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A "U J» * W •>( •> 54l.wAS'l, •&•*•• vr-•-"} • „ , - • < # « * i -*L. * .J ̂ .' '.' * * ESSJ.B fesR1 itoT MeHENBY SLOW TO COME Cvolutien of Photography a Matter *f , Many Years and the Work Many Minda. ncie Sam >y surprise • .< • 'is*?- - ^ * 4' $' i • Im ' /.'r-t'- ' kj* A'&- ••"f. i. '3 *̂, tl • •i • c>-.Y , * y j >§*;;• Mr" ' w' h: S r v j i pV * '•d" A it' ' ' K ' % h:~ * t <i fe & . « * • •if" f :-ft - * . *" sSpej:'- ' * J ir ^ V" i-' \ %^at~ ' hffi't* •• TV* ? rffS* \ ^ 4 ,» t t £ V J> .* »;«V> j. j <f> \ IJ ' JCto- f. $4 *$<•' ; Cfc; ifqj ^»*a» -i\ S""'l*. iW mmLS* m r;sv;:: - iSMli . -. - Sr^-^f- ;v c£lfv;: ya#.. jjrx-gas :u&r. SJVWA--, . . .-• •SrWift UW«4*/v •'-A-. &*-*1 V?*t& •&»vffes«B!pr!^ -»•• u* «•**' (f ?,-•• American, wfoal experts believe they can build a sea fighter that ivilt aston~ ishtbe tt>oM; it is a semt- sttbmerged torpedo cruiser :M\.: r $F- j. U" |5fV .**. '.hn->' K^A ^4" •v% &•< ~ i: &i-V; ) r«; • t, HAT is the next surprise that naval architects have in store for the world? i *" -., Is it possible to tnedify radically existing types of battle craft? Has, the naval strategist any­ thing in mind that will be totally 'tinlike present worships--some- thing that will upset the prevailing BfdOr of battle tactics upon the sea? These ques­ tions are asked by Robert G. Skerrett in the New York Sun, and he goes on to say that experts an-, swer yes to questions two and three. One, of the loretnogt of American naval o®cers said not long a£o: "I believe we can build a ship here that will ffifike the whole world sit up and take notice if we want to do so." • This assertion was brought out by a debate on the subject of naval increase, when the genesis of-the modern 4i*ea<fnaughf was discussed. An Interesting light was thrown upon the origin and reason for being of that era-making type of heavy ship of the line. The disclosure illustrates how kindred forces may be at work In calling into being another and po less startling departure In naval architects*; According to the officef' tn Itoefttton:' ' -'}k - • . "England lias crrtidzefi for inventing the dreadnaught type on the ground that if she had hot done so she would have maintained a greater preponderance over every other navy ID her pre- dreadnaught types, and as the dreadnanght type is far more efficient she therefore had to start CTen with, other nations again. The reply to that la that she did not invent the type, but -it was absolutely forced upon her. "In the days when we were firing at each other at .2,<XS> or 3,000 yards a dreadnaught was niot a logical thing at all, because at those ranges yon could use an eight-inch gun with great effect or a six-inch gun. But as soon as Admiral Sir Percy •Scot-t showed ,ns how to train gun pointers wtth hla new device it changed the situation material­ ly. His whole invention was a method of train­ ing gun pointers. "We applied It on onr side and we talked to people on this side and to people on the other side of the Atlantic about It. I went over to Eng­ land and talked to the gun people there and we finally, tentatively going from one range to an­ other, fepnd out that- we could hit a target at 8,000 or 9,000 yards, which were considered enormous range; in those days. "You cannot h|t anything with a slx4nch gun at those distances. It was therefore perfectly Illogical for them to build any more battleships except with all big pons. Accordingly, the all-hig- «un ship had to b<? built. * ' MW« Vonhl hare built tlirt Srst nne on tjils «We If the authorities ^here hud listened to us. ^Eng­ land did not invent the all-big-gun ship. It was Admiral Sir Percy Scott who thought out how to shoot at long range, and the other fellows fol­ lowed a« a natural consequence. Big guns are the only ones that \Vill do any particular damage at. long range, "The present conflict has made it plain that IIT actual warfare the nation with initiative will have n great advantage, and Gerrnjuiy has undoubtedly kfPt her foes .guessing^ No aftr knows what she iKnHkely to spring next upon lier antagonists but pg$t Performances hint at certain possibilities." /fjapt. \\ iilinin S. Sims thus, describes a thor­ oughly practicable, novel order of battle craft. Its theoretical advantages are so evident to the ex­ perts that the likelihood of its appearing before • fotig is more than a possibility. „ "If you build a ship of 20.000 tons that has nothing but a prdteotiv^ :<te£k, and so flat that nothing could gj?t under it, that ^ towers, o«e forward and one aft, to control'the »»liip, and no guns at all, but armed with eight or ten tbrpedo tubes on a side, and capable of mak- *-- 35 knota, Fwould like could do #tfen' one .of them comes down in its midst," he says;. 1 • '•There would be nothing to hurt If .ton did hap­ pen to hit her, and she could fire all the torpe­ doed she wants to at' you. One of onr young offl- ^ers recommended a vessel of that type. Natural conservatism on the hart of the older men who control the upper end of all .services--and It. is the natural conservatism of lacge bodies that con- trrfl our government--stands In the way of just such a proposition: those men do not quilfe like the radical idea. But just the same one of those novel craft will pop up one of these days: and for all we know it will come out of Wiihehnshaven before this war is over." ' 5 1 ' It Is a well-known fact that the destroyer Has * proved the submarine's worst enemy, and for two reasons: First, because of its speed, combined with effective gun power; and, second, owing to the difficulties of retaliation Ihrough torpedo attack, the submarine's only sufficient answer to the destroyer's rapid firers. More often than oth­ erwise the underwater boat's principal weapon has sped harmlessly Under the destroyer without scor-. ing, simply because the destroyer draws far 'Jess water th^.n the submarine's intended quarry, the big vessel. The torpedo Is ordinarily set to run deep enough to strike well below a large ship's armor belt, - and therefore Is apt to pass without hitting below the keel of a destroyer. It was this idea that Captain Sims had in mind'wh<*n he said that the novel battle craft was to be built so that "noth­ ing could get under it." There is another advantage, too. In this arrarfge- ment. A Ship so constructed would be able to operate 'in waters where ordinarily only light gunboats or destroyers could maneuver in safety. Accordingly it would he easy for a craft of this character either to hhje where least expected or to run to cover when the odds offered by armored ships were too heavy against her. Great Britain has found is necessary to utilize monitors, especially modified for the work, in her offensive operations against the German positions on the coast of Belgium. Shallow draft and fairly heavy armaments have made these vessels reason­ ably effective. However, the monitors have not been able to destroy the German naval station at Zeebrugge and the kaiser's designers have no doubt long been busy, devising a naval foil to the British attack. . This probability In part Ir -warrant for Cap^ talti Sims' assumption that something out of the ordinary was likely to issue'from Wilhelmshaven before the end of the present struggle. It to takes the form suggested the ship will not be a formid­ able foe only for England's monitors, but It would certainly prove a very, dangerous antagonist for well-nigh any of Great Britain's heavy fighting ships. As with so many things concerning our national defences no secret has been made here of this pronosed order of war craft. Captain Sims ha? said: "It has been before otir people for a long while. . It has been diseased at the War college and' par pers have been written on it." Foreigners have undoubtedly made themselves familiar wfl> everything that has been given out about the ship and certainly the^.type would go a long way toward offsetting the disadvantage In numbers under which the German fleet labors. Moreover, there are economic reasons Why a fighting ship of this peculiar type would dommend Itself, especially to a peOple-circumstanced as ere' the Germans now. As Captain Sims says: "T have always believed that a vessel could be designed In that way with­ out any necessity for a waste-of side armor, be? cause' she would have nothing above her water line to protect; that Is, substantially nothing. f?he , would have no turrets, which cost so much in weight, and she would have no big guns, which cost in the weight of the gun. nmmnnitlon. etc. "She would carry two towers, from either of which the ship could be controlled: One to be used In case the other was knocked out. They would be of sufficient si»e to hold the people who maneuver the craft. Her smoke pipe would be arqor^d so that It could not be shot away so close to her deck as to do any particular damage. couid be armed with eight torpedo tubes on her side and she could carry a great many tor­ pedoes for each one of those tubes." tlieJNnvnl War college strategic experts have At that institution, the sfetp is >commonly known as the Schofield, because Commander Frank H. Schofield was the %st to suggest the type. >: In problems worked out on the game ship has led to some startling results. Because armor is not necessary for turrets, weight is not required for big guns, and as the craft lies low in the water It is possible to give her a very effective defense against subaqueous attack, and It is feasible to subdivide her below the water line into many compartments, the very number serving to localize damage. Accordingly the Schofield Is assumed to be proof against tor­ pedo attack, while above water her protective deck and sturdy sides would stand off shots even from the largest guns because of the glancing blows that hostile projectiles would strike* _ Possibly the best evidence of what the Naval War college thinks about the Schofield can be gathered from Captain Sim's own statement. While admitting that he did not know what such a vessel would actually do In time of conflict, he plainly expressed his apprehension of Jb.j,s chances if attacked by a craft of that order: "If I were "in .command of a fleet and one of those things came down on me I think I would turn the vessel over to the second In command and go dfcftvn be­ low." It is not commonly understood by- the layman that there are times when the torpedo even at long ranges stands a better chance of hittlnfc- than the big gun. The big gun may be seriously handi­ capped or impaired* in Its efftdfchcy by reason of the weather. The torpedo, on the other hand, dives below the surface of the angriest sea nnd holds its depth despite tumbling waves as It speeds on toward Its target. l It Is for this reason that the Schofield is armed almost exclusively with torpedoes. Any guns rhat might be placed on deck would be only rapid firers Intended to stand off destroyers or to deal with armed merchantmen' or commerce raiders. Su^bess in a naval action depends very | much upon gaining the advantage of position so far* as wind and lighf are concerned. In moderate weather, with a moderate breeze blowing, a com­ mander wants to have the wind in his face. That is to say, the wind should blow from the direction of the enemy, because then the smoke and gas from ills0 own guns blow back and away and leave the. commander with an unimpaired view of his foe, while the enemy's discharge hangs for a while on his lee and interferes with his vision and the speedy working of his ordnance effectively. It is not an easy thing to gain the position of advantage, and half the success in doing this hinges upon invisibility. A vessel like the Scho- iield, lying low In the water and capable of mak­ ing 35 knots an hour, would have the whip hand in this particular, because she could slip along at full speed unobserved, whereas a ship rising higher above the surface would be sure to betray herself against the horizon. The part that the weather plays in battle tac­ tics is thus described by one of the navy's emi­ nent officers: "If you have been fortunate enough to get intS position with the wind in your face and the foe to windward artd It comes on to blow and kicks up a sea sufficient «to splash water up over the sides of your ship when you are steam­ ing 20 knots, then there is another difficulty. The spray will interfere very seriously with your firing because it keeps your telescopes wet. Instead of looking through a clear telescope the situation is not unlike- looking through the w*ater when you are in swimming. Your vision is obscured. Water also may get into your tur­ rets and into your fire control connections .and possibly may put you at more or less of a disad­ v a n t a g e . • , . . . , ".Remember this, fleets fight nowaday# at very long ranges, and if you sight an enemy that is bearing east from* you and the conditions of wind and weather are such that you would like1to hav<» bim bearing west, it would take you all that day • to get him there if he does not want to do so, be­ cause if you try to stbam around hlin he simply keeps you bearing abeam, while turning in an enormous circle, and after you have turned around about half way, he will turn and go the other way. ~ . . • **In the olden days when they fought at short' range it was possible by certain rtianettverings to get the advantage of position with reference to the wind Kful sea, etc. It Is nowhere near so easy to do it fioW. In fact, it is practically Impossible, despite superiority in speed, within reasonable limits," Because of her unusual features a ship pat­ terned after the idea of the Schofield would not have to bother so much about advantage of posi­ tion. Even while nearly buried under ±stormy aeas It would I practicable for her commander to bring his broadside of torpedoes to bear, and every one of those weapons would be a good deal more formidable than the biggest of armor-pierc- Nifty Neighbor Chit|l She Sml at Writes a Threatening Letter. - " jO? V vLi/ SR. TRACED BY PHONE CALL Bo/a explanation la He Be Detective or Reporterv ami Wanted to Get Into Atmos- * ptere of Myaterjfr^r^;^ tftlMgb.^--Mrs. Guy Edwaras,' twen- ty-eight and '"•pretty, used- to smile casually at the boy across the hall at 4542 North vIlacine avenue. He was a nifty child of fourteen years, with cheeks like the rosy ' wax clothiers* dummies, and the graces of a dancing master. His name was Harold Guun. Three weeks ago Mr#. Edwards stopped smiling altogether and was headed for a hysterical nervous break­ down. A Black Hand love suit intro­ duced itself through her n^iL., The letters were dark with threats where they weren't flowery with love. This line appeared in all three received by Mrs. Edwards: . ,v "I'm a friendly ally, hut a dap-> gerous enemy. Your husband, Ouy Ed­ wards, is an old-time wife deserter. Come to me, love. If you will meet me pat a personal ad in the Tribune." Lay Trap for Him. AJ1 the letters were written on tis­ sue paper. They were followeif by a telephone campaign. Mrs. Edwards received three or four calls a day at her place of employment. -- ; Yesterday she and Mr. EflftVards de­ cided to trap the anonymous letter writer. Mrs. Edwards agreed to meet her mysterious pursuer when he called over the telephone as usual. She and Mr. Edwards then secured the services of Detective Sergeants Thomas Cassin and John Mason from the bureau. The detectives went to the Sunnyside ex­ change and traeed the next'call to Mrs. Edwards' apartment. It came from a drug store at Racine and Wilson ave­ nues. Cassin and Mason jumped into an auto and rac'ed for it while Mrs. Edwards kept her suitor-on the wire. As the detectives reached the booth ing projectiles. LURE OF THE FOOTLIGHTS ll<wn to Be So Great That Few Are Able te Tear Themselves Away From Theni. drain 09 the actor's jincoBje ia, * heavy. Expensive tastes are forced upon him when he is at wock. and are hard to throw off when he is idle. In 1915, the writer estimates, there were 40,000 persons in the United States en- Lu that year the applications for relief to the actors' fund averaged 200 a week, or 10,000 for tVie year. One in four asking for charity! It is probably a Mgher casualty rate than any other occupa­ tion can show. What Is the reason for this sad state of affairs? Seymotrr Hicks has given it In Twenty-four Years of an Actor's "Is the stage the only profession Which is appalling for its failures? Are not all professions equally so for the failures that are necessarily in them? No; for the morass to which that will- o-the-wisp, the footlights, leads on its victims is one. perhaps, which has no equal. Men may throw aside the sworJl for the barrister's w*&, the literary-' career for that of the mining expert, the position of a younger son at home for the church inHitant abroad. But Life." It is at the earne time a reason jonce let a man hear a round of ap- iijad a rejoinder : '-//v $ liolauae for an Individual effort let hlna have stood for ope short hour In the full glare of the limelight, and nothing on earth will make him give UP the calling which he thinks ̂ has been his since the hour of his birth." A hard life, but the life! The run on the actors' fund may be heavy, the rank and file of the profession may flrni it necessary to affiliate with the Amerl can Federation of Labor, but there U compensation.--New York Post. Used to Smile Casually at the Boy. pnone the occupant stepped out. Cassin put his hand on the shoulder of rosy- cheeked, cherubic Harold Guiffi. i •Boy Admits Charge*. The boy admitted the whole matter when faced with the charge. He said he had no reason for doing it, except that he wished to be a detective or newspaper reporter and wanted to get into an atmosphere of mystery. He was taken to the, central bureau, where he refused to See Mrs. Edwards when she called. . Young Gunn's moth­ er swooned when told her boy was arrested. She said he had been brought up as a home boy and had never been allowed to have sweethearts. The one girl he had gone with he met last sum­ mer at the Wilson avenue beach. ^1 permitted him to take her to the theater once," she said. , "That was his only love affair, and he has always been a kind, dear boy'to me." Harold, who is fourteen, quit high school several months ago, and Is em­ ployed with a real estate firm. RICH GIRL BECOMES NURSE She 8ays It Is Fine to Be Doing Spi|»e-. thing Besides Spending* Money. -• • i.-tt • . Kansas City. Mo.-1--Miss Letitia Cur­ tis, owner of valuable oil lands, descendant of a United States Osage chieftain and relative of Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, has given up a lifte of luxury to help the poor. She Is a nurse at St. Mary's hospital. Instead of a luxurious apartment to which she had been uccustomed, Miss Curtis rooms with another nurse, both sleeping in one bed, |*fo more dances nor social affairs for her. "I haven't seen my motor car for a week," says Miss Curtis. "I don't care. I love this new life. It is fine to be Tattooing was a Caesar's distinct doing something. It is better than just spending money and hunting fun." Too Proud to Work. Terte Haute. Ind.--Harry Moore, ad­ mitted in the circuit court here that he was "too proud to work" and that this was why he forged checks. The judge told him he couid work behind prison walla and his pride would not suffer. ^ ^ Pined $46 for a Kiss. Atffora. 111. -- Richard Chsndiar kissed Mrs. Charles Llherg when 1M went to collect the rent on Chriatmai day* lie waa fljied $43, , The distinction of making' the first chemical step in the history of pho­ tograph# belongs to Italy, owing to the discovery by a chemist of the six­ teenth century that nitrete chloride of silver is blackened on exposure to light, while the foundation of pho­ tographic optics was laid by Delia Porta in his invention about 1560 of the camera obscura, i. e., the darken­ ing of nitrate of silver by light Experiments in 1777 by Scheele, a Swedish chemist, and by Ritter of Jena in 1801, in the action of rays of light, upon horn silver, carried V the science a step further. But to Thom­ as Wedgwood of "England belongs the honor of having been the first to pro­ duce photographs by the action of light on a sensitive surface produced by nitrate jof silver, his researches being much aided by the observations of Sir Humphrey Davy. These pho­ tographs were made in 1802T Twelve years later Nicephore Niepce Of Chalons-sur-Saone was the first to produce permanent pictures by the means of solar radiation, his process, described as heliography, consisting ih cqating a piece of plated silver .or glass with bitumen. • - >; The daguerreotype, which did jus­ tice without mercy, was produced about 1839 by Daguerre and Niepce. For more than twenty years the daguerreotype, facetious descriptions of which are found in the pages of Samuel Lever, Dickens, Thackeray and Reade, held tyrannous sway, W. H. Fox Talbot In the meantime vain­ ly trying to secure recognition for his calotype process, which, by the aid of paper steeped in nitrate of silver, pw duced the negative or invisible picture now used in all photographs. To Howe is credited the invention of the changing box, containing a doz­ en or more plates with a special form of dark bath, which can be changed with one plate at a time from the box and then Inserted in the camera for exposure. Changes in photographic apparatus with the Introduction of sensitive films supported not on glass but on a flex­ ible material led many leading pho­ tographers of the late sixties K and early seventies to seek a material which, although possessing the trans­ parency of glass, would be less brittle. To Morgan and Kidd of Richmond, the fashionable photographers of their day, belongs the distinction of evolving by means of jbl gelatin emulsion the bromide paper now used for enlarg­ ing. The rapidity and sensitiveness of modern dry plates have given birth to flashlight pictures, produced by scat­ tering magnesium into a lamp flame. This system Is now invariably used for taking group portraits at public affairs. Amsterdam Street Car Service. The electric street car service of Amsterdam is municipally owned and managed. Its annual receipts are nearly $2,000,000, with a profit of about 10 per cent. No deficit has ever occurred under the city management. The lines of cars are numbered from one to 19, and have a total of 40 miles of track. The cars bear their re­ spective numbers and signs to show the starting and terminal points and important intermediate places. When the routes are known, however, the lines are always referred to by their numbers. The trolley support is, formed of two arms, about two feet apart from the base up to near the top, where the space widens to about four feet, the width of the horizontal rod which touches and travels along the overhead wire. Thus there Is never the trouble pf delay caused by the trolley getting off the wires, as Where a wheel is used. Between the arms of the trolley-support hangs the number of each line, in large figures plainly visible several hundred feet distant The number is also shown against glass at each end of the car, and is Illuminated at night. This sys­ tem of numbering, which is believed to have originated in Amsterdam, is now extending widely over Europe. South Dakota .... Minnesota *..s Texas ... Virginia . Kansas . Missouri Oklahoma Not a Cuspidor. * i i G. E. Lockmuler, traveling repre­ sentative of the Central Normal col­ lege, at Danville, Ind., formerly was principal of the Tipton high school.- On a recent date he returned to visit the Tipton school, and on that partic­ ular day Superintendent C, F. Patter­ son arranged an oral drill for the bene­ fit of the visitor. "Now will some one volunteer to give us a good definition of the word sepulcher?"' the superintendent asked in the course of the drill. A freshman girl was quick to re­ spond. "A sepulcher," she said, "is a spit­ toon." The pupils laughed, and then laughed again when Superintendent Patterson responded: 4i "No, a sepulch** is not a spit--ia not a euspidor." . , . • . . I . > Never Beaiegcd. Petrograd is one of the few Euro­ pean capitals which has neve^ been be­ sieged or captured by enemy forces. May 27, 1703, Peter the Great founded the city by building himself a small wooden hut. In 1710 Count Golovkln built the first brick house, and in the following year the emperor laid the foundation of a house of the same ma­ terial for his own home, and trans­ ferred the seat of government from Moscow to the new capital. Trader For many years the Dutch colony, Java, has controlled the market for cinchona bark, at least so far 'as the material used In the manufacture of quinine Is concerned. On a much larg­ er ficale, this fertile Island has, of late, been supplying the demand for coca* leaves, the raw material from 'which cocaine Is derived. 342,000,000 Bushels Whea 1915; In 1916 Many ft -ers Paid for Their Uitf J Out of Their Crop. feV • . ---- • • \ That Western Canada Is Indeed "Mistress of Wheat" to the (stent that its 1915 crop exceeded, acre for acre, the production of any country on this continent is a striking fact proved by the following figures: ^ In 1915 the Domlnlob of Canada pro­ duced 376,000,000 bushels of wheat, which represented an average yield of 29 bushels to the acre. The United States produced 1,011,505^000 bushels, yield of 17 bushels per acre. The only serious competitors in wheat produc­ tion In South America were Argentina, with 173,221,000 bushels, or less than 12 bushels per acre, and Chile, with 19,000,000 bushels or 13 bushels per acre. -«,••. " ' - The three Western Canadian prajrf® provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta produced between them '342.000,000 bushels out of the total Ca­ nadian 378,000,000 bushels. It will be seen, therefore, that outside of the United States, Western Canada pro­ duced considerably more than the com­ bined production of North and South America. Canada is of course a new- settled country, and the fact that the crop of the United States was practi­ cally three times as much is no' dis­ couragement. The United States has at present more than twelve times the population pf Canada In approximately the same area. To illustrate further the greater pro­ ductiveness of Western Canadian land, we submit the following figures, show­ ing the 1915 yields per acre In the* three provinces of Western Canada* and in the states which In that year produced the greatest quantity of wheat The figures are taken from the U. S. department of agriculture's an­ nual report and from the figures of the Dominion census bureau : Bushels per »*« acre 1915 All -Canada";......... ..29 Western Canada only ..........291-5 Province of Manitoba ........ .284-5 Province of Saskatchewan ..... .281-2 Province of Alberta .324$^ United States, all .....17 *' Montana v.. .261-8 Washington ,.....,.. .. .25 1-5 Wisconsin ...........^,... .22 3-4 Ohio «*»,... .*.«»•<. .-•* .20 2~£&, Iowa ... »•«*«»,...-!,.-.,»••*». i.... .19 Illinois ...., . •..... jij jn» .(. .. 19 ^ ; Pennsylvania .....'hZr,. .18 £-1 ' N e b r a s k a . . . . . . . 1 8 2 - 5 North Dakota ..181-5 Indiana .,.... i. ..i'.;...'. ̂ ... it 1-5 _ ' ...........171.10 i . ; . . . . . . ; . . . . . i i 7 , • « . . . . . 1 5 1 ^ • • ? • • • • • • • j h » • « 1 2 1 - 2 • • . . . « . . 1 2 3 - 1 0 , ................*...113-5 In 1916 the crop was not as heavy, but the yields in many districts were very large. So large, indeed, was the acreage under cultivation in 1915 that the resulting crop proved too large to be all threshed the same fall. It over­ loaded railroads, and made marketing- •low. A less* amount of fall plowing was done than would have been done in a less heavy year, because the aver­ age farmer was too busy with his threshing. All these conditions nec­ essarily reacted upon the acreage seeded In the spring of 1916. Add to this that labor last year, owing to the great numbed of Canadians who have' enlisted, was scarce and high-priced, and one factor In the decreased yield- smaller acreagd under crop was dent. • , Another factor Is that this year Western Canada has experienced, in common with the entire North Ameri­ can continent, conditions that have been less favorable^to the production of big crops. The conditions have re­ sulted in- smaller yield per acre1 and reduced grade of grain in certain local­ ities. The« average yield of wheat In the Jthree western provinces Is estimated by the government at about 16 bushels per acre, oats 43 bushels, and bailey 27 bushels. The financial value of their crops ta Western Canadian farmers has been greater this year than ever before. Owing to the high prices of grain that are prevailing, returns have been re- celved that are extremely profitable. With wheat standing at the present time at over $1.90 per bushel at the Great Lakes, a wheat crop at present figures would pay the farmer, even supposing he had only the average of 16 bushels per acre, oyer $30.00 per acre. A large number are receiving $50.00 per acre--some have received $75.00, and a few even more than that. This price, of course, is not all profit v It represents the gross return, gnd the cost of operation myst be deducted. But it does not, even at the highest fig­ ures, cost "more than 65 cents to raise a bushel of wheat in Western Canada^ so that the profit can be figured accord­ ingly. It must be emphasized that tlMT acre which produces a $30.00 crop costa in the first case, probably less than that. In the United States the same lass of land would cost in many <Ha- tricts from $100 to $200 per acre, and even then a return of $30.00 would be considered extremely satisfactory. In Western Caeada the best class of ag­ ricultural land, capable of producing crops that in slxe compare with any untrfr in the world except perhaps,^ some European countries, can be ob­ tained at on the average, from $20 to $30 per acre, with irrigated lands some­ what higher. It Is no exaggeration whutever to say that a number of Western Canadian farmers have paid for their land entirely from the pro­ ceeds of last year's crop, and this In­ cludes men who last year began for tl»r llrst time,--Advertisement 8 ^ J > Book Ends. You can make your own book ends by joining two pieces of metal or wood and then covering it with a cover-made >f green linen, heavily embroidered la « 90oventlooai desiga. . % ~iJS . ~\Zd. .y&jW' <! Hi a 1 ' j W . VK; As ,. ,>W v Jj^' -The Toller, **Does a former have to work fcarilf1* "Yep. But not as hard as th4 aver­ age person who haa to boy wilt - J' 'j'.'Wfr 4 Cr*- 4