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V » ' .{•*: \ ,ir.: ĝifgrnrn *Plaintlcaler > J. WM StTNE, im»r antf toblislttr. McHENRY, ILLINOIS. i-', W-'-y, THE NEWS CONDENSED. THE EAST. .A. BnUt has been introduced la the New Yofr Senate for a commission to investi­ gate the practicability of executing murder­ ers by means of an electric current.... A fall of rock occurred in the railway tunnel near Pottsville, Pa., killing two men in­ stantly, and dangerously wounding four others. AT Albany, N. Y., there are fears that the Capitol Bnilding may collapse at any time. The costly structure is pronounced a standing disgrace to the Empire State.... A Mr. Snyder and his wife, living near East . Anrora, N. Y., were chloroformed by burg- Ian, who secured $2,500 in cash, which Mr. Snyder had drawn from the bank to purchase land General Thomas Swords, of the regular army, and stationed at New York, is dead... .Ex-Senator Emson was horsewhipped by a school-teacher, Miss Louise Blackman, near Trenton, N. J. He was charged with circulating reports derog­ atory to her character. THE Presidents of the anthracite ccal companies held a meeting at New York and decided to limit the output for the present year to 33,500,000 tons. The price was also advanced twenty-five cents. .EX-PKESIDENT ARTHUR has declined the Presidency of the Grant Monument As­ sociation, of New York. THE WEST. A CYCLONE swept through the northern section of Allen County, Ind., wrecking the Methodist and United Brethren Churches at Williamsport, and damaging a number of dwellings. Many barns were blown down, and several head of cattle were killed An agent for Chicago commis­ sion houses, now. traveling in Western Michigan, reports that a large crop of all kinds of fruit will be raised this season. SUIT "was commenced by the Govern­ ment in the United States District Court at Columbus, on the 23d of March, against the Bell Telephone Company and other companies which are indirectly interested with Bell. The bill filed alleges that Bell secured his patent by fraud and false rep­ resentations, and the prayer of th«i Gov­ ernment is that tne patent shall be declared void. The defendants are cited to appear June 1 A controlling interest in the Illinois State Journal has been purchased by Charles T. Strattan, who has been elected President of the company. J. (V Buchanan retires from the establishment, and J. R. Stuait will be managing editor... .The plant and job- office of the Dubuque Times have been purchased for $28,000 by H. B. Layton and Raymond A. Patterson, of Chicago.... Tho mam vault of the Sub-Treasury at Chicago, resting upon a brick arch, contains 180 tons of coin, and a wa$iing has been issued against adding to the pressure. FRED SCHRAMM, a w< 11-known business •Ban of Burlington^ iowa, being depressed by the death of a daughter, threw himself in front of a locomotive, and was decapi­ tated. THE Bon. William M. Smith, of Lex­ ington, McLean County, 111., committed suicide a few days ago. He left the house in good spirits and a few minutes later was found in the barn dead, with a bullet-hole through his head. He was a general mer­ chant and large fanner and stock-dealer, and worth $60,000. Mr. Smith was for­ merly a member of the Illinois Bail- road and Warehouse Commission, was for several terms in the State Legislature and Speaker of the House, and for a quar­ ter of a century a representive Illinois Bepublican. He was fifty-seven years of age, a native of Kentucky, and came to Lexington thirty years ago, He leaves a wife and one daughter. He has been in failing health for several years, but was be­ lieved to be improving, and his mind had not seemed affected. .. .OwenL. Allen, the post­ master at Yandalia, Michigan, when placed in arrest by Inspector Metcalf last week con­ fessed a shortage of $232, and admitted having suppressed four letters from the Postoffice Department containing commis­ sions for his Democratic successor, William F. Shilling... .A great prairie fire is raging in the Crow Reservation in Manitoba, and it is alleged that the Indians seek to drive off the cattle belonging to ranchmen. THE SOl'TIL A SPECIAL from Salem, Roanoke County, Virginia, says: "A horrible double murder was committed on Back Creek, this county, Wednesday night. A man named Griffey, who has a wife living on Back Creek, has I'ust returned from Texas, where, it is al-eged, he served a term in the Penitentiary. His wife refused to recognize him, and, learning that John and Pike Metz. sons of Mr. William Metz, had been visiting his xiing still very much fear another apoplectic attack, and till that comes or the symptoms grow more favorable they will not venture to make any predictions. At best, a long period of absolute rest and consequent re­ tirement from public life will be necessary." Representative Reagan, of Texas, states that the bill for a national cattle trail reserves from sale or settlement for ten years the public lands in fractional range No. 41, in the State of Colorado, 150 miles long and two miles or lesB in width, containing about 210,000 acres.... There is a hitch over the proposed Illinois Central bridge across the Ohio at or near Cairo. The bill before Congress as drawn does not meet the requirements of the Gov­ ernment. . The War Department thinks a Board of Engineers should examine and report just what is necessary in order to protect the Government. If such aboard is sent it will be weeks before a report can be had, and it would be well on toward the close of the session before a. bill could be gotten through either branch. EX-CONGKESSMAN CASEY YOUNG testi­ fied, March 25, in the telephone investiga­ tion at Washington, that the Attorney Gen­ eral never told him that he knew of or that he would bring suit against the Bell Tele­ phone Company. Witness never spoke to Solicitor General Goode about the Attorney General's departure, and, until he had seen it in the papers, he had not heard that the Attorney General was to leave town in or­ der that Goode might bring the suit. Wit­ ness had, at Van Bethuysen's request, written a letter to the President appealing from the action of the Attorney General in refusing to have anything to do with a tele­ phone suit, but liefore it was delivered Solicitor General Goode had brought suit. POLITICAL. MR. GEORGE HEARST has been ap­ pointed United States Senator by Califor­ nia's Governor, to succeed the late John F. Miller. Mr. Hearst is the proprietor of the San Francisco Examiner, and is largely in­ terested in mining enterprises. His fortune is placed at $20,000,000, and his daily in­ come amounts to $2,0(H). He is 60 years old. and was born in Missouri, of South Carolina parentage. Senator Hearst was the Democratic second choice for Governor of California in 1882, and was nominated in caucus against Senator Stanford in 1885. IN response to a Senate resolution the Postmaster General informs that body that the total number of removals of fourth- class postmasters from Marcn 4, 1885, to March 3, 1886, was 8,645, divided among the several States and Territories as fol­ lows: Alabama, 46; Arizona, 9; Arkansas, 66; California, 75; Colorado, 33; Con­ necticut, 100; Dakota, 125; Delaware, 37; District of Columbia, 1; Florida, 26; Georgia, 61; Idaho, 16; Illinois. 613; Indiana, 499; Indian Territory, 6; Iowa, 399; Kansas, 253; Kentucky, 194; Louisi­ ana. 32; Maine, 292; Maryland, 137; Massa­ chusetts, 127; Minnesota, 124; Michigan,341; Mississippi, 60; Missouri, 287; Montana, 19; Nebraska,96; Nevada, 7; New Hampshire, 127; New Jersey, 255; New Mexico, 12; New York, 1,053; North Carolina, 130; Ohio, 878; Oregon, 34; Pennsylvania, 938; Rhode Island, 25; South Carolina, 47; Ten­ nessee, 168; Texas, 74; Utah, 5; Vermont, 128; Virginia, 316; Washington Territory, 25; West Virginia, 138; Wisconsin, 20*5; Wyoming, 4. GENERAL. THE Missouri Pacific officials at St. Louis, with the aid of one hundred and twenty- five policemen, sent out a freight train of fifteen cars on the 24th. The per­ formance was witnessed by at least five thousand persons, some of whom killed a pony engine following the- train. The departure of the train led to a conflict between the police and the mob, during which several persons were wounded. Attempts to move trains at Atchison and Omaha proved futile, alleged strikers cap­ turing the locomotives and putting out the fires. The Governor of Missouri has called out the militia to protect railroad property. The strike of the switchmen at Kansas City has been settled. Mr. Jay Gould says it is his intention to sue the Knights for dam­ ages, and may also apply for an injunction restraining Knights of Labor from contrib­ uting to the support of those on the strike. At Washington Congress proposes to take up the strike question. Besides the bill in­ troduced by Mr. Anderson, of Kansas, providing for Government arbitration, three or four other members have put in similar measures,, all of which have gone to the House Labor Committee. The furni­ ture manufacturing firm of Bruschke <fc Ricke, of Chicago, having suffered from a picket maintained by strikers, proposes to ask the Circuit Court for an injunction re­ straining its former employes from keeping up the nuisance. ALL the switchmen in East St. Louis quit work March 25, not a man remaining. The Quartermaster at St. Louis asked the Fed­ eral court to give Vim an escort of deputy marshals for some supplies for Fort Sill. The labor situation at other points is thus summarized : The district assembly at Fort Worth was said to be considering plans for a settlement of the strike on thy Missouri Pacific. A train was * sent out from St. Louis under police protection; and a number of men re­ sumed work at St. Joseph, but the trouble at the latter place is not fully adjusted. Reports from Milwaukee, Wis., and Gales- burg, 111., are to the effect that the men are organizing. Proclamations have been issued by the Governors of Missouri, Arkan wife in his absence, Griffey went to their home, called one of the young men out and shot him through the heart. He then entered the house and shot the other young man through the right breast. The murdered I sas, and Texas, ord'ring mobs to desist young men were aged respectively 17 and 18 from interfering with the movement of France, M. de Lesseps announced that the Panama Canal would be completed in 1889....The Brtish troops recently de­ feated and put to flight 400 Burmese near Yemethen. Sixty of the Burmese were kill­ ed and many wounded. The British loss was light... .The miners' strike which be­ gan in Liege, Belgium, two weeks ago, is extending all over that country. The strik­ ers are under the control of the Anarchists. JAMES MC HENRY, the railroad magnate, was declared a bankrupt by a Londoi^ court for having defaulted on an install­ ment due creditors.... A private telegram received in London states thdt the German railway syndicate in China is meeting with no encouragement whatever. A DUEL was fought on the field of Wa­ terloo, in Belgium, the contestants being Mme. Valsayre, a native of France, and Miss Shelby, an American. The duel was the result of a dispute as to the relative merits of French and American female doctors. After a stormy altercation be­ tween the disputants Mme. Valsayre threw her glove in Miss Shelby's face, and aduel was forthwith arranged. The weapons were swords. Miss Shelby was slightly wounded on one arm. The four seconds were Americans. The latter expressed themselves as satisfied that the duel had been conducted fairly, and that France's honor had been upheld. AN ENTERPRISING CITY. Metropolis of Western Iowa. Its Surroundings and prospects. years. Griffey is still at large." JEFF DAVIS has promissd to deliver an oration for the benefit of the Soldiers' Mon­ ument Fund at Montgomery, Ala., and to lay the corner-stone of the monument. The spot will be the one where he took the oath of office as President of the Southern Confederacy The will of Thomas S. Surell was probated at New Orleans. He leaves an estate valued at $8,000,000, which is divided between his two daughters, Mrs. B. D. Kerly, recently of Chicago, and Helen Surell, who lives in Philadelphia. He bad large real estate interests in Chicago and vicinity. THREE negroes who had attempted to as- •fcnlt a young woman at Auburn, Ky., were taken by a mob and hanged to one tree.... • lumber train near Kildare, Tex., broke through a trestle bridge, causing the death of Engineer Skidmore and three negro la­ borers... .Mrs. James P. Weaver, of In- cKanapolis, claims to have secured new evi­ dence showing that the wealthy Texas •tockman, killed in a railway accident near Atlanta a few months ago, was her husband. She was defeated in the Atlanta courts over ft contest for the remains with a Texas woman, but will now begin a new suit. IT is Baid that no clue touching the iden­ tity of the persons who murdered the col- . «*ed men in the Court House at Carroll- ton, Miss., recently, can be found. The \flrand Jury attempted an investigation, and summoned 150 witnesses, but no infor­ mation was obtained. It is alleged the , hurry and excitement attending the killing Were Buch as "to preclude identification. I k , * i WASHINGTON* :• OBCRCTART MANNING, while entering "."t die Treasury building, was attacked with ' Vertigo, and partly fell. He was immedi- .. -M,»«|ely removed to his residence in a car- SECRETARY MANNING'S illness is so alarming that it is doubtful if he will ever sign his name again as Secretary of the Treasury... .Ex-Justice Ward Hunt died at Washington. He was appointed an Asso­ ciate Justice of the United States Supreme • Court in 1872 from New York. He retired pa his fall salary in 1882. He was born $Tl811. A WASHINGTON telegram says; "The (flpoton in attendance upon Beoretaij Man- trains, and stating that the power of the law will be invoked to aid in the resump­ tion of business. The directory of the Missouri Pacific has resolved to do its utmost to move trains on its road, and it is stated that immediate pro­ ceedings will be begun against individual strikers. An unchanged condition of affairs is reported from Atchison, Omaha, and other points. In many Kansas towns there is a serious lack of flour, coal, oil, and gro­ ceries. and prices of goods have doubled. The switchmen of the St. Paul Road at Milwaukee are organizing, preparatory to their enrollment as Knights of Labor. It is stated that the Yardmaster offered them an advance in wages condi­ tioned npon their not forming a union. The Knights of Labor at Toledo, Ohio, who had planned to place a special ticket for city officers in the held, received a letter from Grand Master Workman Powderly, warning them to drop politics at once, or they would be expelled from the order. Tht army of Belgium is busily engaged in res mining rioters in the chief cities, who daily provoke conflicts. Citizens of Liege are repeatedly waylaid by anarchists, and postmen are accompanied by military guards. The troops stationed at Antwerp are held within their barracks, to be in readiness for the suppression of disturb­ ances. FOREIGN. THE appointment of Mr. John Morley as Chief Secretary for Ireland is received with moderate friendliness bv the papers of I the Green Isle. In the event of Morley's defeat for re-election at Newcastle, Mr. Par- nell offers to find him a constituency in Ireland. IT is alleged that Mr. Gladstone never intended to ask authority to issue a loan to secure funds to carry out his scheme to buy out the Irish landlords. .. .Emperor Wil­ liam celebrated his' 8tfth birthday on the 22d of March. MICHAEL DAVITT has urged Mr. Morley, the Chief Secretary for Ireland, to take some measures for the relief of the starv­ ing people on the west coast of the Gie?n Isle.... Some three weeks ago some three thousand French troops near Tamatave, Madagascar, were attacked by the Hovas and driven from their camp. A Becond battle occurred a week later, when forty Sakalovas were killed. AT a banquet given him at St. Nazaire. ADDITIONAL NEWS. GRAND MASTER WORKMAN POWDERLY has issued a circular to the Knights of La­ bor, chiding the men for rushing into use­ less strikes and warning them against ha«ty, ill-considered action. He counsels patience for a while longer, and warns the membership that unless they obey the rules and laws of the order he will re­ sign bis position. The statements of Chairman Irons that the strike is liable to spread throughout the coun­ try are repudiated by high officials of the Knights of Labor, who seem to be anxious for a speedy settlement. Two strikers were found guilty of contempt of court at Palestine, Tex., but others derailed an engine while the trial was in progress. An accommodation train was ditched near Pacific, Mo. The Nickel-plate mines in the Brazil (Ind.) block-coal district shut down for an indefinite pe­ riod. rendering about 500 miners idle. The Falcon Iron and Nail Company, at Niles, Ohio, informed employes not gov­ erned by the Amalgamated Association scale that their wages would be advanced 10 per cent. The Grand Trunk Railway of Canada announces a rise of from 5 to 10 per cent, in the wages of train and shop Lands, and an advance to old wages in the cases of a number of employes whose pay was recently cut down. MRS. KATE DAWSON, wife of a farmer living near Indianapolis, who eloped with her step-son, poisoned herself with arsenic, and her paramour took morphia, dying in a few hours.-... A stock company with a capi­ tal of $300,000 has been organized at Chi­ cago for the purpose of holding a World's Pastime Exposition annually, beginning on or about July 3,188(5, and continuing 100 days. Outdoor sports of all kinds are to be the attractions there. .; .Frank Mulkowski, the murderer of Agnes Kledzieck, was hanged in the jail-vard at Chicago. He made a full confession to a priest, and left his effects to an acquaintance in the jail. On the scaffold he bore himself like a mar­ tyr, but in his cell he raved and cursed in a frightful manner. The husband of the murdered woman watched every detail of the execution. IT has just developed at Uniontown, Pa., that Capt. A. C. Nutt, who was murdered by Dukes, who in turn was killed by his victim's son, was short in his accounts as State Treasurer, $42,50<> at the time of his death. The question of settlement of the estate led to the disclosure.... Near Read­ ing, Pa., Mrs. Henry Franke, in attempt­ ing to kindle a fire with coal-oil, caused an explosion which scattered the blazing fluid on the woman and her two children and fired the premises. Mrs. Franke ran to a cistern, jumped in and was drowned, and the children were fatally burned before as­ sistance arrived. THE Edmunds resolutions condemning the Attorney General for his refusal to furnish cop­ ies of papers desired, and declaring it to be the duty of the Senate to refuse its consent to re­ movals of officers in cases where documents showing misconduct were withheld, were adopted by the Senate on March '.0. Mho first resolution, a loptiug the report of tli'i .lu lieiary Committee, went thioiiRli I.y a vote of to 2<V The vote on the becond resolution, condemn­ ing the Attorney Genoral for refusing to send copk's of "papers callid for by the Senate, was. 32 to 2."). The third reso­ lution, declaring it to le the duty of the Senate to refuse its advice and consent to proposed re­ movals of officers, the documents in reference to the supposed miscinduct i f whom lire with­ held, was adopted by\a majority (f one--yeas :«J, nays 2!>--Senators Mitchell, Van Wyck, and Hiddlobergi r voting with tho Democrats. The fourth resolution, condemning tho discharge of ex-uTJion soldiers and the putting in their places of men who had rendered no military service for t ie Government, was then voted on and agreed to--yCus 56, nays 1 (Senator Morgan). Senator Hoar introduced a bill establishing inquests under national authority. It provides th:it upon the sworn complaint "of three United States citizens that any person has been killed, or has sus­ tained bodily injury, or serious injury in his estate, or has been "threatened with injury in person or estate because of race or color or political opinion, or to prevent such person from casting a vote- ut any election provided for iu the Constitution, any United States Judge must institute a'l inquest into the mutter and report the facts to Congress. Any Ignited States Dis­ trict Atv riiov in his circuit may bo compelled by the Judge to r.ttend und assist in such in­ quest. Senator Hoar said tho bill was sug- gett d by the re] oris of recent occurrences at Cnri'olltf n, Miss. TLe House of Kepresentativcs listened to a letter from Assistant Secretary Fairchild, asking for an appropriation to enable the department to build vaults at the sub- treasuries in which to store silver dollars. THE MARKETS. NEW YORK. BEEVES Hoas WHEAT--No. 1 White No. 2 Bed CORN--No. 2 OATS--White PORK--Mess CHICAGO. BEEVES--Choice to Prime Steers, Good Shipping Common Hoos--Shipping Grades FLOUR--Extra Spring WHEAT--No. 2 Spring... CORN--No. i OATS--No. '2 BUTTER--Choice Creamery Fine Dairy CUEESE--Full Cream, new Skimmed Flats..: EGGS--Fresh POTATOKS--Choice, per bu PORK--Mess MILWAUKEE. WHEAT--Cash CORN--No. 2 OATS--No. 2 RYE--No. 1 PORK--New Mess TOLEDO. WHEAT--No. 2 CORN--No. 2 OATS--No. 2 ST. LOUIS. WIIKAT-NO. 2 Red CORN- Mixed OATS--Mixed . -. POXIK--New Moss CINCINNATI. WHEAT- No. 2 Rod ; CORN -No. 2-- OATS- No. 'I... PORK Mess LIVK HOGS DETROIT. BEEF CATTLE Hoos ' Shkw WHEAT-No. 1 White CORN--No. 2 OATS--No. 2. , INDIANAPOLIS. BEEF CATTLE Hoos SHEEP WHEAT--No. 2 Red CORN--No. 2 OATS--No. 2 4 EAST LIBERTY, CATTLE--Best Fair Common Hoos SHEEP. BUFFALO. WHEAT--No. 1 Hud CORN--Yellow CATTLE Wondufnl laarean in Businsw. TlMMllaHlMI 94.50 & 6.00 1.60 ® 5.00 .05 & .97 .92 @ .93 .46 <$ 48 .40 & .45 10.25 <911.00 5.50 <$ 6.00 4.50 C<? 5.25 3.75 (<$ 4.2-5 4.25 <$ 4.75 1.75 Vi; 5.25 7S m .78'$ "36 & .37 .29 (<*: .2.l'6 .'J9 01 .29'!, .20 <li> .24 .11' .><<6 .12'.j .06 (rti .07" ,10' M .n'4 53 & .55 9.50 (rtjlO.OJ .77 (9 .78 .36 © .37 . .31 &• .3i .04 <S6 9.60 <".10.00 .81 <$ .MS'. ,:io <3 M l ,K7 .8) .3 3V'.« .2!) 10.00 .90 .91 Sioux City, the metropolis of Western Iowa, which, on account of its rapid growth, is at present attracting wide­ spread attention, is situated on the Missouri River, about .500 mile* west of Chicago. Behind it are the fertile rolling prairies, 50,000 square miles in, ex­ tent, whose great coinfields^are the wonder of the world, and whose rapidly growing population is as intelligent, energetic, and thrifty as any race of men the world ever produced. West and south, Nebraska stretched"'400 miles away to the roman­ tic valleys and foothills of the Rocky Mountains., Commencing within three miles of the city, the great and luxuriant rolling prairies of Dakota, stretching hun­ dreds of miles toward the Pacific Slope, are rapidly developing into a great empire of wealth and population that exceeds the wildest dreams of human speculation. Hero, what was once supposed to be a great desert of sand, Bage brush and bad lands is being made to "bloom and blossom as the rose," the richest country that the Bun Shines on. Dakota's 90,- 000,000 of acres are covered with luxuri­ ant cornfields, inexhaustible pasturage, pine forests, ranges of rich mineral moun­ tains, with a net-work of great livers and railroads, immense wheat fields, great herds of cattle, and a population as wondeiful in enterprise, thrift and intelligence ns it is in rapid growth. ' Then to the north, lean than 100 miles distant, lies Minnesota, whose wheat fields have long been the pre­ eminent wheat regions of the world. Besides being located on the Missouri Kiver, where it first touches our western border, and is navigable for large-sized steamboats for a distance of 1,900 miles above, it is located near the mouth of two of its large tributaries. The Big Sioux, which forms about sevefity miles of the western boundary of Iowa, emptier into the Missouri River about two miles above the city. It drains and waters 1,000 square miles of Iowa territory, and its valleys are wonderfully rich and productive. Just be­ low, and forming the eastern boundary of the city, the Floyd River empties into the Missouri. It is a small stream, but flows through a rich and beautiful valley. It is about 100 miles long and drains about 1,5110 square miles of territory. There are many mills erected on its banks, and its water- power is valuable. Pern- Creek, which also drains a lovely territory, and whose valleys are filled with beautiful farms, tlow6 through the city and empties into the Mis­ souri. Less than a generation ago the land upon which Sioux City is located, and the terri­ tory for hundreds of miles north, south, east and west, lay in its primeval beauty, with no sign of civilization. The red man of the prairie was unmolested in his rich hunting grounds. The Buffalo roamed at will over the beautiful natural lawns ol vivid green, upon the rolling prairies, beau­ tiful plateaus and lovely valleys. The rich carpet of nature made his home beautiful, and famished him with an easy, luxuriant living. The solemn stillness was broken only by the war-whoop of the Indian, the lowing of the buffalo, and the hungry crj of the wolf. The population of Sioux Citv in 1876 was (5,000; in 1880, 7,308; in 1883, 14,000; in June, 1885, 19,074; in January, 1886, 23,- 382--a gain of 4,308 from June, 1885, tc January, 1886. Probably no city of its size in the country shows more activity iu building operations tfepn does this Ifeight little Western metrop­ olis at the present day. Buildings of all classes are being erected as fast as meu and material can put them in shape, and the demand seems to exceed the supply. There are no vacant stcres in the city, and owners of residence property have no diffi­ culty in finding tenants as soon as houses are ready for occupancy, that are willing tc pay good rents. Among the building im­ provements that are now under way are several large blocks of stores, a $200,000 hotel, several factories and scores of resi­ dences varying in size atd style, from the quiet little cottage to the ftat ly mansion. The demand for carpenters, bricklayers, and other mechanics is much greater than the supply, and all find work at good wages as soon as they reach the city. It is re­ ported that a number of contractors have been delayed npon their work quite seii- ously on account of the scarcity of good help. One reason for this scarcity is the demand made by outside towns for assist­ ance. AVLen mechanics of any kind are needed in the small towns (of which there are many) lying in the vicinity of Sioux City they send-there for them, and, os n consequence, every one that desires work can have it. A good mechanic has no rea­ son to be idle there. Few cities of its size in this or any othei country can boast of better improvement*, betcer manufactories, larger wholesale houses, or more energetic people. The city has a perfect police, fire, water, and sewerage system, under the management ol competent directors and superintendents, and before another winter sets in saveral miles of the be-t pavement that can be in­ vented will cover some of its most promi­ nent thoroughfares. "Several of the most important railroads in the West center there, and more will soon seek admission ta its limits. It is expected that a ling.! Union Passenger Depot will be erected at this season for the accommoda­ tion of business of the Chicago and North­ western, Sioux City and Pacific, Chicago. Milwaukee and St. Paul, Illinois Central ar d Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railroads, all of which run trains to and from Sioux City daily at the present time. I k NEBRASKA TRAGEDY Edward Johnson Murders a Prominent Farmer and JSiays Three of Hi* :• ?:;R • . . . P u r s u e r s . " • * . • " He ft&n Barricades Himself' 111 Where He Is Eiddled with Bul­ lets and Cremated. A terrible tragedy is reported from Burt County, Neb. H. A. Steadman, proprietor of a creamery neur the village of Lyons, paid off and discharged one of his employes, Edward Johnson, who thereupon became angry, and after a few words, and with­ out provocation, drew a revolver and shot Steadman in the stomach, the wounded man dying shortly afterward. Johnson mounted a horra and fled, but was fol­ lowed by a small party of men in charge of Constable Parker, who pursued him twelve miles south, and were rapidly gaining on him. During the chase the murderer turued in his Saddle, and with a repeating rifle shot one of his pursuers C. P. Johnson, in the head, killing him al­ most instantly. He then shot another man in the hip, inflicting a fatal wound/" Con­ stable Parker's horse was shot from under him. The pursuing party, however, kept up the chase, and continued to gain'on him, being re-enforced by others along the way. Finally Johnson, seeing that capture was inevitable if he continued on horseback, jumped from his horse and ran into a barn, where he held the fort against the entire party. It was thought he was wounded before lie sought retreat in the barn, as he had been fired at by his pur­ suers, who were armed only with revolvers. The barn was surrounded by the party, which by this time had increased to 1('0 meu. A deadly fusillade was commenced. All day the great crowd surged aud circled around the barn, but kept out of range of the besieged man. A wagon load of pro­ visions was forwarded to the camp of the besiegers. The murderer was armed with' a revolver and a Winchester rifle, aud the i-racks between the boards of the structure gave him an opportunity to shoot with an accurate aim. All efforts to dislodge him proved futile. The crowd surrounding his retreat hourly increased, until at least three hundred men were pouring missiles of death into the barn from as many Winchesters, revolvers, and shotguns. Failing to dislodge.. him by this method, it was decided to burn him out. Duriug the darkness of the night some one in the crowd crept up to a shed adjoining the barn and set fire to it. The caged mur­ derer, seeing that he was doomed, fired twenty shots into the crowd iu rapid suc­ cession, but hitting no one. The crowd re­ turned the tire from Winchester rifles from all sides of the barn, and the supposition is that the mur­ derer was killed before he could at­ tempt to make his escape. After the fire had subsided his dead body was found in a pile of oats. Both ai ms and a part of both legs were burned off. Part of his head had been shot away, and his body was completely riddled with bullets. The supposition is that he was wounded in the leg before he ran into the barn, and hence he did not at­ tempt to escape. The desperado's right name was Allen Wright,aged about 28 years. His remains were buried in a cornfield. His revolver had a Texas cow head en­ graved on it. He had also a Winchester rifle. Eight mules, three horses, three cows, and a large quantity of grain were destroyed with the barn. The total loss is $5,000, which the county will probably pay. Wright killed H. C. Stedinan and Charles P. John­ son, and fatally wounded Edgar Everett, whose death will make three killed. Sev­ eral are slightly wounded; all doing well. A MILLION IDLE MEN. Report of Commissioner Carroll D. Wright, of the National Bureau of Labor. LABOR TROUBLES. Ho Signs of a Settlement at St. Iitrnft Business at a Standstill In Kansas City, .37 >4(!? .:«% "• «ij .33 <<119.25 & 4.5t} <$ 5.75 4.'A» W 5.50 &• .8J Hi .39 VS> .39 @ a.so 4.5t> 5.25 fW & .3.) & .31 <T(. 5 .50 («< 5.1X) 4.25 (fit 4.75 & 5.25 .31 #.75 4.00 4.75 3.25 8.60 ,f>7 .87 .S3 3.00 4.00 3.50 .80 .34 .30 6.00 4.50 3.50 4,'JH 4,25 .92 V«. ,41 'st'i .4-i's 4.50 5.50 Georgians. JOHN O'NEILL, a planter of Fulton County was attacked by hydrophobia, alter being bitten by a mad mule. THE latest Georgia wonder reported is o piece of marble, the veins of which form a perfect outline of a woman's figure. A I'LNF, tree near Washington is said to bear large numbers of perfectly formed acorns interspersed with ordinary pine cones. ANOTHER story from Georgia is that a lady living near Holt well, in that State, had her front teeth freeze and burst during the late cold wave. A NEGRO preacher in Cobb Couuty puts a definite amount of his salary debt on each member of the congrega­ tion, and when they have no money he makes them work on his farm until they pay off the debt. GEOROE LEIB, a colored carpenter of Savannah, fell, backward fooni a third story scaffolding the other day, turned complete somersault, struck squarely on Lis feet, looked around to see if any one was hurt, and quietly climbed back to his work. GEORGIA'S oddity is a spider as big as a hi -kory-nnt, the long, curved back whereof shows the human face in profile. The face is like that of a man of the Malay type, th'> brow, the cye«, the nose, the mouth, and the chin being imitated with a precision quite startling in its way. AN unrepealed law of New Jersey, paBsed wh le the State was a Bri ish colony, reads as follows: "That all women of whatever ag'S rank, profession or decree, whether virgins, maids or widows, who shill after this aet impose upon, seduce and betray in­ to matrimony any of his Majesty's sub .ect-^ by virtue of scents, cosmetics, washes, i>uint<«, artificial teeth, false hair or high heeled shoes, shall incur the penalty of the law now in force agiinst witchcraft and like misdemeanors." [Washington telegram.] The first annual report of the Bureau of Labor is completed. It will cover five hun­ dred pages. Under the head "The Indus­ trial Depression iu the United States," Commissioner Wright says: From the observations of the agents of the bureau, and from other sources from which ip has been possible to form conclusions, it is un­ doubtedly truo that out of tho total number of establishments--such as fa-tories, mines, etc.-- existing in tho country, about 5 per ceut. wero absolutely i<lle during*1883, and that perhaps 5 per cent, more were idle a part of the time, or, for a just estimate, 7'.s per cent, of the whole uumber of such establishments were idle, or equivalent to idle, during the past year. Applying the per­ centage arrived at (7'-i per cent.), we obtain a total of as constituting the bett state­ ment of tho unemployed in tho United States duriug 1885--moaning by the unemployed those who, under prosperous times, would be employed, and who in 1885 were seeking employment-- that it has been possible fdfr the bureuu to make. It is probably true thut this total, as represent­ ing tho unemployed at any one time in the United States, is fairly representative, even if the laborers thrown out of work through tho Ci ssation of railroad building be included. A million of men out of employment means a loss to the consumptive power of the country of at least Sl,000,0l)ii per day, or a crippling of the trade ofjtho country or over $300,0C0.000 por year. The earnings of the people involved iuthe classes named above would not be far lioin SliOO each per annum, representing total earnings of 5-7/>:>f>,7lii,- 000. Tho wage earnings of tho million that should be employed are crippled to tho extent of over >300,000,000 per annum, a sum sutlieient to cause a reaction in business and a General cur­ tailment of expenses, from which result uppro- bension and timidity among all classes. It is curious to observe, however, that wliilu the severity of the depression causes a crippling to the extent of several hundred millions of dollars per year of the consuming power of the people, the volume of business transacted is not crip­ pled comparatively to any such extent. It is shown that just previous to the finan­ cial panics of 1857, 1873, aud 1882 there was an immense increase in the mileage of railroads constructed in the United States. The results of this in throwing meu out of employment have great bearing in produc­ ing depressions through the stoppage of consumptive powers. The Commissioner says: Tables are given Indicating two things, v i z . : That while, as shown, the extent of tlio existing industrial dopr< ssiou involves a crippling of the wage receivers of the country and a consequent crippling of the consuniinc iwwor of the peo­ ple, the volume of busiuess has been fairly well preserved--at least not crippled to auy such extent as indicated by the crippling of tho consuming power--and the prices have constant­ ly fallen. Along with tbeso two features there has been a constant diminishing of profits until many Industries have been conducted with lit­ tle or no margin to those engaged aud a great lowering of wa-^es in general. Tho mechanical industries of the United States are oarried on by steam and water power representinii in round number:; 3,500,000 borso-power, each burse-power equaling tbo muscular labor of six men --tiiat Is to s-iy, if men were employed to furnish the power to carry on the industries of this country, it would require 21,000,000 men, and 21,000,000 men represent a population, according t> tho census of 1880, of lOO.OJO.OJO. The industries are now carried on by 400,000 persons in round hum- boirs, representing a population of '20,000,000only. Tho employment of contract labor of foreign im­ portation and rapid iuimitrntion geijer.-illy uro foutiires which havo a positive intluei.c > in crippling oonsumiug power, liy the. census of 18s0 t.he whole number of people engaged in agriculture in the Uiiitsd States was 7,^0,40:1. Into this uumber there had been absorbed W12,- ffiM foreign born. Tho total number employed in manufactures, mechanical, and mining in­ dustries was 3,817,ll'i, of whom l,2->«->,7b7 were of foreign birth. It will be seen at once that tho tendency of immigrants is to assimilate with our mechanical industries. This increases the supply of labor in comparison to the demand. It lowers wages, contributes to whatever Over­ production exists, aud cripples the consuming power of tho whole. It i* undoubtedly true that during the past fifty years immigration has beeu of inestimable valno as ac ••ement iu American industrial progress, but it can not be •aid now, and probably not to any great extent in the future, that America is the home of tho oppressed of all nations. This advertisement will undoubtedly be withdrawn, as well as th« ether, that there is room enouph in the Uuited ht^tes lor all. ^PRESIDENT HoLDEN,.of the California State University, receives a salary of $8,000-- $5,000 us President and $3,000 as Director i of the Lick Observatory. View#' a St Louis Kntglt, Wlw Fears that More' Serious Trouble Js to Come, , / * ^ _ a * . v rst. tx>uis telegram.'] The strike at St. Louis is apparently as far from a settlement as ever, and it is generally admitted that the ifttempted ar­ bitration of Gov. Marmaduke of Missouri and Gov. Martin of Kansas has proved a complete failure. The outlook is veiy serious. A member of the Executive Com­ mittee of the Knights of Labor said this morning: * The worst is yet to come. I drend It, but there is no help for it. If wo were to submit now and return to work without having been r*jco„'nized as Kn gilts of Labor it would be a defeat not only, for us but also for the labor uuions, the trades assemblies, and for every labor organization in the whole country. We feel that tho issue must be met, and now. The present conflict is between us and the railroads only. We will wait tftreo or four days in the hope that some way toward a settlement may be opened, and then, if tho situation remains unchanged, every freight train ou every rotd running out of St. I-ouirt aud every fr« ight train on every road running out of Chicago will ba stopped. We will leave a sullicient force of men upon the roads to run the mail trains aud a few accommodation trains, but not a'wherl of a single freight car shall be turned until the Knights of Labor are recognized. If tlr's sht;l( fail to force the coru- piiiiica to recognize us, tho strike will then bo o tt nded to all Eastern and Southern roads, em­ bracing the entire country ; and if itcrmes to tho worrft, the strike will be made to embrace every li rge manufactory Aid every extensive business industry in the country. An attempt was made by the Missouri Pacific litoad yesterday morning to get out a freight train. The train was fired np at the Missouri Pacific shops and moved down to the Nineteenth street yards, where twenty care of freight were in readiness. The regular fireman jumped'off, but the engi­ neer maintained his place, and a private de­ tective employed by the road fired the en­ gine. As soon as the engine was coupled to the cars the trouble commenced. Strik­ ers and spectators had gathered to the num­ ber of two thousand, and when the engine pulled out only ten cars went with it, and it was found that the train had been un­ coupled. Another start was made, and then it was discovered that a switch had been turned, and the freight train was on the wrong track. Cars were uncoupled, one after an­ other, and finally scattered one by one all over the yards. Some exciting scenes took place when a man advanced from the crowd to pull a pin and a private detective rushed at him with ti revolver. The man refused to scare, however, and pulled the pin, the de­ tective not firing, and escaped without ar­ rest. After an hour's attempt the company gave up the job and sent the engine back to the shops. Business at a Standstill la Kansas City. There was no change in the strike situa­ tion to-day except that the embargo on bus­ iness began to be more keenly felt. The managers spent the day hobnobbing to­ gether informally without arriving at any conclusion. Grand Master James L. Monaghan, of" the Switchmen's Association, reached the (city ato'clock and went at once to the hall on Twelfth street, where he addressed the men on the necessity of moderation. He cautioned them against violence, and the men pledged themselves individually to permit none. The switchmen assert that they desire to inconvenience the public as little as possible. President Hill, at the request of Major Jones, gave the Fort Scott permission to set some coal into the water works and detailed a crew to do the switch­ ing. He has received no request from the gas cpmpany, but says that whenever the company is in need oZ coal it will be switched to the works. Mr. Monaghan aud Mr. Hill called on several managers for the purpose of" ascer­ taining when an audience could be ob­ tained. Mr. J. F. Barnard, General Man­ ager of the Council Bluffs and Hannibal, refused to treat with them as representa­ tives of the Switchmen's Association. He said that the men had gone out without giving any notification, and were no longer in his employ. He did not hesitate to say that the strike had emanated from the Knights of Labor. This is denied by both Mr. Hill and the Grand Master, who de­ clare that they have nothing to do with the Knights of Labor, and that thd men will go back whenever their terms are accepted. The only attempt to run freight trains was by the Union Pacific this morning. The train got out two or three miles, when the coupling pins were drawn. It was then pushed back into the yards. The Wabash did not run out any trains, though it was intimated that an attempt would be made some time during the night. The Han­ nibal, the Rock Island, and the Council Bluffs were each permitted to 6end out an engine and caboose to take train men to their homes. The strikers also took four emigrant sto^k cars from the Hannibal yards and ran them down to the stock yards, so that the stock could be fed. The Wabash officials switched a train brought in Monday night to the freight house, where it was unloaded. Th« situation, as it affects business, is hourly becoming more serious. The fears that the packing houses Would close were realized. Jacob Dold <t Sons shut down at an early hour, retaining only enough men to take care of the meat already dressed. Morris. Butts & Co. and the Allcut Packing Company also shut down, as did the Mor­ rison Packing Company, which employs 300 men. Armour Bros, and Fowler Bros, each ran only half a day. Both will kill a few hogs to-morrow. NATIONAL LAW MAKERS] mm Trouble nt Other Points. [Atchison (Kansas) special. 1 This has-been an exciting and eventful day iu the strike. At 12:4f) this morning the ten men cn guard at the Missouri Pacific roundhouse were surprised by tho appear­ ance of thirty-five or forty masked men. The guards were corralled in the oil-room by a detachment of the visitors, who stood guard, with pistols drawn, while the rest of the force seriously disabled twelve locomotives which stood in the stalls. They held pos­ session of the houso for about fifty minutes, and, upon taking leave, notified the im­ prisoned guards that they must not attempt to leave the room until the expiration of twenty minutes. At iioon a large number of strikers and others 'seized a freight train below town bound for Kansas City. They climbed upon it in scores aud tightened the brakes to prevent its furiher progress, uncoupled the cars, and threw the links and pins into the river aud then killed the engine. Marshal Price was present, but as the train was outside the city limiis he was powerless. No United States marshals were present. Later the strikers seized the last switch en­ gine on dnty. A road engiue happened to be nt hand, and this is now doing duty in the yards. IDenison (Tex.) telegram.I At 1 o'clock to-day a switch engine was brought out of the round-house. Several cars of beer, ice, and oil were coupled to the .engine and switc hed to the unloading tracks. Fully 1,000 strikers aud citizex\s had assembled. The strikers made a move to disable the engine, but, as if by magic, a force of deputy sheriffs appeared armed with rifles. They ordered the strikers to stand back, and stood ready to fire at tho first man that made a break. The strikers made no further attempt to stop the work? but remained standing around. FiVe of the leading Knights were arrested. Excite­ ment runs high, and serious trouble is ex­ pected. The Knights swear that no freight trains shall move, aud it is evidently the inteution of the officers to take freight trains* out. Business 16 at a standstill. BHgfgiMaarjr of the Prveeel* iagt ef Oeagras. TM bill confirming public-land entries h*re- tofora mad* in aocord&nce with the rulings of the .Land Office in force at the time the en­ tries were made, and the bill pensioning the widow of Uen. Hancock, were passed by the Senate on the 23d of March. Senator Geotga spoke in> Opposition t'j tho Edmunds resolu­ tions. The Logan army bill came up in the Senate, and Senator Mauderson sup­ ported the proposition to increase the force -to 40,000 enlisted men. He read from testimony given and letters written by Oens.^chotield, •f°I»e. and others, to show the inadequacy of the present force of 23.000. Senator Heck thought that a large standing army was not necessary. He had seen enough volunteer soldiers on Penn­ sylvania avenue, Washington, when President Cleveland was inaugurated, to carry on an Indian war. There were uiany persons, he said, who wanted a largo standing army--cap­ italists who h:ul designs uiou the people. Sen­ ator Logan said hu would not uso tue word dem- agogis:u in regard to the arguments made in the Senate, but ho would repel any insinua­ tion that the increase proposed was for tile pur­ pose of using the army against the people. Re­ ferring to Senator Hale, who was opposing the bill, Senator Logan said that his hiend from Maino had beeu encouraged from the Ftartto make war on this bill. He (Senator Logan) knew where it came from, and before the matter closed ho would havo something more to say. In the House Mr. Keagan, of Texas, from the Committee on Commerce, favorably reported the Senate bill to establish a national live-stock highway, and promote commerce iu live stock between the States. Mr Anderson's bill, for the forfeiture of unearned laud grants in the i-t-ite of Kansas, was alsa^lavorably reported to tho House. Mr. iticluirdson, of Tennessee, on behalf of the Committee on War Claims, scalled up, and the House passed, the Fourth of July claims bill. The amount involved ili the bill is $£18,200, Mr. Duvis, of Massachusetts, from the same committee, reported a bill to pre­ vent the introduction of contagious and infec­ tious diseases into the United States, and to es­ tablish a bureau of public health. Mr. 1 )ookery, of Missouri, from the Committee on Postofflees aud Post Koads, reported back a bill to extend the system for the immediate delivery of letters. Mr. Mc Hue, of Arkansas, from the Committee on Public Lauds, reported a bill to repeal the\ pre-emption laws. Mr. Forney, of Alabama, from Committee on Militia, rej>orted a bill for the uniform instruction of State militia. MB. LOGAN explained in tho Senate, on 24th inst.. that under the present laws there were but '23,025 effective men in the army, and that under the proposed increase to 30,000 thero would probably be only about 27,000 effective men. Mr. Teller opposed the increase. It ttas claimed by friends of the bill that tho increase was needed for a specific purpose--to guard against Indian troubles; but he saw no reason in tho Indian question for an increaso in tho effective force of the army. Mr, Piatt favored the proposed in­ crease. He said we had no army. ItwasamiB- nomerto call it the present "skeleton" an army. Tho argument that we hud no immediate need for oil army was like arguing that because it was not raining to-day it would never rain. The house passed the Indian appropriation bill, and then took up the postotflce appropriation meas­ ure. Senator Mitchell, of Oregon, addressed the Senate on the Duskiu resolutions. While he concurred iu the majority report in so far as it asserted that it was tho duty of tho executive otlicers to furnish when called upon by the Sen­ ate papers relating to the administration of an office, be would not insist, ho said, that the presence of such papers in the Senate was ab­ solutely necessary to the discharge by tho Senato of its constitutional duty in ad­ vising and consenting to proposed removals from office. He believed the Attorney General plainly in error in refusing to furnish tht papers called for." But, if called <:n to vote on the series of tho majority resolutions as u whole, he would do BO reluctantly aud under positive protest. While tho resolution asserting that the ubscnce of the papers called for -would be ground suffi­ cient to wan-ant the Senate in refusing to act on the nominations referred to, his vote, if cast for the resolutions, must bo consid­ ered merely perfunctory and under decided protest, and he would reserve the right to exercise his own judgment as to the confirma­ tion of nominations. Ho asserted it to be the duty of the SAiate to per.orni its own proper functions whether papers were furnished or not. and in the light of such information or evidence as it might have before it, or might be able to obtain. Prior to the speech of Senator Mitchell. Senator Morgan (Ala.) made a constitutional argument in support of the minority report. The Houso proceedings wero brief and unimportant. SENATOR VOOHHEKS addressed the Senate March '25 in opposition to the majority report on tho Duekin resolutions. He criticised the Senate for dallying with such a subject while great public questions wfero pressing for attention, and tho llesh and blood of men and women were being ground in the massive hoppers of great corporations. Referring to Senator Wilson's characterization of tho Henioc ratio party us a "protoplasm," Senator Voorhoea said it was fortunate for the Democracy that tho colored people hud not boeuCtold before election that the Democratic party was a protoplasm. If, instead of the word itself, the Senator from Iowa bad used its definition as given by Webster--"the viscid, nitrogenous material in vegetable cells, by which the jtrocess of nutrition, and growth goes forward"--the speaker's imagination shrank from contemplation of the probable results. Iltenewod lauguter. | If it had been understood that the Democratic party was anything like a "11011-cellular" formation of a vital vegetable substan'o" Senator Voorhees had not the slightest doubt that that party would havo been counted out in New York. [Laughter.| 'Ihe Senator from Iow a ought to have denounced the Democratic party as an hypotlienuse or a rectangular parallelogram. I Laughter, j Senator Evarts addressed the Senate in sup­ port of the majority report. The doctrine that tho President, had the right to say whether the papers called for related to a subject with which Congress had a right to deal was inadmissible, b.'causo, under it, the President could refuse pipers alfoeting his own couduct. When the President made announcement that a place was not to bo vacated for political reasons, ardthen asked the Senate to concur in the appointment of tho successor of a suspended, ollicial. Sen­ ator Bvarts thought that tho 1-enato ought not to be left iu the dark concerning the grounds for tho suspension of that official. When the postoffice appropriation bill came up in the Houso Mr. Dockcry, of Missouri, defended the Postmaster General from the at­ tack made upon him by Mr. Hurrows, of Michi­ gan. In the course of his speech he declared that when the Democratic party left the control of tho Government it left the Uepublican party in tho possession of a splendid morchant- marine, manned by American sailors and car- rving Ami ricau commerce. Mr. Urumni, of Pennsylvania (interrupting) -- And you 'gave us tho Alabama aud the Shonandouh to drivo it from tho sea. Mr. Dockery --Oh. I know it burti. When we come again to our fathers' house wo find that only 15 per cent, of the commerce of this great country is carried in American vessels; and these vessels are manned by whom? American seamen? No; !•"> p -r cent, of tiio sailors that carry your Has;, or what is left of your flag, are foreigners. Who is responsible for that? Mr. Brumin -- Senimen was not a foreigner. Mr. Dockery--The gentleman fr.ini Pennsylvania is one of the most extreme of the leaders who flaunt the bloody shirt. Mr. Brunim--When your party stops brandishing the bloody dagger we will stop waving the bloody shirt. "I know the 'galled jade winces,'" was Mr. Dockery's comment, as bo dismissed the subject. Washington's Rules of Conduct. One of George Washington's early copy-books contains a list of a hundred and ten "liules of Civility and Decent Behavior in Company and Conversa­ tion." Here are a few of them: "Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect for those present. "When you meet with one of greater quality than yourself, stop and retire, especially if it be at a door or any strait place, to give way to him to pass. "They that„are in dignity or in office have in all places precedency; but whilst tliey are young, they ought to respect those that are their equals in birth or other qualities, though they have no public charge. "Be not hasty to believe flying re­ ports to the disparagement of any. "Take all admonitions thankiully, in what time or place soever given; but afterward, not being culpable, take a time or place convenient to let him know it that gave them. "Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and dis­ tinctly. "Make no show of taking great de­ light in your vituals; feed not with greediness; cut your bread with a knife; lean not on ti^e table; neither find fault with what f ou eat. "Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust. These are not unwise rules; they touch on things great and small. The difficulty with most boys would be to follow a hundred and ten of them. They serve, however, to show what was the standard of good manners andt morals among those who had the training of George Washington.--Horace l'\ Scuilder, in St. Nicholas.