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"'• -*" I ;• * rv R3S* iu i f: •jt PETER MOMBELLO, in NW Ytffc Herald-T rihune. •ery often a radio set, espeda!ly If ft la one of the popular radio-frequency type, will not work very well on DX a after the fan has taken care in making tlie proper arof colls, spacing, soldering, «tc- This is very often due to the fact that the set builder does not recognize anjr difference in the way that the four Vads from the tuned couplers and •ndio transformers are connected. It should be pointed oat that every «oll in a Bet is at a high potential at one end and at a low potential at the other end. This potential difference is necessary for a flow of electricity. For Fig. t--Showing the Primary Circuit Incorrectly Connected. example. In a primary coil the end connected to the aerial is at a high potential while the side connected to the ground is at a low potential. A current can thus flow through this coil from the side of high potential to the side of low potential. In so doing a magnetic field is set up about the coil, which is constantly rising and falling with the reversals of the radio-frequency currents flowing through the primary since this is an oscillating circuit. The changes In the magnetic field lndace a current in the secondary coll, which also Changes direction u many times as there are reversals In thfa primary coll. ^Potential Difference In Ceil. Let us now go back to oar Idea of potential difference In a coll. The idea of potential is relative. A conductor it at a high potential with respect to some other part of the circuit which may be grounded and thas will be at a low potential. Also it lhas been shown that the end of a -coil which is farther away from the source of current is the side of higher potential. Thus In the secondary coll the end that- Is farther away from the primary is the end of higher potential. Advantage should be taken of this fact and the proper connections made on a coupler so that the current from the aerial will flow through smoothly from «nd to end without any losses and Ithat the end which Is at the highest potential should be. connected to the ed next to the low potential side of the secondary, to Fig. 2 the low potential side of the primary (ground end) Is connected so that the'grid side of the secondary is next to It. The fault~here la that the grid Is not Insulated from a low potential Infl Both of these improper cause losses which are noticeable on DX stations. They result from a misinterpretation of diagrams which are drawn in a way that will be very compact and neat In appearance, but the connections shown are not to be made as if the diagram wore ah actual picture of the apparatus. It would be well If all experimenters drew all their diagrams such as the one in Fig. 8. Then no mistakes could be made In the coupler connections, which would save a great deal of experiment in reversing connections continually after a set is completed. Fig. 3 shows the proper connections for a coupler. The low potential side of the primary (ground end) and the low potential side of the secondary (filament end) are placed together so that no leakage can occur. The Important thing to remember Is to connect the side farther away from the primary coll to the grid, as shown. In the intermediate stages of radiofrequency amplification the couplers are connected in the same way, the lead from the plate being treated as if It were the lead from the aerial, and tlie connections of high and low potentials are based on this, the plate being at as high potential as the aerial. To 8ave Making Reversals. In the case of audio-frequency transformers the same rules hold true. Most transformers have their terminals clearly marked, but if this be not the case the fan should carefully examine the windings and leads to determine the high and low ggtentlal sides. Rven If tlie leads are marked It la worth and Jacks b Ridding Receivers of Trouble Makers. stations has done much to eliminate the old system of using several jacks In a radio set The latest receivers are using only one Jack at the most, to which the loud speaker can be connected. Many of them are eliminating all jacks and providing In the rear of the set f speaker connections. The elimination of plu] is ridding receivers of tw mon sources of trouble. Any receiver is better off without Jacks, for that matter. Wiring Ui greatty simplified, capacity of the wlr- Ing is reduced, and the front panel is improved In appearance. The use of Jacks where any audio transformer Is used with high primary impedance, «uch as the high-quality, low-ratio audio transformers that are becoming more and more popular. Is hazardous. The sudden surge of current caused by the opening or closing of a Jack circuit is likely to burn out fine Used in winding the transformer Volume Must Be Controlled. A serious problem presents Itself however, when Jacks are eliminated. The volume of the receiver must be controlled. If the rheostats are turned low, volume will be reduced, but at the expense of clarity. If turned too low, distortion results. Partially detuning the receiver, with "Well, Boy Recall* If- .ti l »-:_.!*• ••i' . I UIIUVBI naramip* •Ton ask me. ply hardest battle," Mid Dave Patrick of Saco. sir, the toughest experience in i career was trying to get enough to « and never shall I forget It if I live be as old as Methuselah. In when I was a boy of seven years, my parents sent me to the farm of a friend (?) of theirs In Saco village to work for my board. I surely got plenty of the former, but believe me, the latter was way below par from what a youngster requires, says the Kennebec Journal. "The women folks had no time to prepare meals, being busy making articles of clothing to sell, that the custom In those days, and the folks, who worked In the shingle had to take pot luck with what they got to eat so you can easily imagine how I fared. I ^FIQ. 2--How the Secondary Circuit la Incorrectly Connected. ^ {grid which Is to have the greatest force Impressed upon it. That la, the 1 facts about differences In potential In a coll should be applied. Mistakes In Connecting. figs. 1 and 2 show the usual mistakes that are made in connecting , couplers. In Fig. 1 the side of the high potential (aerial end) Is connect- Fl0- 4--Transformer Should Hsve Terminals Marked as Shown. while to check them up and be sure that they are correct before connecting them, so as to save trouble in making reversals. The secondary is the outside winding in the transformer. It being wound over the primary and having two leads. The lead from the outer turns Is farther away froof the source, which Is the primary, and hence must be connected to the grid since It Is the side of the Jtfgbeet potential. When Winding Coils The simplest means of fastening the ends of wire when winding colls is to punch a few holes In the tubing, and to thread the wire through them so that it cannot slip when palled taut. The operation takes only a few minutes and Involves only the use of a tool like a large sharpened nail or slender center punch. To Make Wire-Skinner To prevent running cop per-wire splinters in your fingers when skinning insulation off wire, mske a wire skinner by bending the ends of a steel hair barette so as to form it In the shape of an awkward "U." Sharpen the tweeser-Uke instrument to sharpness. High Duty on Radio Sets Radio apparatus sent Into Germany Increases in price by at least 25 to 90 per cent That1* the Import duty on this material. ^Counterpoise Will Cut; Out Much Interference t9|ien a set refuses to work on a 'low wave length, the cause Is usually one of the following two points: The antenna resistance Is too high or the antenna capacity Is too high. In the former case the antenna oscillating circuit has such a large value of resistance that it cannot be Induced to sustain oscillations; they are damped out. In the second case, the capacity i|s too high, and the antenna really "acts as a short circuit to the vacuum tube oscillator circuits. A counterpoise will remedy this trouble, as it will reduce both antenna resistance and capacity. At the same time It will 'be the equivalent of a perfect ground, and It will enable the operator to have almost double the radiating surface that is presented by an ordinary antenna and ground system. For best results a counterpoise should be stretched underneath the antenna, 'near the ground, but not touching It; ,lts area should be equal to or more than tlie area of the antenna Itself. Good results, however, may he ob- ' % . * , • . • > _ • r* .wiS&i• • •* ••• v tained with a counterpoise consisting of another antenna Just like the antenna that runs off in some other direction and Is used instead of a ground. A counterpoise will sharpen up the tuning both for receiving and transmitting, and will, on that account cut out a great deal of interference. When a good ground cannot be obtained, a counterpoise offers the only solution 60IMXK) Ohm Variable Resistance to Prevent Noisy Reception. the tubes operating at their most efficient setting of tlie rheostats Is often done. In this day of congested broadcasting, however, such a procedure will result In Interference between stations. Engineers have been working to devise means of softening the tone without destroying quality. Resistances scross the primary and secondary windings of transformers are sometimes used, as well as a bank of fixed resistances in series with the output of the last tube, proving entirely satisfactory. Best tone quality is maintained with a fixed resistance across the secondary of the transformer, and volume controlled by using a variable center contact like a potentiometer, connecting this contact to the grid of the next tube. Approximately 500,000 ohms puts the proper load on the transformer for best results, while the variable arm must have perfectly smooth regulation from aero to the maximum- resistance. Three Terminals. * Such a resistance Is the centralab modulator. This is supplied with three terminals, precisely like a potentiometer except that the resistance is a graphite ring upon which a metal disc is pressed to make contact. All of the rubbing and wear comes between the metal disc and.pressure arm * hlch does not make the electrical contact, and therefore cannot cause noise even after long service. The resistance strip remains unhurt by the pressure contact of the disc, whereas the usual variable resistance wears quickly from the direct friction of the contact arm on the reslstsnce. When connected In an audio amplifying circuit, as shown 5y the accompanying diagram, the modulator gives noiseless adjustment to any desired tone volume from a whisper to maximum loudness, with improved quality of reproduction. v that "AH I had to do was to take care of eight cows, two horses, a large number of hens and chickens and guinea hens, the latter keeping me more than busy chasing them back to the premises from the road. As a sideline 1 had the wood and water to carry, the latter necessity being brought from a well an eighth of a mile distant "Almost barefoot with the old shoes I was provided with, every toe on both feet became frozen, the blisters becoming so painful I took a pair of shears and clipped off the end of my toes to let the water in the blisters out. I have never fully recovered from this experience, my feet to this day being so tender that I am obliged to wear woolen stockings the year around. "I stood the hardships I was subjected to for over a year until one day Thomas Sands of Saco came to the next farm to visit relatives, when I begged him to take me back home with him, which he did. You can easily Imagine what a tickled boy I was when I landed with my father and mother once more. There, mister, is a tough experience and, take it from me. It was tough." SHOOTING FOR BEEF PASTIME Remarkable Mi of Backwoodt the Act Appreciated The three-a-day vaudevilllans are flocking back to town, crowding Broadway about Forty-sixth street and west to the N. V. A. clubhouse. And with them, the usual tales, of which the first concerns a monologlst who tried out new material, against next season. In a small Indiana town. Guarding against failure, be Instructed the orchestra leader at a signal to swing Into several popular songs, of which he sang parodies; always, they say sure-fire in the Dubuques of our land. He had recourse to this expedient even sooner than he had expected. Even then the audience was coldly Indifferent Cold to parodies. Hopeless. The manager came to speak to the monologlst after the first performance. "You got a swell act," he Informed the vaudevllllan. "It's good stuff, even If It Is too smart for this town. They don't get It It's too wise for them. Of course, I got it I laughed. It went over big with me. "But say," cautioned the manager, "you know you didn't sing the right words to them songs."--New Yorker. How to Prevent Miitnl w in Connecting Your Set . prevent mistakes when connecting up a set from a diagram start at the antenna binding post and connect It to the Instrument. When this connection has been completed draw over that connection with a colored pencil. This system will show that that connection Is complete. Then from the other terminal of the same Instrument connect a wire to the next instrument. Cover this connection with a colored pencil line, and do the same thing with every line. When all the connections are redrawn in colored pencil it will show that everything Is completed and it been done correctly. * Few "Open Space*" Left Another West Is passing. The old wild West went long ago, with Its unfenced, free range and its picturesque cowboys. But now the West that succeeded It Is going, too--the West of the homesteader. Free land has followed the free range Into the Umbo of far-off, forgotten things. The West that is Is a land of fenced pastures and farms owned in fee simple subject to mortgage at 8 per cent, automobiles and golf courWs. The homesteader is embalmed in film and book. The present farmer is like his brethren In New Hampshire and Ohio. Where will the migration-bitten younger sons go next? Will we become another Britain, exporting youth to other continents and the Islands of the sea--to such, at least of even these as have open spaces left? Whatever the answer, America is practically "full up" so far as free land !• • -*• concerned.--World's Work. Atmospheric Effects Because of the cooling of the at* mosphere and the change of barometric pressure, reception may be better during a storm than before it trans- Sni»Wl bringing it to the ground ter- Wave Lengths A wave length is that distance measured from the crest of one'ware to the crest of the next A 360-meter wave measures approximately twotenths of a mile between the adjacent tops of the waves. A 400-meter wave is about one-quarter of a mile long Eight hundred and thirty-three of the 900-meter waves pass a given point in a second. . Radio at Tyro Paris and London radio have been heard clearly at Sarafarand, 12 miles north of ancient Tyre. This Is where Elijah's widow lived. To Stop Howling ^adjusting the L.amenta of an amplifier does not stop it from howling, try attaching a wire from the negative terminal of the battery used for lighting the filaments of the tubes to the ground post of the set Should the howling continue, try grounding the iron cores of the amplifying by attaching a wire to the She Knew One of the biggest attractions to the middle westerner who comes out here is the visit to the battleships, some of which are always to be seen at San Diego, says the Los Angeles Times. Many of these visitors have never before seen the ocean, let alone a battleship, but for some reason they do not like to let this fact be known. Thus it was with the fair young thing who was being shown about by a sailor. He had explained about yeomen, able seamen, engineers and one thing and another, and now the pretty girl pointed out another man whose Insignia was different "That's the cors^," explained her guide patiently. "His duty is--" "Oh. I know," Interrupted the girl. The cox'n crows the reveille, doesn't her for •st popular shooting the early frontiersmen living on the border line of civilization in old "Kalmuck" and Ohio, Arthur Woodward, writing In Adventure Magazine, tells us. In squirrel-barking the marksman selected the bit of baric underneath the animal, as it rested on trunk or branch of a tree, and endeavored to hit the bark at such an angle that it would kill the squirrel by the shivering of the bark and concussion, rather than a direct hit. Driving the nail was the usual means of testing the marksmanship of a man on the border. To do this an ordinary nail was hammered into a tree for about two-thirds its length. The tance was generally set at forty paces or 120 feet. Powder for the charge was poured Into the hand, as much as would cover a ball being considered about the right amount for any distance under one hundred yards. The barrel of the weapon was well cleaned and the balTT placed In a greased linen patch, sent home with vigorous strokes of a stout hickory "wiping stick." Provident borderers generally carried two wiping sticks in case of A fair shot was one that alongside the nail, a good rfhot one that bent it, but the man who hit the nail plumb center was considered an excellent marksman. Not Infrequently two or three nails would be needed before half a dozen men each had one shot apiece. The winners, after the Indifferent shooters had been eliminated, then tried out for high place. In the early thirties, shooting for beef was a popular pastime. These particular shooting bees were held In late summer when the cattle were fat and the marksmen would get the most for their money. The usual procedure was for some man who owned cattle and wished to dispose of a beef at a fair price to advertise that on such-and-such a day a beef would be shot for. When the appointed day came around all of the marksmen In the neighborhood gathered at the designated spot and a subscription paper was passed around stating that "Mr. So and So offers a beef worth twenty dollars to be shot for, at twenty-five cents a shot." Then each person present who desired to compete would put down the amount of shots he desired. Bach man had his own target marked with a cross in the center as a bull's •ye. The winning shot won the hide and tallow which was considered the first choice. The next highest got his choice of the two hind quarters. The third took the remaining hind quarter. The fourth took first choice of the front quarters, the fifth the remaining quarter. The sixth man, not having any beef to choose from, was allowed all of the lead In the tree against which the targets had been placed. Occasionally some good shot would win nearly the entire beef. In speaking of these beef-shooting matches It might be of interest to state that there was a story current on the Ohio In the early days regarding the famous--or Infamous--boatman, Mike Fink, who, because of his remarkable ability with a squirrel rifle was generally barred from such affairs, being credited the best shot or "bang-all" In the country. However, Mike didn't let the matter rest with his exclusion. His price for keeping out of beef shooting was the "fifth quarter," as the hide and tallow 'Was called. In other words the first prize, which In turn he generally disposed of to the nearest tavern keeper for a gallon of fiery VMpnongahela" whisky, his favorite. BURG ESS BAmRic Economical Electrical Energy The best battery for your receiving set is the battery which is absolutely noiseless, dependable under all dirioos and gives service longest That battery is Burgess. Just ask your ~W Fifty-four per cent of the female negro population of the United States Is gainfully employed, 17.1 per cent of the native white of native parentage and 16 per cent of the Indian --Science Feeling sorry for yourself Is much more painful than feeling sorry for Self-love is more mes than self-forgetfulness. Subject to Rt She--'But, Algy, I'm very croes with you, really! You promised faithfully to bring your engagement ring tonight He--Believe me, dear, I'm sonar. The truth Is--the other girl basat W> turned It yet.--Stray Stories. J Dreams are the children of an Idle brain, begot of nothing but vain fiuitasy.-- Shakespeare. cowards. Do Not Change Set alMXr I?dI° a complete meranly built affair don't attempt to change it The favorite occupation, seems to be to try to add a »C" battery to such sets, and in many cases the outfit has been ruined and even tubes burned out Don't take any chances with a set unless yon »-»"£ exactly what you are doing • • To Educate Mexico • f*»«ldent Calles Is planning tensive educational program for Mcx ico. He plans to use the radio (w daily broadcasts of . school Original "Foreign DeoilaP Europeans in China, against whom the cry of "Foreign devils" (fan-kwel) has so often heen raised menacingly, have the slight consolation of knowing that the insulting term was not originally provoked t>y or applied to white folk. ,In the Fifteenth century the walthy merchants of Canton began to Import large numbers of dusky slaves from the J£ast Indies, whom they employed in menial offices and termed "devil-slaves" or "foreign devils." When Europeans began to enter the empire an opprobrious description lor them was thus ready to hand. What Really Happened "My last boy, Bearcat, took a notion yeste'd'y to ride the yearling calf backwards," related Qap Johnson of Rumpus Ridge. "He hopped on, the calf gave a beller and tore up the road right toward the church. It was Sunday and the door was open, and four, five dogs were sleeping around the entrance. What do you reckon happened ?" "Why--dad-burn It!--anybody could tell that. The calf with the boy on his back and the dogs grabbing at every corner busted right Into the church, ran up the aisle and scrabbled up Into the pole-pit." "Nope! The vermlnt flung Bearcat off, turned around and ran home."-- Kansas City Star. Egyptian Time Division • The ancient Egyptians divided the time of light and the time of darkness, that Is, night and day, Into twelve parts, or hours, each. The system spread throughout several adjacent countries. It followed that In summer, when the period of light Is longer than the period of darkness, the hours of the day were longer than those of the night, as each period was divided Into twelve parts. Why "Copt" Co Inaane The man from the country was paying his first visit to Chicago. When he arrived at the Union station, the first person he saw was a stalwart traffic policeman. Dodging his way through the traffic the visitor gained the center of the street. "Excuse me, sir, but Is this Chicago?" "Yes," replied the officer with a grin. "Thank Heaven for that," said the countryman. "And now, mister, can you tell aoe U my sister Bess who lives la «mU Peak is la f Something for Nothing ? ? Daniel Willard, the railroad magnate. said at a dinner in New York: "The promoter has rather gonfe out. We don't hear of him any more. This is a good thing, certainly so far as one type of promoter Is concerned-- the type Plerpont Morgan once desclbed as-- " The man who'll provide the ocean ft we will provide the ships.'* Modern Baa Service • ' A regular bus service has finally been established between New York and Philadelphia. It's the first time the railroads have met competition on this run. Each bus is equipped with running water, library tables, and even a radio receiving set Want Mental Tests Mental tests for auto drivers, to hetp decrease the number of accident* Is favored by the committee on the causes of accidents of the national conference on streets and Mgflwajnk roads are a good investment --pot on expense How Much Are Poor Roads Costing You? 5,000,000 of America's 18000,000 motor v*kh As are recognised as an economic necessity on die farm. Is your car giving the full efficiency of which ll is capable--and at the lowest cost per mils Possible? Not if you are Jolting over humps and nan Mot if you get stuck in the mud. In addition to the time you thus lose along tbs Way, you also pay from one to four cents a more in gasoline, tire and repair bills you would pay on permanently paved highways* Think, too, how many so-called improved ••ads have gone to piecea within the past few liars, thereby piling up hugs maintenance and rebuilding costs. Contrast all this with rite record of Concrete Roads--the road9 that have repair built out maintenance built in. Firm, rigid and unyielding, fne of bumps, ruts, holes, mud and dust, they see, in every way, the most economical roads Tell your highway officials you want mora Concrete Roads. Such an investment "ill pay you big dividends year alter year. • • • Lar as give you < PORTLAND CEMENT ASSOCIATION 111 West Washington Sttsat ^ CHICAGO A National Organization Is Improve end Extend the Uses of Corner** Offices is go Cities I' -? ?- .-m '£• • r H I"* VV. ^ -ft-:? No Weakness There "Is your baby strong?** "Well, he seems able to iSt Us f-olcemany times a day."; , j" * Conscience Is hardier tfran otlf eheples. Knows niore, accuses with more nicety.--George Eliot. Business success is won by a brain that does not go woolgathering in a rrisis. Wax for Record* Carnauba wax, used in the manotM^ tnre of phonograph records, conMNV from Bahla, and several other statss in Brazil. Desk mottoes are usually too exacting. One has yokes enough without that. Modesty cannot be taught; It any : born.--Syrus. SedsK $775, f. 9. L**siag, Mitb. i MORE POWER! ~MORE PULL! MORE .PEP! Lowcost Transportation pStar^Car# PMCIIS f. A. A. Lsmthgf itdk. COMMERCIAL CHASSIS . , . 142$ ROADSTER . . . . $525 TOURING . . . , , . . . $325 COUPSTER . . . V» . . t595 COUPE . ^ ... .. . $67* COACH . . . . . . . $69) SEDAN . | ..... $775 DURANT MOTORS, Iocr| 450 West 57th Street, New General Sales Dept.--1819 Broadway, New York I s m d S t r w i i t S u r , « u t k n s g k i t t k t IbiHd fmm. W MtMin Pumni tiiihtli, M. J. Lammof, Kick OtUn^ CML iir 'r-'^T""iMkii •tfaiiitteia