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£ •> • >*. ^ ^ V*v. ,<*• .* c -V~ ;%**- 1 -**-v I ^ ^ ' "" : '" " " • " ' • " ' - - - " • -*((•' HHI .*•• * ^ •*•• -v\v " * ' * • • . - .« • - - •'• •/-" *, • i '.-J'*. • • & . • "<.«•"•< *#'K ?4ti»W3£ • ' ' -.v TH8 M'HBNRT KJaSDSStKB, t^kiAX' 2571931 * « • . s P < ? • ? > WKf Liberty B^JSA&y Ring Again ftetl, Silent for Ninety-six Yesu^, May Ring Out on Washington's % * -- \ Birthday The famous old Liberty Bell, which J due to the fact that he spent more so joyously rang to announce" the ^ time in Philadelphia than any other Declaration of Independence^ and place, except his home State of Virginia. He first went there as a memt^ cianiuuu w *»uvf- ^ which tolled so sadly when ^George Washington died pt Mount Vernon, may again ring forth from Independence Hall in Philadelphia on Washington's next birthday, F ebrurary 22, 1931. EfSfOfiourrwts* aurve bweuinig6 made by officials v - ^ of the George Washington Bicenten- jffom 1790 to 1797 ber of the Continental Congress. His next official visit was as the presiding officer of the Convention which fwrtned our Constitution. His longest stay in the City of Brotherly Love was as President of the United States nial Commission to arrange for nation-wide radio- hook-up on this date and have President Hoover press an electric button in*Washington which will start the nation's most historic bell ringing again after a silence of almost one hundred years. It is proposed to have the bell strike thirteen onc6 for. each of tta thirteen original states. According to noted Philadelphia historians, the last ringing of the bell was on July 8, 1835, in honor of the funeral services of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the United States, who died in Philadelphia on July 6, 1835. While the bell was being solemnly tolled it siu ddi.e. nly cracikf eidn. The history of the Liberty Bell, even before the American Revolution, is an interesting one. In the year 1751 the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania decided that, the State House at Philadelphia (Independence Hall) heeded a new bell. A resolution was passed, instructing the superintendents of the building to secure one. The superintendents, Isaac Norris, Thomas Leech and Edward Warner, wrote the following quaint letter to Robert Charles, the Colonial Agent at London: "Respected Friend, Robert Charles: "The Assembly having ordered as to procure a bell from England to be purchased for their use, we take At™:; ™ rn.de to i. in the «o..pp.,to the. 1846 for the celebration of Washing ton's birthday ceremonies, but this attempt failed. It is believed, however, that while tie cracked bell will not give forth its once famous clarion notes, it will nevertheless ring sufficiently loud to be heard by all radio listeners,Hf it is tapped thirteen times •on the anniversary of Washington s birth next month. Before it cracked, the Liberty Bell had lived a life of eighty-two useful . years and had become one of the inost famous bells in the world. All to get us a good bell, of about two thousand pounds weight, the cost of which we assume may amount to one hundred pounds, sterling, or perhaps with the charges something more. "We hope and rely on thy care and assistance in this affair, and that thou wilt procure and forward it by the first good opportunity, as our workmen inform us it will be much less trouble to hang the bell before the scaffolds are struck from the building where we intend to place it. Dens tne wh- i- ch-- wi-l--l n--ot b--e do- ne t-i ll tty, e e-nd through the Revolutionary War the of next Summer or beginning of the Liberty Bell was used for the purpose of calling together the inhabitants of the city to learn news from the battlefields. At one time during the war, however, it became necessary to remove #ie bell hastily from its fastenings avyl take it out of the city. This exciting event took place on September 18, 1777, when the news came that the British Army was about to occupy Philadelphia. The bell was carefully loaded on a wagon and conveyed along with the heavy baggage of the American Army in a supply train, of seven hundred wagons, guarded by two hundred North Carolina and Virginia Cavalry, to Allentown, Pennsylvania, where it was hidden in Zion's church until June 27, 1778, when it was taken back to Philadelphia and again placed in Independence Hall. Never from that time until 1835 did anything of importance happen that «as not announced by the ringing of this' historic bell. It was joyously rang when the news came of the surrender of Cornwall is to General Washington, which ended the Revolution. The old bell is reverently preserved. It stands on the ground floor of Independence Hall, where it is viewed daily by thousands of visitors from all sections of this country. The Liberty Bell has been a great traveller in its day. In fact,-it has seen more of the United States than a vast majority of the people. In addition to its war-time trip to Allentown, it has made the following peacetime journeys: July 23, 1886--To New Orleans for the World's Industrial and cotton exposition. July 25, 1893--To the World's Columbia Exposition at Chicago. Oct. 24, 1885--To the Cotton States and Atlantic Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia. Jan. 6, 1902--Interstate and West India Exposition, Charleston, South Carolina. June 15, 1903--Bunker Hill Celebration, Boston, ^Massachusetts. --'. ... 1904--Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Missouri. Oct. 23, 1913--Historical Street garade, Founders Week Celebration, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. July 4, 1915--To the Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco, California. George Washington very qften heard the ringing of the Liberty Bell, Fall. "Let the bell be cast by the best workmen, and examined carefully before it is shipped, with the following words well shapen in large letters around it, viz: " 'By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania for the State House in the City of Philadelphia, 1752.' "And underneath: -'Proclaim Liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof--Levitious XXV, 10.' "Aa we have experienced the readiness to serve this Province on all occasions, we desire it may be our excuse for this additional trouble, from thy assured friends, Isaac Norris, Thomas Leech, Edward Warner. "Let the package for transportation be examined with particular care and the full value insured thereon." The careful directions by the superintendents were duly carried out by the Colonial Agent at London. The bell was cast by Thomas Lister, of Whitechapel, London, and reached Philadelphia in August 1752. It, however, was not a success. When placed on trusses in the State House yard for a trial ringing it was soon cracked. An American firm was now given a chance to see what it could do in the way of producing a satisfactory bell. The name of this firm was Pass 6 Stow, "two ingenious workmen" of Philadelphia. These two young men broke up the English made bell, melted the material, added an ounce and a half of American copper to each pound of the old metal to make it leas brittle, and re-cast it with all the original inscriptions on it, with the exception of the substitute of thei* own names for that of the London manufacturer and the date and place of manufacture. Certain defects made a second casting necessary. The bell as it now stands is the result of this second casting. The bell is considerably larger than most people imagine, it being twelve feet in circumference and with a clapper three feet, two inches long. The early official ringers of this famous bell were Edward Kelly, from 1753 to 1755; David Edward, from 1755 to 1758, and Andrew McNair from 1758 to 1776. It was McNair who had the honor of ringing the bell announcing the Declaration of Independence. RELIGION NEVER MORE VITAL a7 REV. DS. HUGH BLACK, Union Tbeok*k*l Seminary. | HE democratic ideal emphasized so much in current discussions never can be realized without the help of Christian ideals of brotherhood. For that reason, religion is more necessary today than ever before. Many people think that religion has seen its best p^ay and is now on the decline. As a matter of fact, science has never tfceen more \tospitabIe to all that makes religion possible than it is today, t In this age of machinery, when every emphasis is on the practical, many think that religion must die. And yet this apparently dangerous emphasis may be -driving ns~nearer to the heart of our Master. . • * .Predictions about religion always were hazardous, and in .every age Christianity has received what appeared at the time to be a death" Mow. % It was sorely oppressed in the Second and Eighteenth centuries, which ' <feemed so easy and stodgy, theVe were tremendous controversies Whose 1st effects are just being felt. Evolution really had baffled Christianity :"#r a while, but it was no longer even a problem for religion. •, ^ In many.of those things that caused head shaking and fear for the ^|pture of religion, such as the breakdown of denominational lines, lies" the - leal strength of religion. The worst heresy is the heresy of finality. We ^ JDust make way for the creative spirit of God and the mature of man. America's diverse races, with their individual problems, never will blended into a democratic and harmonious 'iuot of religion. ; , " a ~fjmmm.mim.mmm- \Jf^ • f J Advice to Cottoa Growers ^Thickly planted cotton is recomled on all soils by Arkansas ex- •tattoa eflicfirta. " • Cypres* Really Pin* The cypress belongs to the pioe family. Any tree of the pine family In *j«JMca it called African cypress. « - Angkor Vat, (Prepared, fey the National Oeompkie BSociety. Washington. D. C.) • RAZIL is so huge--it is a quarter of a million square miles larger than the United States--and is made up of so many diverse regions that the average visitor can do little more than acquaint himself with a limited area. But modern travel methods have at least greatly stretched the area that can be covered by a brief tour. Now many travelers from the United States to South America go by airplane, skimming along over the Atlantic coast of the great republic. The first familiar feature of Brazil that the air traveler sees Is the Amason. At its mouth the big river, 180 miles wide between its capes, colors the sea and dilutes its salt for 50 miles offshore. Men in shinll fishing boats, venturing out of sight of land, figure how far out they a^e toy tastf ing the water. •The rise of the river near Para in flood times is often 50 feet. Then vast areas of forest are completely inundated. Snow in the Andes begins to melt in August, hut this delta does not feel the rise till six months later. With a valley covering 2,722.000 square miles, and contnlnihg about 45,000 miles of navigable water communications, It is easy to see why It takes the big river six months to rise --and six months to fall. Also, the slope of the vast valley from the foot of the Andes to the Atlantic is Oniy about 250 feet. This is why tides from the sea are felt 4ip the Amazon for 000 miles. Sometimes three or four tides are riding the river at race, like big waves far apart Looking at maps, one observes the Amazon delta does not run out to sea «• land bridges, as do the Nile, the Ganges and the Mississippi. It carries prodigious loads of mud, and geologists Bay its delta oi -e extended 300 miles past its present mouths. Bnt now the ocean is rapidly eating into the continent And from the air you soe how this goes on. By mi odd freak of nature, the sea is driving inland huge waves of white sand. These big dunes la many places have buried the trees. Elsewhere you can see dead trees, once covered with sand and killed, and then exposed again to the advancing sea waves--washing them out by the root*. Rush of the Amazon Bora. And the Para, or south coast, of the delta, yon notice, is higher and drier than the coast of Brazilian Guiana, north of the Amazon delta. Around Maraca island and the mouth of the Araguary river the famous Amazon bore ,B at lte best. When it runs in its roar can be heard six miles. Its speed is ten to fifteen knots an hoi>', and anything In its patlr Is swept away. Look down on all these mad banks, rip tides and shallows, and you see why skippers dread navigation in these waters. Changes in coast outlines are constant; shoals and flats form only to be washed sway. Mud banks which a few years ago barely showed above the sea are now covered with trees. Bad lights and buoys, lack of good charts, ever shifting currents bring many ships to grief. Even the many small native trading boats, their cabins thatched over and their sails made of blue cotton cloth, have their own troubles here with wind, tide, and mod. San Luis from the air is a compact, red-roofed town of many patios and narrow streets. It was first a fort built by the French and named after Louis XIII. The town Is on an island, and a railway connects it with the mainland. It is a thriving place. Yon see new buildings going up--alongside wonderful old houses with fronts of fancy glazed tiles, and marble statuary lifted above their patio gates. 8c«nes Along the Coast At the mouth of the Amazon and north of It Brazil is very damp. But once you quit the Amazon delta, and get well on your way dofcrn the sloping coast toward the great shoulder of northeast Brazil, like magic the soaking jungles and mud flats change to a parched and sunburnt land, with mile-long sand dunes bare and forlorn as the shores of Suez.- If you placed a few camels under the lonely clumps of coconut trees--which you see being smothered by sand dunes often 60 feet high--you would get as good a desert picture aa aay from Bagdad to Cairo. In Cambodia. Men killing a big sea turtle on the beach; lonely lighthouses; sandy Araby scenery, with goats prowling •and dunes for stray plant lite; odd boats of five spliced logs and a dirty sail, awash from stem to stern so that two fishermen aboard work standing in water; fish-traps like long picket fences in coastal shallows;' grassroofed huts on fat apart stretches of coconut-shaded beach, an idyllic Robinson Crusoe setting: these sights the air traveler along Brazil's coast sees, while much empty country and a few busy towns that Amettqa never heard of, slip undeivhlm. Take Fortaleza, often called Ceara, in the state of that name. It is one of the many ports scattered down this seaplane path that help consume the ever-growing stream of shop-made things we must export If we are to keep our mills running-full time. Walk its noisy, narrow, cobble-stoned streets and see how American machines and methods mark its life. Broadway melodies crooned by Yankee talking machines to soothe a roomful of bob-haired dressmakers; another roomful of girls demonstrating sewing machines; busses, trucks, motor cars, typewriters, cash registers, fountain pens, printing presses, corn poppers, vending machines, cameras, garages with young Brazilian boys using American tools, ferris wheels, merry-go-rounds, gas stoves, electric equipment, movie houses-- even movie-fan magazines in the native language but printed in the States; telephones, street cars, wireless-- a city of 100,000 whose very name few Americans ever heard. Yet a good customer of ours, paying as for what it buys with skins and vegetable wax, or with cash from cotton sold to Liverpool. Here, as in all cities which stand along this world transportation route, American capital and management help build up the public utilities. And here the people bless the Rockefeller foundation for killing their old memy the mosquito. Natal and Bahia. Rounding the shoulder of Sooth America one passes Cape San Roqne, which aviators say is their nearest point from which to quit this coast for Europe. Below it stands Natal-- the well-known western terminus of Africa-Brazil flights. Here, too, converges the air-web of plane paths which collect South American mall for Europe, which mall is sent from here to Dakar, Africa, by speedy French dispatch boats and there put again on planes for Europe. The French hope in time to set up a transatlantic air-mail line between Natal and Dakar. Five air lines now serve this town of 40,000, Natal reveals proof of Brasll's interest in air travel. Yon aee hangars for seaplanes, radio towers, Brazil's first civilian school for aviators, and a fine flying field for land planes. Well around the northeastern shoulder of Brazil lies Bahia. Between this port city and the United States close ties exist. California owes a big debt to Bahia. In 1871 Richard Edes, then United States consul at Bahia, sent to the Department of Agriculture In Washington some navel orange trees. A letter went back to the consul, saying: "You have placed the department in possession of one of the most desirable varieties of oranges known; and one which it has much desired. . . . You qmitted to inclose your bill." From this simple start--for which a pioneer Yankee consul did not even send his bill for expenses--was to arise a horticultural achievement without parallel in the migration of fruit trees. Bahia is the site of the oldest civilization in South America. Half a century before the first white settlements in the United States it was a Portuguese colony. Named by Amerigo Vespucci and his band, for centuries it led a turbulent life, assailed by pestilence, famine, Indians, and Lisbon's old enemies, the Dutch. Often the Indians devoured large bands of settlers. The military commander and the whole population of the colony at Cayru were butchered while attending church and eaten. Yellow fever was epidemic for three centuries. On one occasion 29 pirates were hanged at the same time and placfe. For generations all Lisbon trading ships came to Bahia guarded by gunboats pirates and other enemies. ICY BARRIERS PERIL FISH Henry O'Malley, Commissioner of Uncle Sam's fisheries related some very interesting and constructive data on game fish welfare in the upper Mississippi river wild life refuge to National officers of the Izaak Walton League of America. That -this great midwest region is an important factor in propagating fish life is very evident by Mr. O'Malley's remarks. "The establishment of the upper Mississippi river wild life refuge has given the bureau a great outdoor laboratory," he said, "where investigations are now under way to determine the formula nature employs in the wholesale production of bass and other fish in that area and where we hope to produce a few fish for distribution under our own auspices during the coming years. '•We have found out already that i nature is guilty of two-faced double dealing in the upper Mississippi refuge. The millions of fish which are each year hatched in the ploughs must tescape to the river before winter or their nursery becomes their death chamber. "It has been found that in these sloughs, even though a fairly constant water level is maintained, the oxygen content by midwinter under thick- ice becomes reduced to practiaclly zero Fish have the fortunate facility of throttling down their life activities to an idling speed in cold weather, but,, in spite of this fact, a downright suffocation confronts thousands of them in the landlocked sloughs during the winter. So great is this need for air that, when our investigators have chopped holes in the ice to make their observations, fish have actually jumped out on the ice. No artificial means of overcoming this dangerous condition can be suggested except the possible manipulation of water levels to insure replenishment of the oxyge.i which I suppose is a paramount interest to Waltonians whose home is in the great midland section. What I am demanding of the bureau's experimental fish farmers is that they determine what things man can do to supplement and improve upon nature. It is too early for me to predict their findings. Certainly we can set aside ponds for brood bass, we will have cleaned up some fifty acres of sloughs for use this season, and we can exercise some measure of control over the vegetation, stock the sloughs with young bass from our brood ponds, net off the mouths of the sloughs to keep out their enemies and in the fall seine out the summer^ crop for release iu waters which u« safer during the winter. Male Hu Loag Life The average age of a horse Is sixteen years. Mules and jackasses live to be of great age, although the average length of life is approximately sixteen years. There have been records of males having lived 85 to 40 years. Friends and Whatever the number of a friends, there will be times In his when he has one too few, but If has only one enemy, he Is lucky deed if be has an Bulwer-Lyttoo. % Special^ Friday and Saturday - r . . While they Last Articles listed here at way below cost ALL WOOL BLANKETS, 70x8(^^^1^^5.95 WOOL LUMBER JACKETS, < > * * / " ,- $2.50 to $3.00 values ' . -" SI .OO .25% OFF --25% OFF 'MEN'S LEATHER JACKETS BOYS' LEATHER JACKETS BLANKET LINED JACKETS, $2£5 value $1.69 CHILDREN S SWEATER AND GAP SETS, regular $2.75 value . ~$1.75 WOMEN'S SWEATERS, slipover style $1.00 BROADCLOTH DRESS SHIRTS, $2.00 value $ J .00 WOMEN'S FAST COLOR WASH FROCKS MISSES' FLEECED UNION SUITS, v- v choice of sue TERMS CASH JOHN STOFFEL I Syachroaonk Clocks She bureau of standards *aya a synchronous clock, operated on a circuit for which It is designated, can neither gain or lose, nor be set. It must be kept in exact step with the generator in the power house. However, if the curent stops, the clock will stop unless it has some auxiliary attachment to keep it running. CMvositfoi of Water Water is a chemical combination of two gases, hydrogen aad oxygen. •:v "a -r Noted Western Character •"Poker Alice" Tubbs was a picturesque character of the old West where she was a fixture in the mining camps of the gold rush era. She was born In Devonshire, England, and came to the United States with her family. She died February 27, 1930. lit Hap Id City," • Life la Like That A if" may be generous to a fault, M*b usually Ms own,--Grand •a. S Father of Postage Stamp It is not generally known that a blind man gave the world its postage stamp, says an article in Popular Science Monthly. In 1840, Sir Rowland Hill, head of Great Britain's postal service, suggested the idea which hac since spread to all parts of the globe. The first American stamp appeared In 1847 and bore the portrait of Beujaml^ Franklin. ' ' '"""V ' After That It fi^sta't Watter We suppose the parachute manafticturers also advertise their product as "good to the last drop."--Fort Wayne News-SeotineL &V. J** ions of Lilliputians at Your Service! t: Gullivri irarttt) Jonalhm* writti of lfc« Ulliftmllmnt, a race S? ptoplt only tig Indft In height.) ENTY-FOUR tours a aav, ir.Srs •nils of .l.ctrical energy race back and lertb carrying yoiir voice over tH« miles of wires. TK«y ar« lik« billions of Lilliputians workins dilis«nttv to G«t th« Mtiiajt Through, Tire* Uss, b««dt*ss of th« mdin or th« how, tfcry or* constantly on th« alert for the l'.(Un9 of year telephone receiver ... the sicnal that there Is work to be done --a message to 90 (hrouffc/ Millions of dollars of plant and equtpaeat provide the highways which carry your Back of this plant and these invisible Lilll is the human force which creates the plant directs its operation. Nearly 30,000 (.re men and women in the Illinois Bell Telephone organization. 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