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Germany and Her AHies Are. Crushed aml Fdrced to Accept Such . Tenot as WWItrs Dictate-United S^ppWH Power That Turns Tide--President Wilson Joins Otter Demo? =, eratic Rulers of World in Great Peace Congress at ̂ Versailles--Old Nations Crumble antf New Oneo^^v ̂ Are Formed--Russ ia Torn by D isorders . v . ; Ji •./'? , '**,j* y~>-\ vM * 'Jl - V «y DONALD P. BIQQ8. "State history has been made fn the |HT 1918 than In any year that has passed since time began. This mo­ mentous twelve months' period comes $© a close with the world at peace af- jter more than (our years of the most ^angninary fighting of this or any i#ther age. J| During the year great nations hav^ Crumbled, new nations have sprung Jn$o being; thrones have tottered and fallen, monarchs who once ruled hun­ dreds of millions of people with an Iron hand have fled for their lives or have fallen victim to the wrath of peo­ ples intoxicated by their new-won freedom. * • . • The coming of peace finds America and her allies strong and fully able to meet the responsibilities that come with victory. On the other hand it fcnds the nations responsible for the world cataclysm exhausted and torn t>y civil disorders that are born of de­ feat. It finds the once great empire of i Austria-Hungary in ruins from which [ : there are already rising new free iia- 1 ^iions. -It finds the German empire dis- r 3 rupted and threatened with dissolu- - >. ,tion. v '4 The end of the war finds Russia in * " 4Jhe throes of civil war. The world gets ,' « *4>nly fragments of news regarding the 4 teal situation In the land of the former /tzar, but these fragments have told a • „ terrible story of anarchy and class 'Strife in whtch thousands,of persons - "|kave perished, slain in bloody riots or Ruthlessly executed by the bolshevik Readers who control a large part of the once great empire. Peace finds the £.< menace of autocratic militarism sup- < planted by the menace of bolshevlsm, *;«. 1 which is attempting to extend its an- erchlstic propaganda throughout the *jrL* world. ~0: J But, ainid all the uncertainties that peace has brought, the world rejoices 'that the tast citadel of autocracy has fjwen .swept away before the rising tide democracy, giving assurance that millions who died upon the field of ttle did not die in .vain. Brighter s for all mankind have dawned Irtth the passing of the year .. .. & | HOW THE WAR WAS WON 1 The year opened with the opinion, generally prevailing that the world #var could not be brought to a conclu- '^rion is less than eighteen months. It <fmui an open secret that the German ".•%lgh command was planning to make f|i supreme effort on the western front, ind during the early days of 1918 it Was known that many divisions of German troops, released from the Rus- tdan front, were being transferred to the west front In preparation for the offensive. Interest during these days centered " In events that were transpiring in fiussla and in long-range peace dltcus- alons in which President Wilson and Chancellor von Hertllng figured. On January 8 President Wilson, in an ad- <dress to congress, promulgated the ^Camous "14 points" which he declared tdtould form the basis of world peace. In Russia Premier Lenine and For- "jrign Minister Trotsky intrenched ^ themselves in power by dissolving the '^constituent assembly which met at Pe- trograd January 18. On January 21 an ail-Russian congress of soviets was Convened to replace the constituent as­ sembly. There was little activity on V any front during the month, but on : January SO it was announced officially t ijthat American troops were holding front-line trenches in France, occupy­ ing a sector northwest of Tout j The Americans holding this sector | ^received their baptism of fire when <!. Ihey repulsed a vigorous German raid. '..'. •The Americans tost two killed, four wounded and one missing. On Febru­ ary 5 the steamer Tuscania, carrying 2,179 American soldiers, was torre- : ^doed and sunk, with a loss of 159 , , lives. On February 9 the Ukraine X,r tjigoed a separate treaty of peace with Vy>the central powers. Conditions in Russia continued to Jrlbe chaotic. The bolshevik! declared ; <he war with Germany over but re­ fused to sign the peace treaty demand- led by Germany. The Germans there­ upon renewed hostilities against Rus- a, capturing Reval, Russian naval ase, and advancing on Petrograd. Le- ine and Trotzky then announced that ussia was forced to accept the Ger- -man peace terms. On March 3 the Russian delegates at Brest-Litovsk t T | ^rigned the peace treaty with Germany, % t ^providing for the cession of a vast r. area of Russian territory, the payment - * ^'.*)f a big indemnity and the disbandlnjg - f'";;*>f the Russian army and navy. On f";4March 12 an all-Russian soviet con- f • jgress assembled at Moscow and two .days later ratified the peace with the "-*_~ceutral powers. » \ Oirmtiii Begin Great Drive. *s On March 21 the long-heralded of- ^ fensive of the Germans was launched, i terrific blow was delivered against Ttbe British lines on a front of more ' ; * than 50 miles, extending from the Rlv- ' -:«r Olse, near La Fere, to the Sensee •jtirer, about Croiselles. Wave after ff ^rave of the finest German troops were f•; trarled at the British lines, and in a i |tew days had advanced 15 miles. The British Fifth army at the point where | :#t touched the French lines was rout- | jed, and for a time the allies faced dle- "C^lutter. The Germans continued to push £« j SMthvard, and at the end of 15 days . - )»ad advanced 47 miles from La Fere and were within six miles of Amiens. ;r||jv!ftere the advance was halted. In the ~f.^meantime, on March 29, the allies, fac- |^*§*lfiig a catastrophe, at l*sf agreed upon u p unification of command, and General *. .^-j^och, the brilliant French leader, was 'jplaced in supreme eomaoand of all the ^laMied armies. 4 Jaanchlng of causing a this drive, Paris was bombarded bj a "mystery" gnn which it was known was at least 62 miles away. On March 29, Good Friday, -this long-range gun made a direct hit on a Paris church and 75 worshipers were killed. April 6, the first anniversary of America's entrance into the war, found this country throwing every resource into the struggle. President Wilson, in a speech at Baltimore opening the third Liberty loan drive, announced that the policy of the United States would be "force, force to the utmost," until the enemy cried "enough." At the same time the real rush of Ameri­ can troops to France began. On April 10, the Germans shifted their attack and began the second phase of their offensive--a drive against the British In Flanders with the channel ports as the objective. Here again the British were forced to give ground, but there was no break such as occurred earlier on the Somme front The British and Portuguese were swept back along the River Lys. The Germans took the Messines ridge tond threw 125,000 men against the British below Ypres. But the Ypres defenses held firm, and In the west the Germans failed in their efforts to reach Hazebrouck. The terrific drive spent Itself and the Gecmans had failed to threaten the channel ports seriously. . In the meantime, on April 17, Amer­ ican troops had engaged in a stiff bat­ tle with the Germans north of St. Mir hlel, meeting an infantry attack with the bayonet On April 21, picked Ger­ man storm troops attacked the Ameri­ cans in the Toul sector and were whipped in a hand-to-hand engage­ ment. On April 22 the British navy execut­ ed one of the spectacular feats of the war, blocking the channel of Zee- brugge, a German submarine base. Germans Renew Offensive. On May 27 the Germans renewed the offensive with a powerful attack between the Aisne and the Marne. In a day they swept over the Chemln-des- Dames on the heights north of the Aisne and crossed the river In a rush. Next they took Solssons and reached the Vesle. On they went to the Marne, extending their front on the river from Chateau-Thierry to Verneuil, and threatening Reims in their advance. The drive was halted with the Ger­ mans occupying a front 16 miles wide on the Marne.t In the meantime the Americans had won attention on May 28 by taking Cantigny on the Picardy front la a brilliant attack. On May 25, German U-boats began operations off the coast of the United States, sinking 11 ships. The German drive for Paris was re­ sumed but the turning point was reached when on June 6 and 7 Ameri­ can marines were thrown across the path of the advancing army at Chateau- Thlerry. The Americana not only stopped the Germans but drove them back two miles, capturing several hun­ dred prisoners. Heavy counter-attacks broke down under the machine gun fire of the Yanks and the road to Paris was again blocked. The marines suffered |pverely In the terrific fighting but they made Chateau-Thierry a name .that will live long in American history. In an effort to unite the Somme sali­ ent with that of the Marne to provide a base for another move toward Paris, the Germans launched another heavy attack west of Noyon on June 10. They made considerable gains on a 20-mile front but the drive waa halted within two days. On June 11, Washington announced that the United States was then rep­ resented on the battle line by 700,000 men. Austrian Offensive la Fiaaoo. Attention was transferred from France to Italy when on June 15 the Austrlans opened an offensive on the Italian front from Aslago plateau to the sea. The attack proved a complete fiasco. It was repulsed at all points and the Italians pursued the fleeing Austrians across the Piave, taking 45,- 000 prisoners. The German commanders made one last effort to break through to Parts when the crown prince's army group on July 15, the morning after the French national holiday, launched an offensive ialong a front from Chateau- Thierry to Masslges, 30 miles east of Reims. This fifth and last phase of the great offensive failed most signally, being stopped on the third day. The Ameri­ can forces played a big part in this sec­ ond decisive battle of the Marne. East of Chateau-Thierry the Germans forced a passage across the Marne and the Americans who opposed them were forced to fall back temporarily. Then, in a brilliant counter-attack, the Amer­ icans drove the Germans back across the Marne,,taking 1,500 prisoners, in­ cluding a complete brigade staff. Allied Offensive Opens. On July 18 General Foch assumed the offensive. He struck the crown prince's right flank a vital blow and on the first day the French and Americans fought their way for six miles along the Aisne, reaching the outskirts of Solssons. For two weeks the great counter-offensive continued. On July 29 the Americans met the crack divi­ sions of German guards and defeated them In a stubborn battle at Sergy. Solssons fell to the French on August 2 and by the following day the entire Soissons-Relms salient had been wiped out > The Indignation of the British peo­ ple, aroused by the U-boat outrages perpetrated by the Germans, was in­ tensified early in July when news was received of the sinking by a subma­ rine of the hospital ship Llandovery Castie, carrying wounded men and nurses between Canada and England, ef 298 peraoos* laclad* i tl&itttd fe niM& Bi!~ iia vae 1 during Jnly, *t»d early in tfce month was announced that Americans over­ seas or on the way numbered 1,019,115. The United State* on Jniy 7 agreed to allied action iifeRussia and prepara­ tions were begun for an allied military expedltipn into Siberia. On the same day ^Jjoqat von Mlrbaeh, German am­ bassador to Russia, was slain at Mos­ cow; 'On July 8 it was announced that the, Murman coast of Russia had thrown off bolshevik rule and invited aid from the allies. During July the first reports came from Russia of the execution of the termer csar by a local soviet and these reports 'later were confirmed. General Foch opened the second phase of his counter-offensive on Au­ gust 8 when a surprise attack was launched on a 20-mile front In Picardy, the allies gaining seven miles at some points and taking 7,000 prisoners. The following day Half's men gained 13 miles In Picardy (and the next day the* an<i the long German line attending terms to bp fuhmltted lo the jQermaitSh The American First army the .German lines at Grand Pre and advanced seven miles west of the Meuse as the enemy line cracked. Austria-Hungary, ott November 8, accepted the armistice terms which ded for unconditional'surrender, ities ceasing at tftree o'clock November 4. Ott November 5. President Wilson notified Germany to apply to Marshal Foch for terms, he having been In­ formed that they had been prepared by the allied war council. V German envoys were appointed and appr^Iuig the allied Ubes but In the nteaniittt*' the allied annes did not lessen the pressure th«y w»re exert­ ing on the ettfemy. The Americans, having inflicted a severe defeat on the enemy, clearing the Whole frontbe» tween the Meuse and the AJ*ne, rapid­ ly advanced toward Sedan,' catting the vital communications between Mets French, attacking on a 20-mlle front, wiped out the Montdidler salient The Germans were now in full retreat along a vide front and. although they poured In reserves to check the allies, the latter continued to advance. Foch Hammers Foe. ft fthea followed a series of sledge­ hammer blows on all portions of the front, all fitting into the general scheme of attack worked out by the master mind of Foch. On August 20 Lassigny fell and the former Somme front^ was restored. British and French armies, aided by American units, con­ tinued the smash on the §omuie front and on August 30 the Germans were hurled across the Somme. The British took Bapaume and were close to Peronne. Rove fell to the French and dozens of small towns were wrested from the invaders. Further north the British smashed the H^ndenburg line and forced the Germans to begin a re­ treat from the Lys salient. On September 12, the First Ameri­ can army, under the direct command of General Pershing, began a brilliant action which• wiped out the difficult St Mfhlel salient In three days. The Americans took 20,000 prisoners la this action. Serbian, French and ftalian forces, ,on September 18, launched a big drive against the Bulgars In Macedonia. Al­ most simultaneously the British broke* the Turk lines in the Holy Land. The Turkish army was shattered, and by September 27 had lost 45,000 men in prisoners. In the meantime the allies smashed the Hlndenburg line along a 22-mlle front in the St Quenttn sector, and it was announced at Washington that the United States now had 1,750,- 000 men across the sea to aid in crush­ ing the crumbling armies of the enemy. 'The first decisive break in the ranks of the central empires came on Sep­ tember 27, when General Malinoff, commander of the Bulgar armies which were routed before the advanc­ ing Serbs and FrfuCh, asked for an armistice. On September 30 Bulgaria accepted the armistice terms pro­ posed by the allies and surrendered unconditionally. Teutons Move for Pesce. Turkey moved for peace on October 4 and the German people were thrown Into a panic as they saw their allies crumbling. Prince Max, who had now become German chancellor, addressed a note to President Wilson, asking that steps be taken Immediately to conclude an armistice and to open peace nego­ tiations. President Wilson answered by asking whether he spofr* for the people or the then rulers f * * empire and whether the proposal^ .#hs based on an acceptance of the presidents 14 peace points. Meanwhile the drive on the west front continued, and the Ger­ mans were driven from much ground that they had held since 1914. h'he Hindenburg line was smashed at many points. Pershing's men broke the foe's main line of defense west of. the Meuse and after days of bitter fighting clear­ ed the Germans out of Argonne forest The Germany were forced to abandon the Chemin des Dames and to retreat on a long line from Laon as far east as Argonne. Germany sent another note to Pres­ ident Wilson on October 12, accepting the letter's 14 peace principles and urging the president to transmit its proposal for an armistice to the allies. Prince Max assured the president that by reason of constitutional changes the existing German government spoke for the people. President Wilson re­ plied two days later, rejecting the Ger­ man proposals, declaring that any arm­ istice must be granted by the military commanders and must guarantee the continued supremacy of the allied: arms. The answer of the allied armies to the German peace proposals was to deliver still harder blows at the retir­ ing enemy. In the north the Belgian army, led by King Albert co-operat­ ing with the British, began to sweep the Germans from the Belgian coast On October 17 the Germans were driv­ en from Ostend and Bruges and the British occupied Lille. The whole west front was in motion. The allies swept eastward through Belgium and through the Industrial regions of France. On October 20 it was announced that America's fourth Liberty loan of $«.- 000,000,000, the greatest popular loan ever floated, had been oversubscribed by nearly a billion dollars. Chancellor Max, on October 21, eent another peace note to President Wil­ son, denying the charges that the Ger­ mans had been guMty of atrocities on land and sea, and again giving assur­ ances that the ne* government repre­ sented the people of Germany. Presi­ dent Wilson replied two days later, agreeing to transmit the request for an armistice to the allies. Italians Rout Austrians. A« this note was delivered the itHtetl were smashing the Germans at all points on the western front and on October 24 the Italians launched a great offensive against the Austrlans on the Piave front, who within a few days were in headlong flight with the Italians in pursuit. The Americaus continued to smash the Germans in vi­ cious attacks west of the Meuse. The month of ^November opened with the German armies facing utter rout, the angles of her allies completely shattered and the end In sight. Tur­ key surrendered unconditionally to the British and the Austrians begged for an armistice, while their armies were * fan flight The allied war cosncfl to the north. The Germans, as a result of the American advance, fuced jihe necessity of undertaking a general re­ treat to save their armies from being cut off. The Americans occupied a part of Sedan as the German peace envoys entered the allied lines and presented themselves to Marshal Foch. Practically the entire German fleet waS reported in revolt and revo­ lution was spreading through Scbltes- wig and other parts of Germany. On November 8 the Bavarian diet de­ posed King Ludwlg and the Wlttels- bach dynasty. On November 9 the kaiser abdicat­ ed and the crown prince renounced his claim§ to the throne. The govern­ ment of Germany passed into the con­ trol of the social democrats and Herr Ebert was made chancellor.^The kaiser fled to Holland and was per­ mitted to remain there by the Dutch authorities^ At the same time vari­ ous other German princes abdicated and soldiers and workmen's councils sprang into existence at many points. Germans 8iQn Armistice. On November 11 the German en­ voys signed' the armistice which amounted practically to unconditional surrender. Under the terms of the armistice Germany agreed to evacu­ ate all Invaded territory and retire behind the Rhine, the allies to follow and hold all important crossings of the Rhine. The Germans agreed to surrender the greater part of their navy and thousands of heavy guns and airplanes, rendering them unable to renew hostilities. The armistice became effective at 11 a. m., Paris time, November 11.'" With the cessation of hostilities revolution spread through Germany and Austria. Emperor Charles of Austria abdicated and a people's gov­ ernment was set up. Field Marshal von Hindenburg "re­ mained in supreme command of the German armies and began to direct the retirement of the Germans In ac­ cordance with the terms of the armis­ tice. Carrying out the terms of the armle- tice the Germans surrendered 71 war­ ships to the allies on November 21. Conditions were very unsettled in Germany during the closing weeks of the year, the socialist government ap­ parently sharing power with the sol diers and workmen's councils. Plans were under discussion for the sum moning of a constituent assembly to determine the future character of the government but activities of the rad­ ical socialistic element under the lead­ ership of Herr, Liebknecht threatened to disrupt the entire former empire. On November 29 President Wilson announced that he would head the American delegation to the peace conference and that the other dele­ gates would be Secretary of State Lansing, Col. E. M. House, Henry White, former ambassador to France, and Gen. TaSker H. Bliss, United Spates military representative on the supreme war council.' The president, accompanied by the other peace dele­ gates and a large party of assistants, sailed for France December 4. President Wilson arrived at Brest December 13 and proceeded to Paris, where he was given an enthusiastic re­ ception. He at once entered Into con­ ference with the allied leaders. In prep­ aration for the opening of the peace conference In January. British, French, American and Bel­ gian armies'of occupation advanced Into Germany as the Germans retired In accordance, with the armistice, the allied armies reaching the Rhine dur­ ing the early days of December. i^irthe eff' d«t* all plodp ^ turned foftvard ofli turned back on Ocjto$ffti2f. > ' On May 27, Db%ct0r42eaeral McAdoo issued act o and passenger rates from 20 to 25 per cent to meet higher costs of operations resulting largely from increases in wages aggregating approximate^ $200,- 000,000 % annually granted $o /taltroad employees. . Government control of the railroads was followed during this year by gov- > ernment control of all telegraph and telephone lines. Congress on July 13 authorized the -president to take con­ trol of the wires and the government assumed control on July 31. On No­ vember 17, the government also took control of all Atlantic cable lines. The first general election since the United States entered the war was held on November 5. The Republicans won both houses of congress, the sen­ ate by a majority of two and the house by a margin of more than forty. One. of the most impressive war measures adopted by congress was the man-power bill, placing the draft age at from eighteen to forty-five years. The measure was introduced on Au-( gust 5, was passed Quickly by both houses and was signed by President Wilson On August 31. On September 12 nearly 14,000,000 Americans regis­ tered for military service under the new law. . / In connection with the working* of the draft machinery Provost Marshal Genelral Crowder issued his famous "work^or fight" order on May 23. This required every registrant to be en­ gaged in some useful occupation by July 1 or be inducted immediately In­ to the military service. ' During September, October and No­ vember the entire country* was swept by a serious epidemic of Spanish In­ fluenza, Thousands of soldiers in the- army camps and other thousands of civilians succumbed thereto and to pneumonia. The country Was surprised on No­ vember 22 by the resignation of Wil­ liam. G. McAdoo as secretary of the treasury and director general of -the railroads. Representative Carter Glass of Virginia was named to succeed Mr. McAdoo as secretary of the treasury December 5. On November 28 Governor Stephens of California commuted to life Impris­ onment the death sentence of Thomas J. Mooney, convicted in connection with the death of ten persons from a bomb explosion in San Francisco dur­ ing a preparedness parade July 22, 1918. Plans for making thi United States navy second to that of no other coun­ try for 1925 were disclosed to congress by Rear Admiral Badger? chairman of the executive committee of the general board of the navy December 12. ^tgeeeiM^ tively few strikes oeetated 4«>teg Che remainder of the jfeari DISASTERS iStetJUmMat a fartoUl fa* pent*. - FOREIGd DOMESTIC AFFAIRS ; ' W5 ' ' ' ** • * -«• Practically every phase of American life felt the dominating influence of war throughout the year 1918. In the field of national legislation woman's suffrage and nation-wide pro­ hibition were urged as war measures. The woman's suffrage amendment was defeated in the senate October 1. after having passed the house. A nation-wide prohibition measure, to become effective June 80, 1919, was enacted by congress and appfoved by the president November 22. On Sep­ tember 6 President Wilson bad or­ dered the manufacture of malt liquor stopped on December 1, as a food- conservation measure. The government, early In the year, began to tighten its control over Indus­ try and business, for the purpose of furthering war efforts and protecting the public. On January 16, to relieve a serious coal shortage which threatened to delay the shipment of war supplies to France, Fuel Administrator Garfield ordered a general shutdown of Indus­ try and business in all states east of the Mississippi river for a period of five days and ten succeeding Mondays. On February 13 the order for heatless Mondays was rescinded. Congress increased the safeguards thrown about war industries by pass­ ing the "sabotage" bill, carrying pen­ alties of $10,000 fine and 30, years' Im­ prisonment for destruction of war ma­ terials or interference with war indus­ tries. President Wilson signed this measure on April 20. The government also prosecuted vigorously many per­ sons accused of violation of the espion­ age act On August 17,/100 members of the I. W. W. were convicted of dis­ loyalty la the federal court at Chicago, after a trial lasting several months. Anpthw war measure adopted by congrew which affected tin whole peo- The map of Europe was being re­ made as the year 1918 came to a close. The Csecho-Slovak republic was al­ ready in existence before the close of the war, having been recognised as an independent belligerent government by the United States, Great Britain, France and Italy, but the coming of peace saw the formal establishment of this new government at Prague. The end of the war also practically assured the rising of a great new Poland, made up of most, if not all, of the territory divided up years ago among Germany, Austria and Russia. Finland threw off the shackles placed upon her hy Russia and out of the turmoil of civil war emerged as a free and independent nation. The peoples of other smaller subject states asserted their Independ­ ence. Civil war continued to threaten the new republic of China throughout the year. Hsu Shlh Chang was elected president of the republic on Septem ber 6 and during the next few months reports indicated a possibility of an agreement being reached between the northern and aouthern sections of the country. Peru and Chile were reported on the brink of war during the closing weeks of the year. The trouble between these countries waa an outgrowth of the nitrate war of years ago in which Chile won Taona and Arica. Dr. Sidonia Paes, president of Por­ tugal, was shot and killed at Lisbon, December 15. The assassin was killed by the crowd that witnessed the crime. Two days later Admiral Canto Y. Cas­ tro was elected president of Portugal. On December 16 the Finnish diet elected General Mannerhela regent of Finland. LABOR AND INDUSTRY Labor unrest, resulting in many strikes, threatened to seriously ham­ per the government's* war preparations early in the year but trough a spirit of co-operation shown by both labor and capital the danger was averted and there was little labor trouble during the greater part of the year. During the early days of the yeai disaffection appeared among the work­ ers in the shipyards and by February 12 the situation had assumed a serious aspect with strikes In effect In five yards. By February 16 the strike bad spread still further in spite of an ad­ vance in wages announced by the la­ bor adjustment board. On February 17. President Wilson, in a letter to William L. Hutcheson, head of the^ United! Brotherhood of Car­ penters and Joiners, concerning the ship carpenters' strike, denied the right of labor to strike at that critical junc­ ture.' "Will you co-operate or will you obstruct?" the president asked. The workmen responded to the president's appeal and the strike was declared off. At the same time Secretary of Labor Wilson announced the personnel of a national board of labor, to be com­ posed of representatives of both labor and capital. On February 24 this board opened a conference for the purpose of establishing a basis for the settlement of disputes during the war. Former President William H. Taft, chosen by the employers, and Frank P. Walsh, selected by the labor organizations, al­ ternated as chairman. This confer­ ence. on March 29,. reached an agree­ ment providing that all labor disputes arising during the war should be sub- to a baaed -«f -attttatte*. ,v¥ip*a > '• » •• .T" . t railroad accidents slons took a heavy toll of httmaa on land during the year 1918 while 41k* elements combined with the torpedoes of the German U-boats to send thou­ sands of innocent persons, inclndlag women and children, Ho their death at sea. Fifty-two children met death In a fire which destroyed a convent at Mon­ treal, Canada, February 14. February 24 the liner Florizel, bound from St Johns. N. F., to New York, wrecked by a blizzard near Cape Race and 92 lives were lost Seventy Inmates of an Insane asylum at Norman. Okla., were killed In a firs which destroyed that Institution April IS. On May 1 the Savannah liner City of Athens was sunk In a collision with a French cruiser off the Delaware coast ana 66 lives were lost On May 18 nearly a hundred persons were killed by explosions in the Aetna Chemical plant near Pittsburgh, Pa. Sixty-three persons, including well- known circus performers, perished when a circus train was wrecked at Gary, Ind., June 22. Fifty persons were killed by the collapse of a building at Sioux City, la., June 29. A small factory explosion In England killed 50 persons July 1 and On the fol­ lowing day an explosion In a munitions plant near Syracuse, N. Y., killed 16. Eighty-five merrymakers perished when an excursion boat sank In the Illinois river July 5. A hundred per­ sons were killed In a collision between two trains near Nashville, Tenn* July 9. A tornado swept a part of Minnesota August 21, killing 00 persons at Tyler and Connors. / During the. months of September and October hundreds of persons lost their lives at sea either by accident or by the torpedoing of passenger boats by German submarines. On Sep­ tember 12 the British steamer Galway Castle was torpedoed and 18JJ persons, including 90 women and children, were lost. The American cargo boat Tl- conderoga was torpedoed September 30 and 213 persons were lost A tor* pedo boat sank a Japanese liner on Oc­ tober 4 and 290 persons were drowned. -On October 6 the United States trans­ port Otranto was sunk In collision off the Irish coast and 450 persons lost their lives. Four hundred were lost when the British mail boat Lelnster was torpedoed and sunk October 10. A series of terrific explosions In a shell-loading plant at Morgan, N. Jn on October 3 killed 94 persons and de­ stroyed a vast amount of property. A severe earthquake which caused the death of 150 persons was reported In Porfo Rico October 11. Great foreat fires raged In northeastern Minnesota during October.- Many towns were de­ stroyed and about 1,000 lives were lost. On October 25 the steamship Princess Sophia was wrecked- oo the Alaskan coast and 843 were lost. Ninety-eight persons were killed No­ vember 1 In a wreck on the Brooklyn Rapid Transit lines. On November 21, about 1,500 persons were reported killed by the explosion of German mu­ nition trains en route troba Belgium td Germany. One of the most unusual cases la maritime history waa that of the United States navy collier Cyclops, which disappeared at sea Wlfile bound from the West Indies to an American Atlantic port. Announcement was made Aiyll 14 that the boat, with 293 persons on board, was a month over­ due. Not a single trace of the boat or Its passengers and crew was ever found, and the fate of the vessel bp • complete mystery. ----- . •' Death took a heavy toll among men and women prominent in public life during the year 1918, The list in­ cludes the following: January 13, United States Senator James H. Brady of Idaho; January 14, MaJ. A. P. Gardner, former congress­ man "from Massachusetts, who re­ signed to enter the army; January 30, United States Senator William Hughes of New Jersey. February 2, John L. Sullivan, former heavyweight champion, at West Ablng-' ton, Mass.; February 10, Abdul Haraid, former sultan of Turkey; February 14, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, former Brit­ ish ambassador to America. March 6, John Redmond, Irish Na­ tionalist leader, at London; March ft, George von L. Mejer, former cabinet member and diplomat, at Boston. April 12, United States Senator R. F. Broussard of Louisiana; April 14, United States Senator William Joel Stone of Missouri. May 14, James Gordon Bennett pro­ prietor of the New York Herald, at Paris. June 3, Ramon M. Valdes, president of Panama; June 4, Charles Warren Fairbanks, former vice president at Indianapolis. July 3, Mohammed V, sultan of Tur­ key; Viscount Rhondda, British food controller, and United States Senator Benjamin R. Tillman of South Caro­ lina ; July 27, Gustav Kobbe, American author and critic. August 8, Max Rosenthal, famous artist, at Philadelphia; August. 12, Anna Held, famous reas, at New York; August 17, United States Sena­ tor Jacob H. Galllnger of New Hamp­ shire; August 28, United States Sena­ tor Ollie M, James of Kentucky. September 17, Cardinal John M. Far^ ley, archbishop of New York ; Septem ber" 25, John Ireland, Catholic arch­ bishop of St Paul. October 25, Chariee Lecoe* Fraaeh composer. November 4. Mrs. Russell Sage, wid­ ow of famous financier, at'New York; Dr. Andrew White, noted educator and diplomat; November 8, Robert J. Col­ lier, editor and publisher; Novambat 15, Gen. H. C. King, soIjHter and a* thor, in New York; November 19* Dr. C. R. Van Hlse, president of Unlriirfitl of Wisconsin; Joseph Smith, (Mri- dent of Mormon church. December 2, Edmond ftostaafl, fa­ mous French playwright and poet. (Copyright, liU, by MoClure Ni It is evident that the CtovetMMatftf die Doaiinlon in its construction and devetacaNit to *a- dertaking a work of Im­ portance. There will be avatttiMa tbe • labor for work that has MM silent Since 1914, and the rehaMWatien of this labor will entail the thosgfet aad energy of most capable heads. The ̂ transition period from war to peace will be rapid and thorough, and, in»~ stead of Canada sinking Into a state of lethargy, there will be a continued period of wakefulness that will give employment to the unemployed, and render to the capitalist and producer ample return for his money, effort and enterprise. The agricultural potentialities of ̂ the, great Canadian West posasflk JUm- | itable acres of the best of sod, capable * of producing millions of tai&ets of | the best of grain. The cost of grow- ing this is lower than any place on ̂ the continent There will be a greater i; demand than ever for these lands, the consequent production will be heavier and the profits attractive. Cattle Industry will be one of the chief de- velopments, and the encouragettHmt of It will lie In the continued high prices that beef products will bring. Euro­ pean countries have been depleted of cattle, and the demand for beef, cattle { and dairy products will tax the efforts of the producer for years to come. Western Canada offers unequated ^ opportunities tor development in this ; linew . | In the Canadian West plans are ljf)» | lng laid for the development of flpe | trlcal power which can be prodacjid'̂ cheaply. There Is an abuiria$^ & ^ coal and water power that «M0d be | used In developing this useful eBergy. | What cheifp power prodoefeo'tof way will mean to the timer • velopment of industrial enterprtm* cannot be" estimated in figures. ̂ More extensive development of the water power at Niagara, on the St rj Lawrence and at waterfalls all over the country, is ready to be launched. :| Peace will see new opened up, and it is eqnally that shipbuilding, raftwi? steel production, and maqy of the In­ dustries wUl go forward with a bound. Canadian industries will be required xin the reconstruction of Europe, and already the Canadian Government few sent across the seat a the purpose of securing ordefa. Qu»> ada took an early and prominent pelt in the war, and in the days «f peeca win be found equally active. She IMto that by the valor and loyalty of topr people she has earned a large SlMtta of the business and prosperity that will follow the war period, maid aha proposes to get it---Advcrttienit ROYAL PALACE LITTLE USED NECR0L0G* • l.-vr BilrtSS' Castle of Nuremberg, In Waa, However, Always Keptja Readiness for Occupancy. Every large city In Germany palace or two, some more. Hai*m#F^ has four, Dresden has two, Stat|jpM0 h£s four, and so on. All of tlMM tNlHRl- si occupied more or less permanoitfy members of the regtning ffcmilĵ ilp WSl:, example of one not so occupie<|l|>i|| al""%;, ways kept ready for occupancy^Jpijfc." be mentlone dthe castle of NatiaBtttbii,' <1^ It is of .the medieval type; ,, stone walls, towers, dungeons an#i^t » the things that go to make up theMplff tie of one's Imagination. It suMpI' upon a sill which commands a the surrounding country--a In the times during which It * - - - Most of the interior is now a seum which la educational in especially the rooms containing instruments of torture, some of Whldk '.J: were In use during the eighteenth eaa». Jjt «*** 6 One Thing O^rlooked. The German Is nothing if "| thorough. A German and a 3wtae *«f,; V discussing efficiency. The Swlae Wljt •This is my idea of efficiency," aad V ^ produced a picture. It reprceeatod aa ^ i exceedingly stout woman eas^pid la rocking the cradle with one operating a fanning device to baby cool with the other foot; aha *!•(£'; reading a book held In.a-rack while she knitted, and at the same tinae sang a lullaby. The German looked at the ptctaia and snorted disdainfully. "Good heavens, maa»* Mid tjfe Swiss in astonishment, "what efeae Oft earth could she do?" "Veil, she veighs maybe a of hundred pounds," said the Ger«§||p? "She could be compressing aittlng oa it, couldn't she!" _ . Uncle John Told Her. Ijttle Dot--I know teacher doesn't know. , Mamn/a--Indeed! What is fi»tt ' 1 know when the world to cOwilag to an end and she doeent. I salad JMC. and she said she didn't know." "Oh, well, who*told you?"? ' ^ "Uncle John. He said the would come to end when <!hlMfe»^/ stopped asking questions that coald Yee, la <ii The kateer rapped «a gata. No respottta. The kaiser tapped elk gate again." " - * No The gate a No response, aad a leag Interni st silence. s "Well, rm daaModr* «ili ,*» to*. ser.-̂ -Sua Dial. _lf yoa weald be dasaed aa a' Miovr an yoa have to da la rapped the of hundred tims r ^ -,ai( • "tj • ' v„. :3s- "• "" What wa era l;-. * V * r..4£W: