tions indicates their new representational understanding that people's actions depend on their beliefs which can be er- roneous," said Peskin. The point at which a child is able to grasp the notions of belief and intention is an important one in their cognitive development, as it has implications on his or her social behaviour, explained Peskin. Peskin's experiment using the valued stickers is different from previous research in this area, because children were emotional- ly involved participants in actual social behaviour as opposed to be- ing presented with hypothetical situations. Peskin conducted her research with a doctoral scholarship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. She recently presented her fin- dings at a meeting of the American Psychological Associa- tion in Boston. PORT PERRY STAR -- Tuesday, September 25, 1990 -- 19 Robert Snetsinger, (far left), president of The United Em- pire Loyalist Upper Canada Branch presented medals to two past presidents for thelr commitment. Clarence Gunter, cen- tre, and Paul Clark received their medals Thursday evening at Scugog Shores Museum. Weve reduced our 15-piece bucket. "In price only. For a limited time you can pick up a 15-piece bucket of Kentucky Fried Chicken for only $12.99 plus P.S.T. You get the same great tasting chicken for a specially reduced price. KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN Hwy. TA & Water Street, Port Perry 985-0020