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-,|g' BTHBNJRY, ILL. S Hi '%?:• :.'.jwai'. "*?r. i^3> .-: &T . HIS Bplendid bird is undoubtedly ' the most powerful hawk met with la Montana, where it is usually called eagle, and its carrying^ power is remarkable, as the st*: ' quel will show. It does no harm, but, on the contrary, wages un­ ceasing warfare against sucfcr pests as prairie dogB, gopheim and meadow mice, and shouhL* therefore, be universally protect­ ed; nevertheless it has unforttt-f nately become very scarce, et-.-'̂ eepting in one or two favored localities, where it Is strictly preserved. Although a good deal has beeii written about the ferruginous rough-leg ..fArchibuteo ferrugineus), I am not aware that It lias, hitherto, been studied or photographed at the neat. Last summer Mr. W. R. Felton kept four nests of this hawk under observation for me, , and visited theiri whenever his work allowed him time, writes E. 3. Cameron in Country Life • , These four nests were within a radius of fouj? ' lisiles from Mr. Pelton's headquarters at the fikuare Butte ranch in Chouteau county, and. Others were reported seven mileB away. Besides t$*e above, Mr. Felton found four disused, but well preserved, eyries--two of thep within a quartet i f Of a mile of an occupied nest All eight nests' c.*rere placed upon rocky ledges or points. - Thejr Were constructed of the same materials, which consisted of sage brush and greasewood sticks# with Bome soapweed intermixed, and lined with dry cow dung. As will be seen from the measr Orements, the loose, pile of sticks made the new nests remarkably high, but they settled consider4 v ably before the young had flown. A brief his­ tory of one of these nests condensed from Ifelton's notes is as follows: The nest was only two miles north1 of the Square Butte ranch, easily" visible from there through powerful binoculars, and Was visited almost every day. This particu* -Ti Mi:- tar nest was picturesquely situated on a rocky point the "Chalk Cliffs" northeast of the geo­ logically famous "Square Butte," which, despite Its modest name, is an immense rock constitute ing an isolated spur of the Higbwood mountains, i,600 feet ahsve the prairie. In reality the so- called "Chalk Cliffs" consist of an outcrop of White sandstone, chiefly in the center of a range Of grass-covered hills whose green summits rise la strong contrast above the white corrugated rocks. This sandstone stratum has been worn into a series of perpendicular cliffs, pure white above, but stained light brown below by lignitlc * matter, and projecting spurs are carved into fan­ tastic pinnacles and mounds. One promontory in particular Is a regular saw-tooth ridge. The nest here shown is poised upon the apex of a pil- Hu- which terminates a knife-Made projection 8,575 feet high, and suggests in some photographs the prow of a ship. As there is a sheer vertical, descent on three sides, and the surface of th© connecting ridge suddenly breaks off, leaving a Wide fissure in the rock between it and the nest,' It is a task of no small difficulty to reach the lat­ ter and one best suited to a sailor or a cat It can only be accomplished by approaching the eyrie from above, and then crawling along the - ledge, when, by dropping into and crossing the gap (which is well shown in the photograph), the- nest can be attained. Mr. Felton, making light of the danger, climbed frequently to the nest, and made numerous exposures with a small camera at the range of a few feet The nest was ^our feet in height and three and a half feet in diimeter, and was higher than any Montana eyries of the golden eagle known to me, which species has also nested in the "Chalk CliffB." (In Ills recently published "History of the Birds of Colorado," Mr. W. L. Sclater mentions a golden eagle's nest which measured "six feet in diame­ ter and nine feet high.") The hawks carried green alfalfa to the nest for decorative purposes, and Mr. Felton noticed a fresh supply there on three separate occasions. When found on May 18 the eyrie contained three,hewly hatched young, but only two reached maturity, as one of the nestlings disappeared on July 9 when fifty-two days old. , Mr. Felton conjectured that it had been blown out of the nest by a violent thunder­ storm, but the two 6tron«er birds might have ejected their weaker brother. In any event, the outcast would soon have been picked up by some four-footed or winged marauder. The two re­ maining fledglings permanently left their nest on July 25, when about nine weeks old. While watching at this nest, at two o'clock one after­ noon, Mr. Felton observed a great horned owl flying along the cliff face in an easterly direction. The owl passed close to the nestlings, when one of the soaring hawks, presumably the female, was seen to BW.OOP at and strike the interloper, which thereupon dived obliquely to the ground. The • hawk made two moire dashes at the sitting owl, and a short squabble ensued each time between the birds; but when Mr. Felton reached the place, the owl was nowhere to be seen, and the hawk had returned to her nestlings. As the great horned owl is ,a powerful and ferocious bird, which even attacks and eats large hawks (see Fisher, "Hawks anMT Owls of Che United States," page 175), it undoubtedly beat off its assailant without •difficulty. So far as I have observed is eastern Montana, the ferruginous rough* leg fee'ds chiefly up­ on prairie dogs and M | e a d o w . m i c e , , though not averse to snakes. In my opin­ ion it never takes frogs. Like golden, eagles, these hawks often huSt amicably in pairs, and then appear to be more courageous, attack* lng mammals as large as jackrabblts. Mr. Felton made many valuable ot>* servations on the ^ ^ -food habits of these hawks dtnring the nesting season, and discovered $he fact, new to science, that' they prey upon hlrds as well as on mammals. Over the whole ibourse of his observations until the young birds Ikad flown, prairie dogs were found largely to ex­ ceed all other diet: hut until the ne»tMngs were about two weeks old, their food consisted partly of meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta). While Wry little food was found in the nest taking into' consideration the frequent visits paid to it there Were seen altogether nine prairie dogs, one cot- tira-ta.il rabbit, two bull snakes (one 31 inches long) and some remains of sharp-tailed grouse and meadowlarkB. On two separate occasions, lirhile Mr. Felton kept watch near the eyrie, the wary female frequently passed and repassed over­ head with a meadowlark in her talons, as subse> fluently identified. The bill of fare at all four eyries was similar, and meadowlarks, as demon­ strated by their down and feathers, were pro­ vided for the nestlings. The following interest­ ing collection of remnants was seen at one nest: - Four prairie dog skulls, the skeletons of twfr hull snakes (one of them being very large), th» Usg of a sharp-tailed grouse, the wing ar^ scapu­ lars of a magpie and the primaries of a meadow- lark. Grouse and magpie remains were not found nuntil July 17 and 21, and were proved by the fathers to belong to young birds. To the best off ' my knowledge, this species never attempts tljjf take poultry of any kind, and my own observa-" tions are strongly confirmed by Mr. W. P. Sulli­ van, for 16 years manager of Mr. Milner's beau­ tiful Square Butte ranch, where these hawks hav4 always been protected on account of the numer- 'K ous gophers (Thomomys) which they destroy. As above narrated, several pair breed annually upon the ranch, and are constantly flying around the buildings, yet no chickens have ever been; molested. Mr. Sullivan, who is a close observer Of nature, considers that, after the young can , fly in the fall, these hawks subsist chiefly upon' gophers, and he has described to me their methi» ods of capturing them as follows: "I have watched the hawks often through glasses In our alfalfa field after the first crop has been taken off. The pocket gophers get pretty busy tunneling?-'. and pushing all the loose damp earth up in pllea on the surface. The hawks fly slowly over thep - field until they discover a fresh pile of damp earth. Here they will alight softly, and wait for the gopher to push close to the surface. They* will then spread their wings and, rising a few feet in the air, come down stiff-legged into the - loose earth, when the gopher is transfixed and- brought out. I have seen them eat the gophen wfcere caught, and at other times carry it away.' ozr ttz&Jsoaic-ozFt* rough-leg, with nestlings in cliffs, was gyrating low over the build­ ings, but neither the gentlemen nor the cat took particular notice of this familiar sight Both men were, however, sud- - denly startled by a loud whirring noise, & ^ when to their intense surprise they saw " that the hawk had lifted the now be- %fMered and struggling cat from her couch on ttye posts and was slowly bearing her aloft. It seemed' at first to the astonished spectators as though the hawk would actually succeed in dis­ posing of this troublesome quarry, since it con­ tinued to rise easily with its burden to a height of about 25 feet. By this time, however, the fully- aroused victim was stirred to a desperate effort, , and it became clear that the audacious hawk had ... "bitten off more than it could chew." In Mr. Sul­ livan's words, the tabby "twisted round, gave a terrible splutter and scream, and clawed the hawk with a vengeance." The latter, flapping wildly, at once relaxed Its grip, while pussy, noth­ ing loth, withdrew her claws, fell to the ground and dashed under the posts. Numerous downy feathers floating gently to tha ground convinced the onlookers that the chagrined hawk had none the best of the encounter. Temporarily tired of cats, It now soared to a great height, and re­ turned with empty talons to ,the "chalk cliffs." The cat In question was a very small one, and Montana cats are notably thin in summer; but allowing for these facts, the victim must have weighed six pounds at least. Nevertheless, Mr. Sullivan feels sure that had the cat behaved Hke the rabbit for which she was mistaken, the hawk would successfully Have conveyed the quarry to Its eyrie in the rocks. As the nest waB two miles distant this would seem an extraordinary feat and presumably transcend any hitherto published records of the kind. I quite admit that under •favorable conditions of wiuu the femaie hawk might transport a five or six-pound jackrabbit to the eyrie; but that any cat-llftlng hawk should ever surpass what this one achieved Beems to me improbable. The dexterous application of the cat's raking claws would not fall to prevent ' It as In the above remarkable instance. Where a rabbit succumbs to the shock and the hawk's constricting grip, the agile and wiry feline, on the other hand, Is stimulated to offer a desper­ ate resistance, and, like Mr. Sullivan's protege. Is little the worse for the encounter. It cannot be told whether the hawk was mistrustful of rah- "bits after this event, but the cat became so sus­ picious of a flying object that she would race for the wood pile If Mr. Sullivan threw his hat into the air. In the summer of 1903 about an acre of ground^, at the Square Butte ranch was covered with piles «f building materia], such as lumber, posts and * heavy shed timbers, which had been collected- there the previous year. Numbers of cotton-tail rabbits lived under these piles, and provided an Occasional meal, both for the hawks and for the ranch cat, which was a female tabby. On a certain day Mr. Milner (owner of the ranch) hap­ pened to be engaged In conversation with Mr. Sullivan near a pile of posts, upon which the cat was basking in the sun with one eye open for a chance rabbit ns usual. • ferruginous A Thoughtful Wife "Where's my new meersohanm pipef* naked Mr. TSumso, after dinner. "I thought I left it on the mantel, back of the clock, when I quit smoking , tlaet night." « "Didn't I hear you say that It would take a long •time to color that pipe, dear?" asked Mrs. Cum go. "It is quite likely you did. The operation can not be performed all at once. But where (is the pipe?" /' "You know how anxious I am to save yon all the $fork I can, dear?" 3 "Yes, just like the precious little woman yon 'W®; but what has that to do with the pipe?" ^" "Just this, love. 1 got to worrying over the long time it would take you to get it colored, and I won­ dered if I couldn't help you a bit" < ' "What! Tou don't mean to say you have been jiboking the pipe yourself?" ^-"Oh, no! But a poor tramp came to the house this morning. He was smoking the forlornest lit­ tle bit of a pipe, and " "Go on!" commanded Mr. Cumso in a constrain­ ed voice, trying to keep calm. "Tou have made htm a present of my tneersch'aum, I suppose?" "Oh, no! Tour little wife isn't quite so foolish ;:Aj| all that." ' 7^"Then what has the tramp to do with the pipe?" "Don't be impatient, dear, and I'll tell you. I re­ membered what you said about the long time it -Would take you to color it, and so I asked the man if he would smoke it all day for aAlollar. He said no; that a dollar and a quarter was the loweBt he c6Uld do it for. So I told him I'd pay him that. He's out in the back yard now, working hard; and he really seems to enjoy it. Yet some people say that tramps can't be induced to work. But where? are you going, love? Not downtown so early, are you? Now I wonder what's made that man so cross?" she added, as her husband slammed the door.--Puck. MANITOBA CROP YIELDS A \ 1 ' ) 2 "Gladstone*' Man., retorts that tho Wheat crop Of 191S exceeded all ex-' ̂ pectations, 30 bushels per acre was the general .yield. The grade was never better. One former had 400 acres in wheat which weighed '66 pounds to the bushel. On Portage Plains, Manitoba, there Were some remarkable yields. Noah Blgert had 61 bushels of wheat per acre; the government farm, 61 bUBh-t els; Geo. E. Stacey, 54; T. J. Hall, John Ross and D. W. McCuaig, 60; W.; Richardson, 5i; M. Owens, 61%; An­ derson and Turnbull, 60; J. Lloyd, 48£; Jas. Bell and Robt. BrOWIi, 48; R. S. Tully, 52; J. Wishart, 49%; Philip Page, 47; J. Stewart, 45; J. W. Brown, SO; Chester Johnson, 44; B. H. Muir, 42; L. A. Bradley, 43; W. Boddy, 40; Albert Davis, 43; E. Mc- Lenaghen, 37; farming the same land for 40 years, J. Wishart secured a crop of 49% bushels to the acre, the best!, he ever bad, and the yield of Mr. Brad-: ley's was on land plowed this spring. Marquette, Man., Sept 21.--Splendid weather has enabled the farmers of this section to make good progress with the cutting and harvesting of this season's crop. Wheat is averaging twenty bushels to the acre, with bar-' ley forty-five and oats going seventy.:! There has been no damage of any de­ scription. Binsc&jrth, Man., says: Good reports are coming from the machines of high yields and good sample. The eleva­ tors are busy shipping cars every day. Dauphin, Man., Sept 18.--Threshing la general the grain is in good shape and the weather is ideal. The sam­ ples are best ever grown here, grad­ ing No. 1 Northern. The returns are larger than expected in nearly every* case. E. B. Armstrong's wheat went: thirty-four bushels to the acre, others' twenty-five to twenty-seven. Blnscarth, Man., Sept. 3.--Cutting Is finished here and threshing Is in full swing. This part of the province is keeping up its record, wheat average lng twenty-five bushels to the acre.--• Advertisement Insanity. "What is Insanity?" was the subject* of a paper read before the British Royal Society of Medicine by Dr. Charles A. Mercler. Dr. Mercier de­ plores the loose application of the ter­ rible word to cases that do not merit' it. Thus giddiness, epileptic symp-" toms, fear of closed spaces, as well as extended spaces, have nothing to do with Insanity, since insan­ ity and unsoundness of mind are not convertible terms. No one should dare call a man insane until hlB con­ duct has been found disordered. That,.] of ^course, does not mean "disorderly * conduct" in the police court meaning. Disorder of mind and : of conduct,; coupled, usually, by a third disorderr of brain function, would be true insan­ ity. If to these a forth element • be added, such as poisoning, myxoedema, • gout; specific fever, Graves's disease then a new diagnosis is needed to as­ certain whether the "insanity" is not really a delirium of the more com­ prehensive disease. or * 41 * . M - Maxwell-Briscoe MotorCar IF- Made at Tarry town, N. Y. and New Castle, ind., 1905 to 191] f Also to afi Owners of Stoddard-Dayton, 1905 to 1914f~ Columbia Gasoline and Electrics, 1906 to 1914; Ev*ritt Cars of Any Model; Brusfcjg Sampson and Courier Cars THE MAXWELL MOTOR C O M P A N Y D I D . W e considered it good business, even if not a jrtoral-^ legal obligation. WS FOUND 122,000 owners out in the cold, as it were ---pleading for parts. Their ears laid up and useless in most cases. WE'VE INVESTED about one and three-quarters tril­ lions ($1,750,000) dollars in a plant and stock of parts, for over 150 different mod­ els, made by the concerns that comprised the United Sta te s Mot or Co mp a n y , whose assets we purchased from .the Receive .thru. the U. S. Courts. WE TOOK THE NAME • MAXWELL solely for the protection of 60-000 persons who had bought cars undeE»-t««*&r that name. I T H E R E A R E T H R GOOD REASONS why * you should have your car overhauled now- and worn parts replaced. . -E; FIRST: The garage man can give you better service,; --and you can spare the y ear better now than later. : No matter whether you are going to keep the car, or sell or trade it in on a new one--it will pay you well to have it thoroughly over­ hauled, worn parts replaced by new ones and body re­ painted. ^ SECOND: We are able to V furnish replacement parts , for all models of above " makes of cars within 48 hours from receipt of or- der. Have concentrated this branch of the business at Newcastle, Ind. (center of population of the U. S.)' Here we have a $1,750,000 investment in plant and ' . stock. 45,000 separate buw of parts. IjHIRD: And perhaps the t best reason why you should 4 secure your requirements now--we must increase ; prices 20% January 1st, .when the new parts price lists will be off tne presses* NOW NOTE THIS--Never . . before in die history of this n industry has a new coit- cern, having bought the * ~ plants and assets of a bank- • • v rupt one, taken upon itself ! f the obligation of furnishing . replacement parts for ths * f 'cars it never made. ; HAD WE CHOSEN AN­ OTHER NAME those 60,- 000 cars would have had almost no value in the sec­ ond-hand market. As it is, they have a 8efinite» value. And by the replacement of the worn parts your car will be good for aiong time to come. ... , .. ........ 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The Jewish cast of their features might lead one to Infer that they were of the lost tribes did not their ignor­ ance of iron and writing argue against it. t "I am sitting in a maloca (hut)," writes Mr. Lang, "of a curious tribe of genuine savages, arriving here after taking my six-man canoe above the headwaters of the Cairary and Moju rivers, fighting out way through five dangerous rapids to get here. After fifteen days' search I got in touch with a virgin tribe, which can be so described because they are wholly un­ touched and unspoiled by civilization. They use stone axes and by their aid have cleared away some 80 acres of Jungle, and so blunt are these tools that the trees look as if they had been chewed off. * 'They grow cotton and yet to whol­ ly nude, only women wearing waist­ bands. I was received hospitably and carefully watched. They embrace me frequently and give me bad drinks. 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