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/» !' ftffy ,Ur '•":J f 1 *>* » ; |THEt JfcHENKT PLAINDEALER, *ti,; '*#• i V£s C ' *' > vC*t *9» % *+ •asw^Nss ^ j ....^£j *r<y0£-/Kwvoo t 'i.v; '•:-:> Wf' "•" v' , ' ^ «. " r •** ,* » * o ^c-.s.J':i f-. #% % ; ^-';' • vf i ̂ ; •*;?* *y, ^ rj ̂~'%f DEADLY SNAKES MADE STUDY I C\ • •' K,4 vu ever read Twen• '..-t A'v ' f*y> Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, the story t about a submarine, which % Jules feme wrote forty odd years ago? The ves­ sel he described, "Nau­ tilus," is almost a counter­ part of " th e Ge rm a n merchant submarine, "Deutschland," which r , came to this country sev- era I weeks ago • * ». GA isS OR weeks the German undersea boat Deutschland occupied the ^ first page of every newspaper in the land, to the exclusion of the Mexican problem and a | considerable part of the Euro­ pean war news. Her journey across the ocean from Bremen, * Jier avoidance of the English and French war ^ f fesfsels and her theatrical disclosure of her • Identity at Cape Charles .constituted the sen­ sation of a century. ! Mr. Charles P. Tower of the New York tribune has written an article comparing the : JDeutSehland with the Nautilus, the submarine ' l>ont of imagination which Jules Verne, the Irreat French novelist, described in "Twenty ^Thousand Leagues Under the Sea," published ~ ^bout 45 years ago. No doubt many of you .•? have read the story. It is a great boy's book. Ilk® "Tom Sawyer" or Fenimore Cooper's "Leather Stocking Tales." Mr. Tower assumes that the Nautilus was never destroyed, and that the Deutschland Is the old boat of fiction rebuilt. He says: "But the ^sensation will be the greater when II . becomes generally known that the boat is not of German design or build; that she is really the original submarine boat Nautilus, designed by that wonderfully skillful naval architect, engineer and scientist-at-large, Jules Verne, bulit and mmf V gated over and under many seas by Captaiip ' fJenio, and for many years supposed to have i been engulfed in the whirlpool between the >i. Islands of Faroe and Lofoten, off the coast of Norway, in June, 1S08; the same vessel, rebuilt in some degree and refitted in a German ship yard, but the Nautilus, as truly as she was the Nautilus when she was launched, in 1863 or 1806. "It has been only a supposition that the boat- was lost In the whirlpool, based on the fact that no survivors of her crew, excepting Mr. Aronnax, who wrote the log on board the vessel on her aensational and somewhat erratic voyage of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea,' and f Jlis two personal associates, Conseil and Ned 1 Cand, never appeared in public or ever told any- ; fi»»ng to the contrary. But it will be remembered 7wMzrrJcwM2>v a&pir* fhat JJr. Aronnax declared In his edition of the r " log, which was published 111 1873, that he did not > ; fwsitlvely know whether the boat, was lost or ^V^fiot. 'What has become of the Nautilus?' he astak ;-0'-r«Did It resist the pressure of the maelstrom? jboes Captain Nemo still live? "Don't believe It? Why, It Is so thoroughly true as to be axiomatic. Head such a description of the boat that arrived at Baltimore on a Sunday evening; then read Mr. Aronnax's logbook; \ fnnkp careful comparisons of the description of the J^autilus which Is contained therein with that of - 'sthe so-called Deutschland--and dare to say that they are not one and the same vessel. The pdwer plant Is new In part, and in part renewed. Mr. > Verne designed the Nautilus to be driven by electric power generated by primary batteries, something that would be out of the question to­ day, but possible In the casP of the Nautilus, be­ cause her owner was a man of enormous wealth and because he had discovered an inexhaustible source of supply of the materials required to renew his batteries. • "The primary battery was the only available means of providing power for underwater pro* pulsion, as the Diesel motor, now in use on all submarine vessels as a power plant for use on the surface and for generating electricity for power to be used under water, had not been de­ veloped. In fact, neither the Germans nor anJF one else made any considerable use of the Diesel •"principle of motor construction until the Diesel * |>atents had expired. Besides, Mr. Verne had no ^iyuuaios with which to translate the power pro­ duced by motors Into electricity, although he had fie essential principle in the electric motors with hlch be turned his propeller.s "And the vessel Is now fitted with periscopes. CAPn&rPAUL " which the Nautilus in her early days did not have. If she had been equipped with periscopes in 1866 and 1867, It is probable that she would not have been in collision with the Columbus, the Shannon, the Helvetia and other ocean steam­ ships during those years, much to the annoyance '-of theirrywners and the mystification of the public. Also, the Nautilus In her reincarnation has wireless telegraph equipment, something which she did not in her early days, because Marcorfi. had not then been born. For the rest of It, the Nautilus Is the Nautilus still. "A very full description of the Nautilus is con­ tained in the log as written up by Mr. Aronnax from the dictation of Captain Nemo. He men­ tions that the captain showed him the plans, sections and elevation of the vessel; doubtless the original drawings, made by Mr. Verne, or perhaps tracings of the originals. If they had been blue prints, Mr. Aronnax would doubtless have spoken of them as such; but, of course, .they were not, as blue prints were not In use In those days. The captain went on: "'Here, M. Aronnax, are the several dimen­ sions of the boat. It Is an elongated cylinder with conical ends. It Is very like a cigar In , shape, a shape already adopted in London in sev­ eral constructions of the same sort. The length of this cylinder, from stem to stern, is exactly 232 feet and its maximum breadth is 26 feet. It is not built quite like ypur long-voyage steamers, but its lines are sufficiently long and its curves prolonged enough to allow the water to slide off easily and oppose no obstacle to its passage. " 'When the Nautilus is afloat one-tenth is out of the water. Now, if I have made reservoirs of a size equal to this tenth, and If I fill them with water, the boat, weighing then 1,507 tons, will, be completely immersed. These reservoirs are in the lower part of the Nautilus. I turn on tap! and they fill, and the vessel sinks. " "Also, when I have a mind to visit the depths of the ocean, I make use of slower but not less Infallible means. To steer this boat; following a hoî zo'ntal plan, I use an ordinary rudder fixed' on the back of the stempost, and with one wheel und some tackle to steer by. But I can also make * the Nautilus rise and sink, and sink and rise, by n vertical movement by means of two inclined ^ planes fastened to its sides, opposite the center of flotation, planes that move by powerful levers from the interior. If the planes are kept parallel with hoat It moves horizontally. If slanted, the Nautilus, according to this Inclination and under the influence of the screw,' either sinks diagonally or rises diagonally as It suits me.' "Set aside the obvious errors in the log or in - ihe translation, and the description of the Nau­ tilus might as readily pass for that of the so- called Deutschland as any that have been printed. Look it over in detail. The Nautilus was 232 feet long; the length of the undersea boat at Baltimore was "guessed" at anything from 200 and some odd feet to 300 feej. Of course, as she has been rebuilt, the boat may have be** , lengthened, to suit modern ideas. "But the Nautilus had a connlffg tower. In place of the present superstructure. The beam of the Nautilus was 26 feet. That of the Deutsch­ land is "guessed" at something less than 30 feet. The Nautilus was cylindrical in shape; the ves­ sel that has created the sensation during past weeks is not quite cylindrical, in that her top- sides are carried >jn for a space neariy \ertical, and then tumble home with an easy curve; or, at least, it is so indicated by such photographs as have come to light. The change was undoubtedly made In the rebuilding, In order to increase the carrying capacity; for It Is to be remembered" that the Nautilus jras not built to carry cargo, and had no great excess rif'bwynncy. The motive power of the Nautilus was electricity. That of the vessel from Germany is electricity when submerged, while for use above water the Diesel engines supply the power. That is of no Im­ portance as bearing on the Identity of the vessel. It* is a common thing In rebuilding n ship to make some changes in the propelling mechanism. "There is still more to come. Both Iwmts--or, rather, the same boat In the two periods of her cartH>,w->vere--was--is--fitted up In some degree of luxury. Listen to what Mr. Aronnax says about a room Into which Captain. Nemo con­ ducted him: "•It was a library. High pieces of furniture supported upon their wide shelves a great number of books. The electric light flooded everything. It was shed from four unpolished globes, half sunk in the celling.' And again, in speaking of the saloon, filled with treasures of art beyond price; Mr. Aronnax mentions the organ,, of j-which he says later In the chronicle: 'At that moment I heard the distant strains of the organ, a sad harmony to an Indefinable chant, the wail of a soul longing to break these earthly bonds." The Organ on the Nautilus. "One may not approve of Captain Nemo's taste in music: some of us may prefer'the 'run of mill' music which one may have with a phonograph and a selection of records made haphazard; but he was musU-al, at all events, and had provided himself with means with which to gratify his taste. But the organ has given way to a phono­ graph, with which the crew of the boat enter­ tained themselves on the way across or under the Atlantic. And when they were 'full up' on music there was the library, with fewer books than that of old, but with Shakespeare as a foundation of literary satisfaction. "Still skeptical? How was.the food of the crew of the Nautilus coolied? By electricity. Sa^s Mr. Aronnax: 'Then a door opened Into a kitchen nine feet long, situated between the large storerooms. There electricity, better thai, gas Itself, did all the cooking. The streams under the furnaces gave out to the sponges of piatina a heat which was regularly kept up and distributed. They also heated a distilling apparatus, which by evap­ oration furnished excellent drinkable water.' How was the 'grub' of the crew of the so-called Deutschland cooked? By electricity, said Captain Koenig. although he did not give a description of the cooking apparatus In anything like as full a detail as does Mr. Aronnax of that of the Nau­ tilus. The boat that Captain Koenig commanded m Was furnished with all the comforts of home, ac­ cording to the one man who was aboard of her ^n any other than an official capacity, and who •ioes not consider himself held to secrecy. "It's a clear case. In every essential the Deutschland Is the Nautilus. In size and form, excepting as any vessel may be modified In proc­ ess of overhauling and refitting, In power plant, excepting as the Diesel engines tnke the place of electric motors for surface propulsion, for economy's sake; In the Intricate electrical equip­ ment for lighting, cooking and in the control and movement of all parts of the ship; In the means provided for going below the surface of the water at will, und in returning \o the surface at pleasure; even in the provision for the comfort and entertainment of the crew, the Deutschland and the Nautilus are one and the same. Only ^ in the use made of the craft Is there a difference. The Nautilus was built and operated to satisfy the whim--let's call it a whim and forget the tragedy of It all--of a man wealthy enough to afford it; while as to the Deutschland. she crossed /the ocean to bring a few pounds of dyestuffs of which we are in need. It is the case of a thor­ oughbred harnessed to an express wagon in his old age." K IVATE WARS WERE MANY iy Pretext Would Serve to Start a Lens and Bloody Conflict (n g Feudal Tirnea. t)|e many privileges conferred 4 the nobles of Europe by the feudal system, none was more Jealously fuarded or more frequently exercised -than tUs right of waging private war." t>r. MacMillan writes in the Scottish ' Jieview. "This lawless custom was fba cause of untold misegr, barbarity, ruin and destitution. Upon the slight- eat pretext--often Indeed with no ex­ cuse at all--the feudal baron would sally forth from his stronghold In or­ der to carry flre und sword into the territories of 'some neighboring chief. '"This abuse,' says Cox In his 'His­ tory of the House of Austria.' 'was carried to so great an extent that not only sovereigns and states engaged in hostilities from interest or revenge, but the lesser barons, and even asso­ ciations of tradesmen and domestics, sent defiances to each other oo the most ridiculous pretenses and in a manner scarcely credible at the pres­ ent day. M *We find a declaration of war frem a private individual. Henry Mayenberg, agalbst the emperor; an­ other from the Lord Prauensteln against Frankfort, because a young ledy of the city refused to dance with ids uncle; another in 1450 from the baker and domestics of the margrave of Baden against Eslingen. Reutlin- gen, and other Imperial cities; another in 1462 from the baker of the Cftont « ' Palatine Louis against the cities of Ausburg, Ulm aqd ltottwell; one in 1471 from the shoeblacks of the Uni­ versity of Leipzig against the pro­ vost and some other members, and one in 1477 from a cook in Eppensteln, with his scullions, dairymaids and dish­ washers against Otho, count pf Solms.' > "Bur this lawlessness and mischie­ vous spirit did not expire with the abo­ lition of the right of private war," The public library of Cincinnati makes and lends lantern slides.̂ "Garden of - Serpents,* tn Brazil, Is Maintained for the Production " ^ a of Serums. {V . • RraislPs ^Garden of Serpents** of the most interesting, though to some, repulsive sights in the world, and is maintained purely for scientific purposes. It is located at Butanta, Brazil, and occupies in all some 7(H) acres. Here are the laboratories which produce serums for the cure and pre* ventlon of the effects of snake bites. The snakes used in preparing the serums are kept in a small park, con­ taining numerous dome-shaped shel­ ters, which is surrounded by a wall and a ditch filled with water. Other specimens are kept in a similar park near the main building, in order to study their habits, favorite food, the very diverse venomous properties of various species, and the best method of escaping their attacks.-- The hot and moist forests of Brazil contain many venomous serpents, but the slightest noise alarms the peaceful and timid reptiles, which attack only those per­ sons and animals that tread on them or destroy their lairs. $ The principal families are the Bothrpps and the Cro- tales, or rattlesnakes. The Bothrops' venom decomposes the blood and pro­ duces internal hemorrhage, With in­ tense congestion of the liver, kidneys and brain, while the venom of the Cro- taies paralyzes the respiration, circu­ lation and vision, and'usually causes death within twenty-four hours. Each venont requires its special antidote, fhe laboratory heads prepare a serum for each, and also a polyvalent, or com­ pound serum, which is effective against all Brazilian snake venoms, for use when the species of the attacking snake is unknown. The serums are ob­ tained from young and sound horses and asses, which receive, at intervals of live or six days, injections of venom, iincreasing from one-twentieth milli­ gram to one gram. A year's treatment Is required to produce perfect immun­ ity aud an effective serum. The poly­ valent serum Is obtained by injecting the venoms of Bothrops and Crotales alternately. The animals thus immun­ ized furnish antivenom serum for a long time if they receive a fresh in­ jection of venom after each extraction of serum. Tubes of serum, with hypo­ dermic syringes, are sent gratuitously to hospitals, municipalities and poor patients. Others are sold at low prices or exchanged for live snakes. Serums for pest, diphtheria and tetanus also - are produced by the usual methods. Supreme Court Changed. There is not a Single member of the Supreme court of President Harrison's day now serving on the bench. Twenty- six years is not a long time for con­ tinuity of service In the lower court*. There are hundreds of Judges appoint­ ed at the age of thirty-five who are still in full mental vigor at seventy, and not a few cases of this kind are to be found in the lower federal and state courts. Even Chief Justice White, however, is able to point to a Judicial record of only tv.euty-six years. He was appointed by Cleveland in February, 1894, and all tbe members with whom he wus associated at that time have passed away. President Taft had the honor of appointing a full majority of the Supreme court in the course of his four years in office. He appointed Justices Hughes, »Van I>e- vanter, Lamar and Pitney. President Wilson has already made two appoint­ ments--McReynolds and BrauUels-- and now has another appointment to make. Despite all the changes that have taken place in recent years, more cases were disposed »f by the Supreme court during Its recent term than in any other term since 1890. A total of 547 cases were decided, while in 1800 there were 610 cases. There still re­ main on the docket 522 cases.--Thomas F. Logan, in Leslie's Weekly. Paint Changes Color. Paint that changes color under the Influence of heat is now recommended for coating the bearings or other parts of machinery and electrical apparatus likely to become overheated. Accord­ ing to the Engineer, the new paint 1« normally bright red, but on reaching a temperature of 120 degrees Fahren­ heit shows a change of color, and at 190 degrees and 210 degrees Fahren­ heit Is almost black. When the tem­ perature of the part falls below 120 degrees Fahrenheit, the paint resumes Its normal red color. It is asserted that the paint is virtually indestructi­ ble, that it is unaffected by lubricating oils, that it prevents the formation of rust, and that the warning it gives en­ ables an engineer to stop a machine, before overheating has done any dam­ age. Not Rich Enough to Be Rude. Newspaper readers have all been told that the one requisite for being very much "in society" in New York is to be very rich. And the vie%v finds support. It is said. Inside the charmed circle itself. At an evening party with songbirds from the Metropolitan one of the proudest queens left In the mid­ dle of the program, says Harper's Mag­ azine. A rival, whose dislike of music was equally genuine, rose to follow her, but was detuined by the gentle­ man by her side, himself a wit and a noted arbiter of the elegancies. "No, my dear lady," he said, "you aren't rich enough to leave early. Mrs. A. has ten times your money--it's all right for her, but you must be polite and stay till the end!" Amsterdam Ghetto Doomed. The inexorable housing reformer has reached the famous Amsterdam Ghetto, and is making a first assault on the miniature Jewish state that has exist­ ed for more than three centuries in Holland's capital on the Zuyder Zee and has constituted for the modern tourist one of the sights of the city. One of the most thickly populated quarters, the part known as the "Island" of Ullenburg, has 'been con­ demned and Is gradually being cleared of its several thousand Inhabitants. Plans .have been drawn up for the erection of 360 new dwellings in an­ other quarter of the city, half of which number will be let at below $1.20 a week, the commune or state adding 20 SB 80 cents in some cases. SAYS HYPNOTISM IS EASY ProfescoI Muensterberg Declares He Can Bring Anybody He Ever M*t Under Complete Subjection. . Prof. Hugo Muensterberg, the Har­ vard psychologist, says he can hypno­ tize anybody he ever met, according to a Cambridge (Mass.) dispatch to the New York Evening Telegram. He knows Kaiser Wilhelm very well, and said he would not except the kaiser. The Harvard summer school students were told how easy it is to hypnotize anybody, almost as easy as "rol'iug off a log." The professor predicted a great field In the future for the expert in mind control. He said: "Hypnotism presents a vast field for (he expert. It is so easy to produce the hypnotic trance that anyone can do It on others, but it is exceedingly dangerous when thoughtlessly or ig- norantly used. It is simply a case of increasing the suggestibility of the mind, and ft can be used in medicine to cure "the morphine fiend, the alco­ holic fiend and nil who have abnormal desires. Often only a slight hypnosis Is uecessary to effect a cure for nerv­ ous disorders. "Medicine, equally 'with law, is to be the food for the psychologist of the future. Every mental trait can be measured exactly by almost perfect standards. The old methods are ob­ solete and the whole science of diag­ nosis has been carried into the field of experiment. Psycho-analysis has a great future." , It's Foolish to Suffer You may be brave enough to stand backache, or headache, or dizziness. But if, in addition, ur­ ination is disordered, look out! If you don't try to fix your sick kidneys, you may fall into the clutches of kidney trouble before you know it. But if you live more carefully and help your kidney# with Doan's Kidney Pills, you can stop the pains you have and avoid future danger as well. An Illinois Case W. L. Parker, 601% Monroe St., Charles­ ton, 111., says: "Doc­ tors said I had a float­ ing kidney. 1 had to get up at night to pass the kidney se­ cretions and the bura-' in^ sensation 'was se­ vere. My sight was affected, too. Three boxes of Doan's Kid­ ney Pills cured me and the cure has been p e r m a n e n t . I h a v e told many people about my experi­ ence." Get Doea'a at Any Stars, SOe a B«at DOAN'S "VrllV FOSTER-MSLBURN CO, BUFFALO. H T, • The Vital point. A beautiful young lady interviewed a fortune teller on the usual subjects. "Lady," said the clairvoyant, "you will visit foreign lands and the courts of kings and queens. You will conquer all rivals $md tnarry the man of your choice. He will be tall and 'dark and aristocratic-looking." "And young?" Interrupted the lady. "Yes, and very rich." The beautiful lady grasped the for- tuue teller's hands and pressed; them hard. "Thank you," she said. "Now tell me one thing more. How shall 1 get rid of my present husband?" Mixing His Lines. The primer class at school was read­ ing the story of Dick Whittlngton. They had reached the part of the story where Dick, running away, heard the bells of the village sing to him: "Turn again, Whittlngton, lord mayor of Lou* don!" The teacher, calling on a little lad to read, was amazed to hear the child say glibly, without even looking at his lu>ok: "Turn again, Whittlngton, Mayor Bell of Londonl" The Wrelcltednesf of Constipation g Can quickly be overcome tor CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS. Purely vegetable ---act surely and gently on the liver. Cure Biliousness, Head­ ache, Dizzi- SMALL PILL, SHALL CARTERS ITTLE PILLS. SMALL PRIGkL Genuine must bear Signature ABSORBING f * TRADF MACK Brf, ii ? D&T ("iff Success. "Jinks told me six months ago that he was working^ on an explosive that could??'t be fired accidentally, I won­ der if he has got it yet." "lie has done'better than that. He has invented one that can't be fired at all." Might Be Done. "A" man should never talk aboat what he does not understand." "Well," replied Senator Sorghum, "sometimes he can get away with I*. If he Is sure his audience doesn't un­ derstand it either." Among the Missing. Urban--What do you miss most since moving to the country? Rural--Trains.--Princeton Tiger. To the average man's mind an Ideal wife is that of a neighbor who is said to spoil her husbaud. f Wg Reduces Strained. Puffy Ankles, JH Lymphangitis, Poll Evil, Fistris, JH Boiis, Swellings; Stops Lameness •H and allays pain. Heals Sores, Cats, fiV Bruises, Boot Chafes, It is a SAFE ANTISEPTIC IKO SEHMICI1E Does not blister or remove the hair and horse can be worked. Pleasant to use 12 00 a bottie, delivered. Describe your cms for special instructions and Book 5 M fras. ABSORBINE, JR., antiicptie Uainou for mankind, i*. (sort Stiaint, Painful, Knotted. Stroika Vein,. ConCHk. (rated--only a few drops 'e-juired *i«a «»Hrafion NtlI per buttle u dealer, or delivered. W. F.Y0UN6.P D. F..310T«iBfeSL.S»ria««sM.Maa* W. N. U., CHICAGO, NO. 3S--191C Method in His Prowling* An old colored uncle was found by the preacher prowling lu his bnruyard late one night. "Uncle Calhoun," said the preacher sternly, "It can be sood for your rheu­ matism to be prowling round hern ia the rain and cold." "Doctor's orders, sah," the old man answered. "Doctor's orders?" said the preach­ er. "Did he tell you to go prowling round all night?" "No, sah, not exactly, sah," said Uncle Cal; "but he done order$d me chicken broth." • ^ ^ Suspicious. "I used to think Hohbs was aft hon­ est as the day, but I'm beginning to have my doubts." r J1/ "What makes yon distrust him?"® • "I called on him yesterday and afft four silk umbrellas In his room." p"' -V If you think there Is a demand it# labor at high rates, go oat and seek a job. im&m: How to Fed Well During Life Told by Three Women Who Learned from Experience. O^.v. The Change of Life is a most critical period of m; }• woman's existence, and neglect of health at this time invitesr- disease and pain. Women everywhere should remember that there is no other remedy known to medicine that will so successfully carry women through this trying period as Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, made front " native roots and herbs. Read these letters:-- , Philadelphia. Pa.--"I started the Change of Iifia five years ago. I always had a headache and back-t ache with bearing down pains and I would have,; r heat flashes very bad at times w ith dizzy spells and, . ^ * nervous feelings. After taking Lydia E! Pmklsam'sf# f ' Vegetable Compound I feel like a new person andfc^-i J am in better health and no more troubled with; the aches and pains I had before I took your won»| - • -.sgj - derful remedy. I recommend it to my friends fbrl|i>t^ ^ cannot praise it enough."--Mrs. MARGARET GBJUBS-N I 759 N. Ringgold St, Philadelphia, Reu ' HAN, R. v.- Beverly, Mass.--aI took Lydia JL Pinkhaine- Vegetable Compound, for nervousness and dyspepsia, when I was» going through the Change of Life. I found it very helpful wid I" nave always spoken of it to other women who sutler as I did and' have had them try it and they also have received good results from it"--Mrs. Gxobob A. Duxbjub, 17 Roundy St, Beverly, Mass. Erie, Pa. --UI was in poor health when the Change of Life started with me and I took Lydia £. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound, or I think I should not have got over it as easy as I did. Even now if I do not feel good I take the Compound and it restores me in a short time. I will praise Sour remedies to every woman for it may help tiem as it has me."--Mrs. E. Kissjlxxq, 931 EAST 84th St, Erie, Pk. No other medictn® has bemvoavooMsfvl fit nUeTiaf woman's > suffering; as has Lydia £. Pinkham's Vegetable Coatp^urf, ^omei* may receive free and helpful advioe by writing-the g. Pinlrham Medicine Co ̂JLyirn, Maw. Such letter* are •*'- |«d answered by 4 '"s 'r- i 4.a