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T*"\! 7K- f •' " jf-1 ; *;« &r»w '^•, MS. si;.;*,*# isawj#; HH?r* '-?••* *«, i :* :xv--. \*.?«. ; * i It ia ttmttBMWMnm ttm> vuloaetMto 4n Eloquent Speech by Chumoej M. - "• Depew, at Chicago, on Waafe* ington'i Birtkday. V ^ 1 ill Oration Bristling with Now Ideas and Pertinent Sugges­ tions for the Day. le ̂Patriotic Sentiment la This Cm- iry JDeep-aeated andot m **• iarias Nature. The State's Duty to Protect the* Ballot r< t, t- j ' i* i' -.4 i' . - * •>.* " * 3 A? •.feii/'.it-'.i : : The political mlaatoa of the United States has ao far been wrought oat by individuals and ter­ ritorial oondltiona. Four man ot unequal ganiua have dominated our centaury, and the growth ot the Wast has revolutionised the Kepublio. The {dnetplM vbleh have heretofore controlled the policy of the country have mainly owed their ferae and acceptanoe to Hamilton, Jefferson, Webster, and I4nooln, The two great creative conteataof America were purely defensive. They were neither the Struggles of dynastic ambitions nor of demo- It cratic revenges. They were calm and deter­ mined efforts for good government and closed without rancor or the husbanding of resources for retaliation. The revolution waa a war for the preservation of well-defined constitutional libert.es, but dependent upon them wen the in­ dustrial freedom neceaaary for the development of the country, the promotion of manutacturea, " "SUd independence of foreign producers. HAVING 1NFLUKNCB OF HAMILTON. The first question which met the young Con­ federacy, torn by the jealouaiea of lta stronger and weaker colonies, waa the necessity of a central power strong enough to deal with for­ eign nations and to protect commerce between the Btatea. At this period Alexander Hamil­ ton became the aavior of the Kepublio. If Shakspeare ia the commanding originating genius of England and Goethe of Germany, Hamilton must occupy that place among Americana. At 17 he had formulated the prin­ ciples of government by the people so clearly that no succeeding publicist has improved them. Before he waa via he had made sugges­ tions to the hopeless financiers of the revolu­ tion which revived credit and carried through the war. With few precedents to guide him, he created a fiscal system for the United States which was so elastic and comprehensive that it still controls the vast operations of the Treasury and the customs. Tnough but a few years at the bar after his retirement from public life, his briefs are embodied in Constitution and statutes, and to his masterly Address the press owes its freedom. This auperb intelligence, which was at once philo­ sophic and practical, aud with unrivaled lu­ cidity could instruct the dullest mind on the bearing of the action of the present on the des­ tiny of the future, so impressed upon his con­ temporaries the necessity of a central govern­ ment with large powers that the Constitution, now eno hundred and one years old, was adopted, and the United States began their life aa a nation. At this period, in every part of the world, tbo doctrine that the Government ia the source of power, and that the people have only such lights aa the Government had given, was prac­ tically unquestioned, and the young republic began its existence with the new and dynamic principle that the people are the sole source of Authority, and that the Government has such powers as they grant to it, and no others. JMFFERSON AN1) WEBSTER. . Doubt and debate are the safety-valves of Xgeedom, and Thomas Jefferson created both. He feared the loss of popular rights in cen­ tralization, and believed that the reserved powers of the States were the only guaranties of the liberties of the people. He stands su­ preme in our history as a political leader and left no auccessor. He destroyed the party of Washington, Hamilton, and Adams, and built up an organisation which was dominant in the country for half a century. The one question --• thus raised and overshadowine all others for a hundred years, half satisfied by compromises, half suppressed by threats, at times checking prosperity, at times paralyzing progress, at times producing panics, at times preventing the solution of fiscal and industrial problems vital to our expansion, was. Are we a Nation? For nearly fllty years the prevailing senti­ ment favored the idea that the Federal Compact was a contract between sover­ eign States. Had the forces of disunion been ready for the arbitrament of arms, the results would have been fatal to the Union. That ablest observer of the American experi­ ment, De Tocqueville, was so impressed by this that he based upon it an absolute predic­ tion of the destruction of the republic. But, at the critical period, when the popularity, courage, and audacity of General Jackson were almost the sole hope of nationality, Webster delivered in the Senate a speeoh unequaled in the annala of eloquence for its immediate effect and lasting results. The appeals of Demosthenes to the Athenian democracy, the denunciations of Cicero against the conspiracies of Catallne, the paaaionate outcrlea of Mira- beau, pending the French Revolution, the warnings of Chatham in the British Parlia­ ment, the iervor of Patrick Henry for inde­ pendence, wore of temporary interest, and yielded friable results, compared with the tremendous consequences of this mighty utter­ ance. It broke the spell of supreme loyalty to the State and created an unquenchable and resist­ less patriotism for the United States. It ap­ peared in the school-books, and by declaiming glowing extracts therefrom, tho juvenile ora­ tors of that and succeeding generations won prizes at academic exhibitions and mimic con­ gresses. Children educated parents, and the pride of the fathers and the kindled imagina­ tions of the sons united them in a noble idea of the great republio. No subsequent patriotic oration met the requirements of any public oc­ casion, preat or small, which did not breathe th<t sentiment of "liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable." As the coldest Clod, when first inspired by the grand passion of life, becomes a chivalria knight, so, when at last the Union was assailed by arms, love of country burst the bonds of? materialism and "sacrificed everything for the preservation of the Nation's life. From the unassailable convic­ tion of the power of the General Government to protect itself, to coerce a State, to enforce its laws everywhere, and to use all the resources of the people to put down rebellion, came not only patriotism but public conscience. With conscience was the courage, so rare in com­ mercial communities, which will peril business and apparent prosperity for an idea. This de­ feated the slave power, and is to-day the most potent factor in every reform. THB WEST ,THS CHILD Or UNION. . The field for the growth and development of «is sentiment, and for its practical application thoutfear of consequenoea, was tne great treat. Virginia's gift to the Union of the North­ west Territory, which now constitutes five great States, and its prompt dedication to free­ dom, and Jefferson's purchase tr na the First Napoleon of the vast area now known as Arkan- saa, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minne­ sota, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and the Indian Territory, were tbe two acts of generosity and consum­ mate statesmanship which definitely outlined tbe destiny of the Kepublio and its political mission. In tbe genesis of nations there is no parallel With the growth of the West and its influence 1 upon the world. The process of its settlement reduced to comparative insignificance the romance and realities of the State builders of the past. Movements of peoples which at ottier perioda have been devastating migrations, or due to the delirium of speculations, are here the wise founding and sober development of prosperous communities. The fabled Argo, sailing for the Golden Fleece neither bore nor found the wealth carried and discovered by the emigrants' wagons on the prai- > ries. The original conditions surrounding our hardy and adventurous pioneers; the riches in poverty, where hope inspired the efforts and the •elf-denial to clear, or develop, or improve, or stock the farm, which waa to be at once tbe family home and estate; the church and the school-house crowing simul­ taneously with the settlements; citizenship of tbe great Republic, which could only come through the admission of the Territory as a State into the grand confederacy of common­ wealths, and only be lost by tbe dissolution of the Union; citizenship which meant not only political dignity and independence, but incal­ culable commercial and business advantages and opportunities--these were the elements which made the West, and these were the edu eaters of the dominant power in the nation for t&e present and the future. Thus the West, tbe obild of the Union, met the slave power With determined resistance, and its threats With a defiant assertion of tho inherent powers Of the nation, and with the pledge of its young and herolo life for their enforcement. COMPLETENESS oF'IIN< OLN'8 WORK. ,, This double sentiment found ita oracle and fepresentativo in Abraham Lincoln. He con­ solidated the Northwest by declaring that the Mississippi shall flow unvexed to the sea. In tbe great debate with Douglas, his challenge tang through tho whole land, a summons to battle. "A house divided against itself," he aaid, "can not stand. I believe this Govern­ ment can not endure permanently naif slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dlssalved -- I do not expect the house to fall-- but I do expect it wiil ceas-t to be divided." To enforce that expectation he called a million Ot men to arms, he emancipated four millions Of slaves by Presidential proclamation, and When tho victory was won for liberty end unity, this most mi jostle figure of our time, clothed With the unlimited powers of a triumphant Government, stood between the passions of the strife, and c ramanded peaoe and forgive­ ness. When he fell by the bands of the assas- ain tbe one hundred years' struggle for na- . tlonal existence was ended. He thrott ed sec­ tionalism and buried it. The republic for Which half a million men had di d and a mill­ ion been wounded was so firmly imbedded in the hearts, the minds, and the blood of its people, that the que t on of dissolution will never more form part of the schemes of its politicians, or require the wisdom of its statesmen and the patriotism of its people. It is impossible to estimate the effeot upon. « fee iantctf and civil imtwMtlHAsi, Tbe . isnefpated fkcasTibe thraOdom of taal psril, ad rawed by leap* and bound* fiscal policy and industrial progress. Oar substantial growth in essay dsiQeat of national strength, since the war, has been greater taan ta »Wch conditions ot this Tocqi villa, in 1834, "I can not believe in tbe duration of a government whose task is to hold together forty different peonies, spread over a surface equal to the half of Europe, to avoid rivalries, ambitions, and straggles among them, and to unite the action oftbeir independent wills for the accomplishment of tbe same plana. Unless I am greatly mistaken, tbe Federal Government of the United States tends to be­ come daily weaker; it draws back from one kind of business after another; It more and more restricts the sphere of its action. Natur­ ally feeble, it abandons even the appearance of tone." THB HAMILTONIAN KXIUKI BBiCHD. With the admission of the Territoriee already knocking at the door and folly qualified to be­ come States, we'will have reached DeTooque- ville's fatal forty. Bat 1st tbe meantime the pendulum of our pontics has swung back from the Jeffersonian to the Hamiltonian extreme. Tbe Federal Government is everything, the States, in a National sense, nothing. The abo­ lition of slavery, and with it aectional lines, and the civil war. have done much toproduoe this; but commerce has done more. The application of steam and eieotricity to trade has made forty oummonwealtha one. It is not distance alone which creates the dangers of the disinte­ gration of a government, but difficulty of inter­ communication. .Sixty millions ot people cov­ ering a continent are in much closer commun­ ion to-day than were the 4.00J,00<Halang tbe Atlantic coast at the time of tbe adoption of the Constitution. The President, whose au­ thority DcTooqueville thought weak and grad­ ually being reduoed to a shadow, has acquired power beyond tbe dreams and fears of the fathers. The arbitrary arrests, the proclama­ tions of far-reaching import at which Mr. Lin­ coln did not hesitate, indicate what a President may do in time of war. A civil service four times as large as our standing army, and sub­ ject to executive appointment and removal, and the frequent exercise of the veto power by Pres­ ident Cleveland, exhibit the extent of his pow­ ers, even in peace. The United 8tates has been fortunate in its Presidents. The poorest and weakest of them had patriotism ana a sense of public duty whioh prevented the resort to desperate expedients for the retention ot power. But, as the"country increases in population and in new communi­ ties, the functions of the Executivo become more potent. The legislative and judicial branches remain tho same, but the President grows as a potential factor of government. We are alwaya at the mercy of the majority, but its intelligence has heretofore protected us from its easily stated aud possible perils. But with a hundred millions of people and a commensu­ rate civil service; with tbe blind fury of in­ tense political passions; with an able, auda­ cious, and unscrupulous President anxious for re-election, and sustained by his party in any­ thing which secures it, the situation will be full Of danger. NEED OF A ONE-TERM PRESIDENCY. The best of Presidents have lowerad the standard of administration when seeking a second term. The present Executive is an officer highly esteemed for singular honesty and di­ rectness of purpose, and remarkable for inex­ perience in the dutios of government and for ignorance of the great isaues before tho coun­ try. With perfect frankness and honest inten­ tion to carry out his pledges, he d«fted the tra­ ditions of his party in his bold utterances for civil service reform. He both understood what he was promising and believed he had the courage and the power to make good his word. The best sentiment of the country is over­ whelmingly behind him on this question. And yet, as the canvass of 188s opens, the tremen­ dous advantages of an auxiliary force of 100,U00 faithful workers has relegated Koman virtue to the rear and brought the spoils system to the front. Methods have changed, and the bor­ rowed nomenclature of reform means the old practices, with the familar result of the con­ stant substitution of the partisan reoruit for the veteran official. With the growth of the Republic the known and implied powers of the President become of increasing value. As, with larger and more populous districts, Congress becomes more distant and vague, the people will need and de­ mand an Executivo to whom appeal can be immediate and whose responsibility is direct. He should, however, by constitutional prohibi­ tion, be made ineligible for a second term. As the peculiarities of his position on retiremen t from office prevent his participation in the or­ dinary business avocations of tbe citizen, he should receive an adequate pension for life, and on the retired list, though still in the ser­ vice, be subject to call for any public duty where his experience, character and ability would be of value. Thus his administration, free from temptation and the baBer ambitions, would be impelled with resolute and unflinch­ ing endeavor to win the plaudits of the present and the admiration and gratitude of posterity. DASOEU OF BKPRh&SLNCi INDEPENDENCE. While no act or thought should tend to resur­ rect the baneful dootrine of State sovereignty, we need not be educated in the direction of State rights. The immensity of our national­ ity and its centralizing tendencies create a feeling of dependence upon government whioh enfeebles the American character and is hostile to American liberty. Home rule is the school and inspiration of manliness and independence. The town meeting brings power directly to the people where it belongs and clearly and sharply draws the line between public businesa ana private business. The American traveling in Europe chafes under the restraints of adminis­ tration. The bayonet or the baton is always by bis side. The Government carries his person and goods, transmits his message, appears as proprietor in the mine and factory, and suffo­ cates enterprise, development, and ambition. The demagogue and the agitator are already appealing to the sentiment for a strong govern­ ment--to make it so strong that it will both im­ poverish and enrich with its burdens and its bounties, and the citizen surrendering hiB in­ dividuality will go for everything to the Gov­ ernment. This is the underlying principle of despotism, unaer whose operation there would have been no great republic, and the West would have remained a wilderness. We are too great and too generous, and have too many and vast opportunities to adopt the selfish motto of "America for Americans," meaning to include only those who are now citizens ana their descendants. But the needs of the present and the preparation for the fu­ ture require that all citizens shall be Ameri­ cans. Healthy patriotism can be sentimental, but it must be intelligent. Said the philoso- fher: "Let me write the songs of a people and care not who make their laws." That day has pa.<.Bed, never to return. Steam and electricity nave broken the spell. Revolutions can no longer be conjured, nor ancient rights defended by melody. The marching music of the columns of liberty must be, not the Marseil­ laise or the National anthem, but the high and harmonious teachings of the common school. AMERICANI8M THK FOfc OP ANARCHY. There is an intellectual awakening in this land, and its stimulants affect tho well being aud the safety of life and property and law. The trades union is a debating club; a session of the Knights, a congress of labor; the Sab­ bath picnic is a school, not of divinity but of theology. The questions discussed are vital in their proper solution to tho state, society and the church. The churches of all creeds and men of every faith are doing magnificent work in the conservation of the virtues and habits of liberty, but the preacher has lost his political influence and the priest much of the power he possessed in the more primitive period 'Ihe teachers of disintegration, destruction, and infidelity posseas the activity of propa­ gandists and the self-sacrificing spirit or mar­ tyrs. Their field is ignorance, their recruiting seargents distress. Only faith grounded in knowledge can meet these dangerous, cease­ less, and corrupting influences. In the midst of these perils, the sheet-anchor of the ship of State is the common school. Before tbe era of great cities and crowded populations, wbeu it was easy both to earn a Jiving and to gain a competence, when the beat influences or every settlement reached every part of it, the State met every requirement in furnishing, free, a fair business education. But now by Jar the larger part of our peop'e have no common an­ cestry in the Revolutionary war, and a genera­ tion his come to its majority which knows lit­ tle of the rebellion and its results. Colonists from Europe form communities, both in city and country, where they retain the language, customs, and traditions of the fatherland, and live and die in tbe belief that the Government is their enemy. To meet these conditions, the State provides an education Which does not ed­ ucate, and the prison and the poor house. lgnoranco judges tbe invisible by the viBible. Turn on the lights. Teach, first and last, Amer­ icanism. Let no youth leave tbe school without being thoroughly grounded in the history, tho principles, and the incalculable blessings of American liberty. Let the boys be the trained soldiers of constitutional freedom, the girls the intelligent mothers of freemen, and the sons of the anarchists will become the bulwark of the law. THE STATE'S DUTY TO PROTECT THE BALLOT. American liberty muBt be protected against hostile invasion. We welcome the fugitives from oppression, civil and ruliglouB, who seek our asylum with the honest purpose of making it their homes. We have room and hospitality for emib'rauts who come to our shores to better their condition by the adoption of our citizen­ ship, with all Its duties ud resronsibilities. But we have no place for Imported criminals, paupers, or pests. The revolutionist who wants to destroy the power of the majority with the same dynamite with whi:h he failed to assas­ sinate the Emperor or Czar is a public enemy, and must be so treated. We are no longer in need of the surplus populations of the old world, and must carefully examine our guests. The priceless gift of citizenship should never be conferred until by years of probation the applicant haa proved himself worthy, and then a rigid examiuatit n in open court should test his knowledge of its limitations as well as its privileges, and his cordial acceptance of both. It is m nstroua that the time of our courts and the patieu e of our juries should be cccupied and tried in the repeated pr< secuti< n of per­ sistent disturbers of tbe peace who refuse to become citi. ens. Ou the first conviction by a jury they should be expelled from the coun­ try. The youngest of cities, destined to be one of the greatest on earth, in deadly peril of fire aud sack, with indomitable spirit and lofty courage saved civilization in American muni­ cipalities, and the nation by wise IaWs should pre vent any possible recntyence of the danger. • •• „ •• •• > •• z~r* -f;. • ' •••;• • . '.,k •• ' in the tfcehonesty ottbe vote. it waa averted by wise Mcond the fears provod tall the highest duty to provide every , against repetitions of such dangers. The power ana machinery at the state jn> used far the untoought and nn intimidated vote aj*d the fair count. Submission to tbe will of themajority has become universally theae- eented faith of the people; andTwhlle that falttt ia unshaken, no party will ever appeal to the only otter alternative, arms. It is the duty of the General Government in all elections for Congress or President to pro­ tect, at every cost, the voter and the ballot-box. It is the doty ot every State to reduce to a min­ imum tbe opportunity for fraud upon the oiti- nn, or the improper influencing of his choice. It is a general and local scandal that the ex­ penses of the candidate have grown beyond the means of the poor bnt honest man. No system can be right or safe under which the treasuries of the imposing parties must be filled with sums so vaat that they equal the great accumulationa of prosperous corporation*. The ballots shoud be printed by the (state and distributed at the public oost, under conditions which would enable tbe most ignorant voter to select his ticket without help, and deposit it with no one knowing its contents bat himself. Then, as the republio grows in power and population, its safety and perpetuity will be assured by keeping pure the channels through which the ever-increasing millions of freemen, with more majestic and impressive force, express their will. MAGNITUDE OF THB KCOMOlrtC IS8UX. The political mission of tbe United States is OTwlylBtmil, The wise policy and traditions of Waahington against entangling allianoea with foreign nations has been happily strength- *Bed by our geographical position. The moral effect ot our experiment upon tbe deatinies of peoples and governments baa been greater than that of all other causes combined. In preserv­ ing in letter and spirit our liberties, in develop­ ing our resources and adding to the wealth, prosperity and power of the republio; in the adoption of those measures which favor hap­ piness and contentment within our borders, we are directly aiding the struggling masses and furnishings arguments for, and inspiring the hopes of, the patriots of every country of the world. It is vital to the success of our mission that all questions be boldly met, fearlessly dis­ cussed, and promptly acted upon. The area of arable acres in the United States is 20 per cent larger than that of China, which supports a population of nearly 400,(X>0,000. As time is reckoned in the history of nations, in the near future there will be 200,000,000 of people in this country. All of them will be dependent upon industrial conditions, and the larger part of them will be wage-earners. Our problem is not, how can they be controlled? for they are the majority, and the majority is the govern­ ment, but, now are they to be satisfied? Ma­ cau lay's prediction has been supported by the ablest i>olitioal economists of the Old World. They claim that with the conditions ot crowded populations always on tho brink of starvation, with hopeless poverty and chronic distress such as prevail under Europeau governments, the Kepublic will end in anarchy, and anarchy in despotism. Whether there be much or little in these gloomy forebodings, the least of them sternly impresses the lesson of maintaining and pro­ moting, by every measure whioh experience has tested and wisdom can suggest, that policy which will keep waives above the line of mere subsistence, aud in tbe general prosperity of diversified industries hold open the opportun­ ities for every man to rise. This issue is broadly National, and is of equal interest to the North and South, the East and West. Cheap transportation has obliterated the lines which formerly divided the planters and the manufacturers, and engendered aud embit­ tered the sectional controversies. The new South thrills with the movement of mighty industries which are developing her mines, utilizing her great forces and resources, and founding her citieB. The flames of busy fur­ naces illumine her wasted fields, and near and quick markets awaken to hitherto unknown ac­ tivities her dormant agriculture. The hum of the spiudles and the inspiring music of machin­ ery sound over the prairies and along the lakes as well as among New England hills and Penn­ sylvania mines. A FORTUNATE CHALLENGE TO PROTECTION. The theory of the wealth of nations has been discussed by tbe ablest and most competent of philosophers and statemcn, from the time of Adam Smith, with the demonstrated result that principles of political economy are not of uni­ versal application, but must lie modified by tbe conditions and necessities of different nations. At the zenith of prosperity, when confidence and credit were projecting enterprises which covered the continent, and were fraught with untold wealth and healthy expansion, or disas­ ter and collapse, upon a scale of equal maa- nitude and commensurate distress, President Cleveland has boldly and happily challenged the policy upon whioh all these investments were based The President says to the combined forces of capital and labor, flushed with past successes and eager for the conquest of tbe world. "Halt, you are on the wrong road." Business is built upon stability of statutes. Fluctuations In the law must not be a factor in the calculations of commerce. It is fortunate for the future of the country that the President has taken a position BO radical and defiant that discussion and decision are imperative. If the result is, as I think it will and ought to be, the defeat of tbe President and of his party, he will take his place among tho few eminent specialist4 and experimentalists who have die J in demon- stating that the gun was not loaded. During a quarter of a century of passionate nationality, of free labor, of protected indus­ tries, the growth of the republic has been with­ out precedent or parallel in ancient or modern time. Its population has increased at the rate of a million a year, and a thousand millions per annum have beeu added to its accumulated wealth. It has paid five-sixths of the enor­ mous losses of the civil war, it has borne tbe burden of a gigantic debt, it has spent with lavish band, and yet has saved half as much as all the rest of the world. With sixty thou­ sand millions of capital, and a developed ca­ pacity for creating a product worth over ten billions a year, its political mission is, as far as possible, to monopolize its home market in tbe materials it possesses or can manufacture, to cross the seas, to enter all porta and ex­ plore new countries, and to compete with the most advanced nations in ail the marketa of the earth. THE BIRTH OF THB TARIFF SYSTEM. Ninety-nine years ago, on the 4th day of .Inly. 1783, George Washington signed the first tariff act passed by the young Republic. Political in­ dependence had beeu proclaimed by the im­ mortal Declaration of 177<>, but the country was still dependent unon Great Britain'for every ar­ ticle of manufacture in metals or fabrics. With more gloomy forebodings than those caused by the separation of the empire was this news re­ ceived in England. It was the emancipation of raw materials and the birth of manufactnres in the United States, and without them the Repub­ lio had no "manifest destiny." At the close of an exhausting war,with an unpaid, half-clothed, and riotous army, a worthless currency, shat­ tered credit, and an empty treasury, Alexander Hamilton, great in every department of mental activity, but the greatest of Finance Ministers, was called upon to provide the moneys for carrying ou the Government, meet­ ing its obligations, and restoring its credit. In a report, whose arguments have never been answered or equaled, he gave as the solution of the present problem and of future prosperity, protection to home industries as a continuous policy, aud, when necessary, bounties and premiums besides. Tho closing year of the century of Hamilton's idea finds thirteen States grown to thirty-eight, four millions of people increased to sixty, aud nominal national wealtti to sixty billions. A manufacturing plant not worth half a million of dollars has expanded until its annual product is six thousand millions, and the consumption per year by our own people of the output of onr farms and our factories is not less than five times the consolidated capital oi 178$. From ati increasing indebtedness to foreign nations, which drained all our resources, the returning tide of the balance of trad# is flowing in en­ riching currents through every artery of our industrial life. Upon this golden monument, with a hundred millions of surplus in the Na­ tional Treasury, and proud and prosperous populations all around, the culminating century finds President Cleveland proclaiming with equal boldness, if less originality, the new de­ parture. The celebration of the birthday of the Father of His Country recalls at this juncture the peculiar significance of the language of the law which received his first signature as Presi­ dent, and which had his heartiest approval: "Whereas, it is necessary for the support of the Government, for the discharge oftne debts of the United States, and the encouragement and protection of manufacturers, that duties be levied on goods, wares, and merchandise im­ ported." Since that most fruitful legislation, whenever theory has overcom e the plain teach­ ings of practice, tbe penalty has been panics and distress. "The friend of the many against the profits of the few" is the seductive role which captivates the free trader, and its glittering al­ lurements ou a subje. t new to his thought and studies has led out to sea tbe strong common seuse of Mr. Cleveland. It is the basis of the policy upon which he has staked his own for­ tunes and those of bis party. "The tariff raises the price to consumers," he says, "of all arti­ cles imported and subject to duty, by precisely tbe sum paid for such duties," and, as the con­ sumers are enormously in excess of the labor­ ers upou purely protected articles, he rushes naturally and triumphantly to the conclusion that tariff laws are "the vicious, inequitable, and illogical source of unnecessary taxation " In ISiti, 1H32, 1846 the weapons which the Pre ident found in lh8S won great victories, but, like Samson's arms about the pillars of the temple, the result involved all in common ruin, the mill closed, the furnace fires out, the farmer bankrupt, and the laborer a tramp, are the lurid leBsons of these well-meant ex­ periments upon a del isive theory of the rela­ tions of the factory to the farm. PROTECTION THE COUNTRY'S BEST INVESTMENT. The genius of our scheme of general govern­ ment and the spirit of oar peopie are hostile to direct taxation for national attars. The Fed­ eral tax gatherer has always provoked friction and lawlessness, even under the necessities of war, and his presence at every door to levy and take three times the amount required by the B ate for homo and local wants would peril both prosperity and loyalty. Two hncdred and fifty millions of dollars flow Into the National Treasury annually, sni under tbe easterns system of ooUeetton we ars unoonsoioas of oar » JV®" " ""SrT*. ' , •• t -' t' - : , part ot'them, ftp revenue laws are pertocU* pMnelplo of ample protection for Everything which oan not be snooesaicUy produoedor manufactured on American soil must be Tbe factory doubles the value of the adjoin-' ing farms for the farmers, whose tariff exao< tions are too amaU to be calculated. Beaida the mill grows the village, and tbe resistlea* !5f*i#!L0' /m*rtcan dewslopment burat tho village bounda and build the Western eity 1*> thia new mart the railroad is constructed al- for tht safety in the prosperity or the country. Pro- tected opportunity has developed our incalcu­ lable nstural resources and enabled us to nfaotare in iron, glass, cotton, and wool as well as any nation in the world, and more cheaply, save only in wages. If the duty on importa­ tions is tbe bounty to labor which lifts it above the degrading and dangerous conditions of Europe, and enables our artisans to retain their self-respect and independence, it is the republic's best investment. Celebrating here today the 156th anniversary of Washington's birth, and recalling the in­ fluence of his victories in war, his counsels in convention, his acts aa Preaident of the Repub­ lic, and hie matchleaa character, the viaible results of the polio y inaugurated by the first exercise of his executive approval are the most marvelous. The purely agricultural states which formed his confederacy have be­ come tbe foremost region ot the world in tbe variety, the uaefulnesa and the volume of its manufactures and the fertility of its inventive genius. Paying its labor 50 per cent, more than the rest of the world, it produces the food, tbe clothing, and the household effects which the laborer uses, cheaper than the older nations; and the surplus of wages flow­ ing into the savings banks is finallyTnvested in homes, and in the multitude of homesteads is the greatest aafety of society and the state, WEAPONS mtKDKD TO BKOONQCEH THB BKAS. The United States is the granary, the work­ shop. the political hope of tne world. It can largely feed, and in the interchanges of trade Bupply many other material wants of the peo­ ples who are inspired by its successful liberty to strive for better government and nobler lives. Its vast network of railways, its lakes, rivers, and canals carry a commerce of incal­ culable value, and its surplus above our home consumption is to be the growing element of our national wealth. This grand product is freighted in foreign ships, and its carriers de­ pend for their profits upon tbe enemies of the expansion of our commerce. I said to a repre­ sentative of the new steamship line which is to make the link across the Pacific of the route from the East over tbe American continent sad to Europe--a route whose possibilities tax the imagination--"Why, instead of connecting with the Canadian Pacific aud runniug through Canada, do you not meet our transcontinental system, m%king Chicago your entrepot and dis- tribnting point f<r tbe West and New York for tho Kast? He answered, "Because we would lose our subsidy of i3UO.ODO a year from the British Government." In that answer lay the secret of the disap­ pearance of the American flog from the ocean. In recognition of the necessity for a commer­ cial nation meeting for its citizens the aid given by foreign governments, which is beyond tbe power of private enterprise, is the potency and promise of American trade with the world and of the old-time supremacy of America on the seaa. The new conquest will give t o us the commerce of South America and wealth be­ yond the dreams of Pizarro and the Spanish victors. It will follow the opening of the Afri­ can continent; it will share in the riches of India and the islands of tho East; our ship­ yards will be the centers of fruitful industries along our coasts, and our navy once xuore our boaat, our protection, and our pride. Breathing? Under Water. The length of time daring which a person can live under water without the aid of any diving apparatus is a question in dispute among scientific men. Some travelers have told mar­ velous stories of the natives of East­ ern countries who were able to stay ten or fifteen minutes under water, but there can be no doubt that these are absurd exaggerations. It is well known that the ordinary divers for coral, sponge and pearl o.ysters do not remain under more than two minutea, and the "men-fish" who exhibit in the museums do not exceed two minutes and a half. The doctors differ in their opinion as to the time at which death comes in drowning. Some say in three min­ utes, others in five, but none Bet a longer time than this, except the drowning person faints, when respira­ tion ceases. A Frenchman name! Lvcassagne has been for some time studying this subject, and the result of his experi­ ments and observations are given in the Revue Scientijique. The man upon wh^m he experimented was a famous Hungarian swimmer named James, who, among other exploits, once swam from Calais to Dover, and had remained under water for fonr minutes and fourteen seconds. Before diving, it was observed that he first expelled all the air from his lungs and then took a long breath. After he had been under water for a minute his heart beats became slow, irregular and feeble. After two min­ utes and thirty-seven seconds there was a rush of blood to the head, and his eyes appeared sunken. Still he continued to breathe amply and regu­ larly at the rate of twenty respirations a minute, while at the same time the observer noticed that the abdominal cavity diminished greatly in size. M. Lacassagne believes from this and from the fact that James was continu­ ally swallowing his saliva, that in drawing the long breath at first he swallowed a quantity of air, and that, the ordinary respiratory channels be­ ing closed, he takes into his lungs the air contained in his stomach, and from thence again taken somewhat purified into his lungs. That is, in other words, he makes of his stomach a reservoir for air, a fact which, if true, will account for his ability to remain for cmch an extraordinary time under water. This process, which the diver performs instinctively and mechan- cally, M. Lacassagne believes can and should be learned by all swimmers, as giving them a far greater enduiance under the surface than they now pos- njjw, Youih'ti Companion. The Demooratio Measure as Pre­ sented to the Ways and Means Committee. Numerous Additions Made to the Free U«t and Reductions in Exi*B big Schedules. Wm An Estimated Redaction of $53,000,000 in ttRî Country's Income. He w«s Justified* , JUDGE--"What is he charged with?" Officer--"Attempted murder." Judge (to culprit)--"Who are yout" Culprit--"I'm the editor of the Hoop­ ing Squealer." Judge--"What was your provoca­ tion?" Culprit--"The man came in and tried to get off a joke on the " Judge--"Not on the ballet?" Culprit--"No, sir " Judge--"Nor on the Idaho cyclone?" Culprit--"No, sir. If you will wait a minute. The man came in and tried to whisper in my ear a joke on the American navy " Judge--"Did you slug him hard?" Officer--"The doctor says the men will die." Judge--"The case is dismissed." (To officer.) "If tho man does recover send him to me. I will send him up for Bixtv days. Our national institutions must be protected." Disgraceful. Now, that is disgraceful," said a Hyde Park man, as he stood gazing at a poster. "Why must all our politi­ cians be represented as standing on an empty beer-keg to deliver their speeches?" one who seemed Internal Bevenue Changes Excluded loa the BiU and fleldia Abeyanoe. [Washington apeclaL] The Chairman ot tbe Ways and Ifeana Com­ mittee has submitted t > the full committee the tariff bill upon wbich the Democratic mem­ bers have been at work for several months. Tho bill propoaea to fix duty on pig-iron at $6 per ton; on iron or steel railway ban weighing more than twenty-five pounds to tbe yard and slabs or billets at steel, 511 per ton; on iron- ore, steel "T" rails weighing not over twenty- five pounds to the yard, $14 per ton ; and on iron-ore, steel itat rails, punched, $15 per ton. The bill }-rovidea for admitting free of duty after July 1 "ail wools, hair of the alpaca, goat, and other like animals, wools on the skin, woolen rags, shoddy mongo, waste, and ilocks," and after Oct. I, 1888, it piovides, among other thinga, for a 4J per cent, duty 011 woolen and worsted clcth shawls1 And all manufactures of wool not specially enumerated; and on flan­ nels, blankets, knit goods, and women'a and ohildren s dress goods composed in part of wool. The Free List. The bill makes the following additions to the Uat of articles which may be exported free of duty: Timber hewn and sawed and timber used for spars aud iu building wharves; timber squared or side<l. Wood unmanufactured not specially enumer­ ated or provided for; sawed boards, planks, deals, and all other articles of sawed lumber. Huba for wheels, poita, last-blocks, wagon- blocks. oar-block*, gun-blocks, heading-blocks, aud all like block* or sticks, rough-liewn or sawed oulv. Staves of wood. Pickets and palings, latha, shingles. Clapboards, pine or spruce, logs; provided that if any export duty is laid upon the above-mentioned articles or either of them by any country whence inipoitad all said ar­ ticles 1 i«iported from said country shall be sub­ ject to duty aa now provided by law. Salt in bags, aack<*, barrels, or other pack­ ages or in bulk, when imported from any coun­ try which does not charge au import duty upon salt exported from the United (States. Flax, atraw; flax not hackled ordressod ; flax hackled, known as dressed linen; tow of flax or hemp; hemp, manila,*and other like sub­ stitutes for hemp; jute butts, jute; aunn, aisal- grass, and other vegetable fibers. Burlaps, not exceeding sixty inches in width, of flax, jute, or hemp, or of whioh flax, jute, or hemp, or either or tnem, shall be the compon­ ent material of chief value. Bagging for cotton or other manufactures not specially enumerated or provided for in this act suitable to tbe uses for which ootton bag­ ging is applied, composed in whole or part of hemp, ju^e, jute butts, flax, gunny-bags, guuny- clotli, or rilher material; provided that as to hemp and flax, jute, jute butts, sunn and sisal Kraes, and manufactures thereof, except bur­ laps not exceeding sixty inchea in width, and bagging for cotton, this act shall take effect July 1, I889. Iron or steel sheets or plates or taggers' iron, coated with tin or lead or with a mixture of whioh theso metals are a component part, by the dipping or any other process, and commercially known aa tin plates, terne plates, and taggera' tin. Beeswax, gelatine, and all similar prepara­ tions; glycerine, crude, brown or yellow ; fish- glue or isinglass; phosphorus, soap atocka, fit only for use as such. Soap, hard or aoft, all of which are not other­ wise specially enumerated or provided for; ex­ tract of hemlock and other bark uBed for tan­ ning ; indigo, extiacta of and carminod ; iodine, resublimed; liquorice, juice; oil croton, hemp- seed and rapeseed oil, oil cotton-seed, petrole­ um, alumina-alum, patent alum, alum aubati- tute, sulphate alumina, end aluminous cake alum in cryatals or ground. Drays and Dye-Stuffs. Whiting and peris white; sulphate of copper and iron; potash; crude, carbonate of, or fusel and caustic potash; chlorate of potash and ni­ trate ot potaah or aaltpeter crude; sulphate of potash; sulphate of soda, known as Bait cake, crude or refined, or niter cake, crude and re­ fined, and glaubera aalt; sulphur in rolls. Wood tar; coal tar, crude; aniline oil and its homolognea; coal tar and product of, such as naphtha; benzine, benziole, dead oil, and pitch. All preparations of coal tar--not colors or dyes and not acidet of colors--and dyes: logwood and other dye-woode, extracts end decoctions of ; apirita of turpentine: bone black, ivory drop black, and bone charcoal; ocber and ocherv eartha, umber and umber earths, stenna ana stenne earth*, when dry. All preparations known aa esaential oils, ex­ pressed oils, distilled oils, rendered oils, alka­ line, alkaloids, and all combinations of any of the foregoing, and chemical compounds by whatever name known, aud not specially enumerated or piovided in this act. AU barks, beau a, berries, balsams, buds, bulbs, bulbous roots and excrescences, such as nut-galls, fruits, flowers, dried libers, grains, gums and gum rcsius, herbs, leaves, licheu^, nuts, roots and stems of vegetables, seeds and seeds of morbid growth, weeds, woous used expressly for dyeing, and <%ied insects. AH non dutiable crude materials, but which have been advanced in value or condition by refining or grinding or by other process of man­ ufacture not specially enumerated or pro­ vided for. All earths or clays unwrought or unmanu­ factured ; china, clay, or kaoline. Opium, crude, containing 9 per cent, and over ot morphia for medicinal purpoaea. Iron and steel cotton tiea or hoops tor baling pnrposea, not thinner than No. 'A 1 wire gauge. Needles, sewing, darning, knitting, aud all others not specially enumerated or provided tor In this act Copper, imported in the form of orea, regulus ot, and black or coarse copper and copper ce­ ment ; old copper, fit only for manufacture. Nickel, in ore, matt, or other cruda form not ready for consumption in the arte; antimony, aa regulus or metal. Quicksilver, chromate of iron, or chromic ore; mineral substances in a crude state aud metals unwronght not specially enumerated or provided for. Brick. Vegetables, in their natural state, or in salt or brine. 9 Chicory root, ground or ungronnd, burned or prepared, and all other articles used, or in­ tended to be used, aa coflee or substances therefor, not specially enumerated or provided for; coooa, prepared or manufactured; dates, plums, and prunes; currants, Zante or other; figs; meats, game, and poultry; beans, peas, and split peas. Paper Palp end Books. Palp for book-makers' use; bibles, books and pamphlets printed in other languages than English, and books and pamphlets and all pub­ lications of foreign governments and publica­ tion of foreign societies, historical or aclentific, printed for gratuitous distribution. Bristles; bulbs and bulbous roots not medi­ cal ; feather* of all Rinds, crude or not dressed, colored or manufactured; finishing powder; greaae; grindstones, finished or unfinished. Curled hair for beds and mattresaes; human hair, raw, unoleaned, and not drawn; hatter's for, not on tbe skin. Hemp and rape aeed and other oil aeeda of like character; lima; garden saeda; linseed or lfarble of all kinds, in block, rough, or squared. Plaster of paria, when ground or caloined; rags, of whatever material composed; rattans and reeds, manufactured but not made up into finished articles. Osier or willow, prepared for basket-makers' uses; broom co'ii, brushwood. Paintings in oil or water colors and atatuary not otherwise provided for. But the term "statuary" shall ba understood to include pro­ fessional productions of a statuary or of a sculptor only. stones, unmanufactured or undressed: free­ stone, granite, sandstone, and all building or monumental stones. All strings of gut or any other like material; tallow. Waste, all not specially enumerated cv mto- vided for. per ton. pw ten; iron «r (Steal per ton, flit iait* ttt perten.no«»«l» cents per ponnd. respectively ;mndtmai» ̂ per pound, now 1S-10 cents per pound. 0* sheet iron there is a uniform reduction ef M0 per pound, excepting tagcersr iron. On hoOp, band, or scroll Iron leas than tines Inches a width there is a redaction of 1-10 cent per ponnd on grades thinner than No. 10 wire gang*. Cast- iron pipe of every description, &-10 cent per pound, now 1 cent. Nails wnd Manufactured Iron. Cut nails and spikes ot iron or steel, 1 cent per pound, now 1 ; cut tacks, 3 > per cent, ad valo­ rem, now about:) cents per pound; re I'.way fish plates, 8-10 cent per ponna, now Hi; wrought iron and steel spikes, horseshoes, eta, cents per pound, now 2 cent*. Anvils and forgings for machinery, 1H cents per pound, now 8; rivets, iron and steel, 1^ cents per pound, now 2^; hammers, crowbars, and track tool?, 1<«. cento per pound, now 2^ : iron and steel axles. 1^ cents, now 9*4, horse­ shoes, bob, and wire nails, 3 Si cents, now 4 cents psr pound; boiler tubes, cents per pound, now 3; chains, iron and steel, not less than sc­ inch, 1)4 cents per pound ; less than J,-inch, 1»$ cents per pound ; less than i cents--now lij, 2, and cents respectively. Saws, 30 per cent, ad valorem, now 40 per cent.; files, 3 > per cent ad valorem, now rang­ ing from 3r> cents to S2.50 ner dozen. Steel ingots, blooms, die-blocks, blanks, bars, bands, sheets, crank shafts, and pins, Btamp- shapeg, gun-molds, steel castings, etc., valued at 1 oent a pound, 4-10 cent per pound; valued at more than 1 cent and not more than 4 cents, 45 per cent ad valorem--now 4;> per cent, on all values less than 4 cents per pound, and from 2 to 3'4 cents per 1 ound on higher grades; iron or steel beams, josts, columns, building forms, and other structural shapes, 6-10 cent per pound, now 1 cents ; steel or partly steel railway wheels and tires, or ingots for the same, 14 cents per pound, now 2^ cents. Wood screws, 33 per cent, ad valorem, now from 0 to 13 cents per pound. Iron and ateel wire remain unchanged, with provision that no duty shall exceed per cent, ad valorem. Old copper and copper clippings for rem an u- facture, 1 cent per pound, now 3 cents; ingota and Chili bare, 3 cents per pound, now 4 ; rolled plates, shoots, rolled pipes, etc., 30 per cent, ad valorem, now :r>. Lead ore and dross 54 oent per pound, now 1V2 > pigs, bare, etc., for remanufacture, 1%, now 2 centa; sheet, pipes, and shot, 2^, now 3 cents; sheathing and yellow metal, 30 per cent ad valorem, now 35. Niokel, ore or matte, 10 centa per pound, or nickel contained therein, now 15 cents. Zinc and spelter in pigs or for remanufac­ ture, 114 oenta per pound ; in sheets 2 cents per pound, now and cents respectively. Furniture, Cutlery, Sugar, and Tobacco. 'Hollow ware, 1<4 cents per pound, now 3. Needles of all kinds, 20 per cent, ad valorem, now 25 and 85. l'enkimes, razors, etc., 35 per cent, ad valorem, now 50 per cent. Fens, 3 > per cent, ad valorem, now 12 cents per gross. Type metal, 15 per cent, ad valorem, now 20. Manu­ factures and wares not specially enumerated, composed wholly or iu part of copper, 3,i per ceut. ad valorem, and of other metala, 40 per cent, ad valorem, now uniform at 43 ad valorem. Cabinet or house furniture, wood, 30 per cent, sd valorem, now 35; manufactures of hard woods, HO per cent, ad valorem, now 95; wood manufactures unenumerated, 30 per cent, ad valorem, now 35. Sugar, not above No. W D. 8., ia as follows: Tank bottoms, simps, etc., not above 73 de­ grees polariscope, 1 lj- U)u cents per pound, and for every additional degree 3-100 cents per pound; above 10 D. 8. and not above 20, 2 20- 100 cents per pound ; above 20 D. S. 2^ cents per pound. The present duties range from 1 40-100 cents per pound below 11 1). S. to 3^ cents per pound for sugars above 20 D. S. The lower grade of molasses is unchanged, but that testing above 40 degreea is reduced from 8to6 cents per gallon; confectionery, 40 cents ad valorem, now 10 cents per pounrj. All leaf tobacco manufactured is fixed at 38 cents per pound, and the present distinction between Sumatra and ordinary wrapping to­ bacco is abolished. Starch, 1 cent per pound, now from 2 to 9*4 cents per pound. Bice, cleaned, 3 cents; un- cleaned, 1^; now 2'i aud 1}^, respectively. Itice-meai or flour which will pass through a No. 10 brass-wire sieve, 20 per cent, ad valorem; present duty is the same, but the condition is not imposed. Paddy, %-ceut per pound, now 1^4. Ktdsins, ll<j cents per pouud, now 2 cents. Peanuts, oent per pound, now 1 cent; shelled, 1 cent per pound, now 1^ cents. Mustard, in bottles, ground or preserved, 0 centa par pound, now 10. _____ Manufactures of Cotton. Cotton-thread, yarn, warps, value not exceed­ ing 40 cents per pound, 35 per cent, ad valorem; valued at over 4i» cents per pound, 40 per cent, ad valorem. The preaent duties range from 10 cents on 2 >-cent values to <>u percent, ad val­ orem ou cotton valued at $1 per pound. All cotton cloth, 40 per cent ad valorem, pro­ vided tarltans, mulls, and crinolines shall not pay more than '/6 per cent ad valorem. The present tariff divides cotton cloths into thirteen classes, with dntlaa ranging from 2^ centa per square yard for less tuan Hi) threads to tho square inch to 40 per cent, ad valorem on col­ ored cottons exceeding 200 threads to the square inch. Spool cotton, 40 per cent, ad valorem, now at a minimum dnty Of 7 par cent, per twelve spools. Ducks, linen, oanvaa, handkerchiefs, lawns, or other manufactures of flax, jute, or hemp not specially provided for, 25 per cent, ad valorem, and linen collars, cuffs, and shirts, :U> per cent, ad valorem, now uniform at 35 per cent, ad valorem. Flax, hemp, and jute yarns, 25 per cent, ad valorem, now &> par cent, ad valorem. Linen thread, twine, etc., 35 per cent, ad va­ lorem, now 35. Oilcloths, 29 per cent, ad valorem, now 40. Gunny cloth, 25 per cent, ad valorem, now from 3 to 4 cents per pound ; baggiug, 25 per oent. ad valorem, now 4,J ; tarred cables and un- tarred cordage, 25 per cent, ad valorem, now 3 to 3ls cents per pound; sail duck, Russia sheet­ ing. and unenumerated manufactures of hemp and jute, 25 per cent,, now 30 to 35 per oent. aa valorem. Wools Placed on the Free Uat. All wools, wools on the skins, shoddy, waste* etc., are placed on the free list after July 1. On tlanuels, blankets, woolen hats, knitted hoods, woolen or Wi rated yarns, and manufactures of every description, composed wholly or iu part of worsted, 40 per cent, ad valorem--the pres­ ent section relating to this class of goods ex­ cept such as are composed in part of Wool. Woolen and worsted cloths, shawls, and all manufactures of wool of every description, made wholly or iu part of wool or worsted, not specially provided for, 43 per cent, ad valorem --the present duties on flannels, etc., range from lo cents per pound and 35 per cent, ad valorem to 35 oents par poung and 4u per cent, ad valorem, and on woolen cloths, etc., from 35 oenta per pound and 35 per oent ad valorem to 35 cents per pound ana 40 per cent ad va­ lorem. Bunting 40 percent, ad valorem--now 10 oents a yard and 35 per ceut. ad valorem. women and children's dress goods, ooas lin­ ings, Italians, etc., 40 per oent ad valorem; the present duties range from 5 centa per yard and 35 per cent ad Valorem to 9 centa per yard and 40 per cent ad valorem. Clothing ready- made and wearlog apparel of every description of wool exoept knit good a, 45 per cent ad valor­ em, now 40 centa per pound and 35 per cent ad valorem. Cloaka, dolmans, and other outside garments for ladies and children, wholly or in part ot wool, 45 per cent aa valorem, now 45 cents per pound and 40 per cent, ad valorem. Webbings, cords, dress trimmings, braided buttons, etc., of wool, su per cent, ad valorem, now 30 centa Der pound and 50 per cent, ad va­ lorem. All carpets. 30 per cent, ad valorem, now raneing from 6 centa per yard for hemp or jute to 45 centa per yard and fcO per cent, ad va­ lorem for A {minster and other high grades. Endless belts for printing machines. 3 > per cent ad valorem, now M oenta per pound and 30 per cent ad valorem. Paper, sized or glued, 15 per cent, ad valorem, and printing paper, sized. XI per cent, ad va­ lorem, now 15 and 20 per cent. Paper and other fancy boxes, 30 per cent, ad valorem, now 35. Envelopes, 30 per cent, ad valorem, now 35. Beada, 40 per cent, ad valorem, now Blacking, 20 per cent, ad valorem, now Brooms, brushes, 20 per cent, ad valorem, 1 25 and 30 respectively. . Walkina-stieka, 90 per cent ad valorem, now 35. Card clothing, 15 and casts per square foot, now 25 and 45. £ Sense of the In addition to tbe free list the following are some of the most important changes proposed by tbe bill: China, ornamented, 45 per oent, ad valorem, now 60 per cent.; ch?aa, unornament- ed. and earthenware, 40 per cent, ad valorem, now about 56 per cent; caustic tiles, 3> per cent, ad valorem, now 35 per cent.; green and colored glass bottles, % cent per pound, now 1 cent; there i* also a provision for adding the viilue of bottles, when filled, to the value of the dutiable poods ; iiint and lime glass bottles and pressed glassware, 30 per cent ad valorem, now it 1 m • 1 , , . 40 per oent. ; cylinder and crown glass, polished Hun! said one wno seemed to , and between 24by 30 and 24by 00inchea square, know them. "What would you expect? i 10 cents per square foot; above that measure* . • -- -- • a 1 tnftflf '//» Aflllf.a linv S/<1iai>n 4/vnl1 MAWS BM.l iA Do jou suppose tbej would stand on it if it, was full?"--Chicago Ledger. ' An Afcomjr of Compliment. Badger (recently from England)--ftps lift you've got Elevator Boy (graceful bat dense)-- Thanks! I tries to walk gtaoeful.--IY<Z- Bits. meet, 26 cents per square foot, now l'O and 40 cents; unt oiislied cvlinder crown and common window glass, not exceed ng 1J by Id inches, 1 cent per pound; above that and not exceeding 16 by §1. 1% oents; above that and not exceed­ ing 21 by 31, l'j cents; all above, 1M cents, now 1%, 1%,2K. 2% cents; porcelain and Bo­ hemian glass, 40 per cent, ad valorem, now 43 per cent. Iron in pigs. Kant leige, IS per ton, now 3-10 centner pound; Iron railway bare, $11 per ton, now 7-10 oent per pound; steal and part steel railway ban and slabs and blUetetrf steel, CU Carriages, Matches, and Marble* Carriages, and parte of, not enumerated. 80 per cent, ad valorem, now 35. Uolla, toys, and fans (exoept palm-leaf), 30 per oent. ad valorem, now 3>. Feathers of all kinds, 35 per cent sa valorem, now 50. Matches 25 per cent, ad valorem, now 95. Gloveaof all deacriptions, 40 per ceut., now 50. wlun-wads, S5 per cent, ad valorem, now 33. Guttapercha, manufactured,and hard-rubber articles, 30 ner cent ad valorem, now 35. Hair jewelry and ringlets, 23 per oent ad valorem, now 35. Hat bodies of cotton, 30 per cant ad valorem, now 35. Hatter a' plush, 15 per cent ad valorem, now 25, India-rubber fabrics, boots, and shoes, 15 per cent ad valorem', now tn>. Inks and ink powders, 20 per cent ad valorem, now 3a Japan wares, -.0 per cent ad valorem, now 40. Marble, sawed, dressed, slabs and paving tiles, 8fj cents per cubic foot, now SI 10. Marble, manufactured a.*d not enumerated, 3o per cant ad valorem, now 50. Papier-mache artiolea, 25 per cent ad vale rem, now 3u. Percussion caps, 80 percent ad valorem, now 40. Philosoph cal instruments, 25 per cent, ad valorem, now 35. I Pipes and smokers' articles not enumerated, I 50 p.-r cent, ad valorem, ond day pipes> pac 1 cent, ad valcrem. now 70 and 35 respectively. ] Umbrellas and parasols, frames and r>bs, 30 per cent, ad valorem, and umbrellas of silk or alpaca, 30 per cant ad val rem. now 40 and 60 per cent respectively. Cotton or flax ^ebbing, 3 J per cent ad valorem, now 35 A Propoaed Redaction of 953,000,OOtt, The latest estimate made by the Committee on Ways and Means of tae probable re­ ductions in revenue that would be effected by the past-age of the bill are aa follows: Chemicals, tTJ ,-00; cbina and glaas. *1,600,- 000; cottons, $277,OJU; provisions. IjOU,OQO (ap­ proximated j; woolen goods, >1.',300,000; aua- driea, yi.ouo.ooo; paper, f ,5j0; sugars, gil.OUO,- 000; hemp, flax, an 1 jute, $1.8.0,0.10: metal^ $1,500,0w {approximated); free liat WU>0.00tt. This would make the total reduction about tH,004u0G. * Owing V. v '" v - 1 w 1 -Tbornftnex- nebago Comity held a meeting at recently and formed a tion. •--A Carlyls ymg lady made up % sleighing party of tbe most fashionably people in the town, and surprised itaii" with a ride behind six yoke of oxen. -1 .V- -J. H. Dtinbar, a convtaft fnMi Wjtt- ming Territory, has just been ptidosli oat of the Joliet Penitentiary by Q«r. Oglesby. Dunbar was noted when he bit same to prison for his shocking bnt under the ministrations of Chaplain Walker he was converted. Sihee his change of heart be has been an esameat assistant of the Chaplain in his good ioi| and he will be sadly mined. --An eight-foot rein of coal of excel lent quality has been struck in EdMWR®, Bond County, at a depth of about 800 fee(L The sinking of the shaft waa fifteen years ago, and sank to • 300 feet in tbe six years following. to a lack of funds the shaft n abandoned, remaining in th: til Dec. 7 last, since which time wwkhM* j progressed night and day. Tea thouia î , dollars was subscribed by ritiaana lufr I $ summer to prosecute the work. --The gambling fraternity of Bethany, village about eight rsiles west at SuUivaa, is in hard lack jast now. Dr. Piatt a dent of the village, while walking the railroad, came across a numberof tfceap. and his son Ed, aged 17, engaged in play. He caused their arrest, and Ed turned i»» former. One of the sports then had young Piatt arrested bv a United States Marshal and taken to Springfield for selling liquor illegally. It appears that Ed had been pur­ loining whisky from his father's drug staM and trading it for chips ao he ooold enttt the game. --The following is the standing of the West Point cadets from the State oil Illinois in the recent examinations: fit the second class, consisting of fifty-two members, Cadet W. W. Harts stood No. 4; Cadet Irwin, No. 45; Cadet Burkhart, No. 46; Cadet Kirkman, No. 52; and Cadet Normoyle, No. 43. In the third claM, ninety members, Cadet Winston stood No. 11; Cadet Wolf. No. 33; Cadet Moore, 3% Cadet Lindsay, No. 41; and Cadet Gose, No. 70. In the fourth class, the one that entered in June last, consisting of ninety- four members, Cadet Bradley stood Now 07; Cadet Bush, No. 45; Cadet Crabfaa, No. 28, Cadet Eubanks, No. 78; Cadet Grote, No. 73;- Cadet Henry, No, 8; and Cadet Ogden, No. 32. . There are ai Illinois representatives in the fint olsas, which graduates next June. --Since about Dec. 20 last Major Alfred A. North has been in reeeipt of letters personal friends in the Soldiers' Home Hi Quiney, bitterly-complaining of the Stir- geon iu charge of that institution. Major North vouches for the reliability of ttw writers of the letters, and says one otthsm was the Colonel of an Illinois nginati; This latest letter alleges maltreatment tn various ways, and mentions m ease when an inmate had fractured hi* leg and re­ ceived surgical attendance, hot was net looked after again for three weeks. They complain also of the luxury of the Sur­ geon's manner of living, saying he has six rooms fitted up in good style in. the m# hospital building for his personal oa% while Gen. Lippincotfs widow, the matron of tbe Home, puts up with two of the poorest --A committee of the Board of Supe* visors and the administratrix and bondn- men of James D. White, deceased, lets Treasurer aud Collector of Christum Coma* ty, have effected a settlement. White died daring his term of office, Aug. 7, 1886, since which time sait has been pending against his sureties to recover money due the county from him, suppoeed to be about $1,600. The county accepts $1,000 In cash, $765 in drainage orders sinee cashed, and $155.49 in tax receipts nearly, if not quite, worthless. There are still pending two saits against White's sureties, one be­ ing by the city of Pana for $1,166 citp taxes of 1884, which the city *Ui-- ** never received, and one by Edward PuroeO» ex-Supervisor of Bear Creek Township. ;./j for $1,289 paid by Purcell to White aai / White's order. The bondsmen hold ahMt „ v. $3,000 to settle these throe euitsi 1 " J --A wordy warfare between two assail educational journals in Upper Alton i#' suited in the severe castigatton of one «t the participants. One of these publica­ tions is the College Reviett, owned by a stock company of the students of Shuit* leff College. The other ig the High School Journal, edited by pupils of lta Upper Alton High School. For time past these papers have been reflections at each other and the tional institutions they represent. The laflt number of the Review made a gross attack upon Prof. Powell, of the High School. and the teachers associated with him in educational work. Prof Powell called on Mr. Mclntyre and demanded the name of the author of tho article. Upon Mela* tyre's refusal to give it the Professor at­ tacked him savagely with a cane, beating him severely about the head, faoe, uA shoulders. --A farmer in Christian County write follows to a friend in Chicago. Tt» IWJ- tme of that city suggests that onufiHowfe similar to those described by the writer o* the letter may bave prevailed over sive areas: "I thought you might be estedinthe condition of winter wheat il this section. Wheat fields hive been fire* from snow for more than two weeks, tt has thawed daring that time during this day and frozen during the night. Last Friday we had a raiufall of one and one- half inches; the ground waa thawed out els inches on top and frozen solid for a foe# below that, so that the top of th® ground was filled with water like a sponge. Tip thermometer during the rain was 65 d«L, grees above; as soon as it quit raining pi< began to fr«ese, and inside of twelve hoop tbe thermometer ran down45 degrees, anift inside of forty-eight hoars it fell 67 de* grees and went below zero. Any ferm«If4 familiar with influences affecting growing wheat will know that such a sadden anl§ extreme change of weather most be iajar*-r ions to the wheat plant. The iate vheA will all be plowed ap, and the outcttBss <| early sown wheat will depend elk th* weather for the ne\t sixty days. The pees , ent average condition is not over ft compared with an average MgM|Uie% .t|jN thi£ season of the year." , ?' • ,v* '*! •• w . » . . L a o J L ' . .