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ONE YEAR S PATENTS. OUTPUT' OF OUR INVENTIVE GENIUSES. ^American People Have Plenty"of De- •ice« to tighten Work, Return Prof- ^ ' it«, and Insure Safety -- Lessons ! Taught by the Ceaseless Activity. , r . . . . , • . j i Record of Twelve Months. The annual report of the United States Commissioner of Patents for tlie year 1893, just issued,, is a handsome volume of -78-paKosrT% iiK?hes by 11 in size, and contains the equivalent of 1,250,000 words. It is a summary of the contents of the fifty-two numbers of the official gazette of the patent office, which contain over S,000 pages of the Specifications and drawings for the patents issued. During the year 1S93 37,293 applications for patents were re­ ceived, 1,060 for designs, 120 for re-is­ sues, 2,247? for caveats, 1,899 applica­ tions for trade.marks, and 401 for la­ bels. There were 23,070 patents issued during the year, against 23,4?S for the preceding year. The number of patents which expired during the year was 14,- .172. Four thousand one hundred and two patents were forfeited for non­ payment of final fees. . The patent of­ fice at the close of 1893' had to its cred­ it in the Treasury of the United States $4,281,744. Our patent system has grown to. higher perfection than that of any o'ther country, .and to this date we have issued about 545,000 patents, while the total Issued by all other coun­ tries combined is a little less than S40,- 000./ A Creative People. With a population of 70,000,000 our country is now doing one-third of Use manufacturing of the world, and noth­ ing more clearly portrays our marvel­ ous industrial activity than the rec­ ords of our patent office. As an invent­ ive and a creative people we stand at the head of the nations, and are to-day the Tnosfinfluential factor in modern civilization. Mechanical industry char­ acterizes all we do, and is the potent agency in our successful struggle for supremacy in the federation of the world. To still maintain this suprem­ acy we are continually improving ma­ chines, devices au,d applances, which years ago were supposed to be practi­ cally perfect. We are a nation of ma­ chine users, and improvers, and as we glance at the record of our patents for a year we cannot but be profoundly impressed with the marvels there re­ vealed. Possible Dangers. Until recently we had the great ad-, vantage of the exclusive use of our ag­ ricultural machinery, but this is no longer the case.. England, Germany, Austria, Francb and Belgium now have large plants for making all such ma­ chinery, close copies and imitations of ours, and these implements are now sold in north and south Africa, and even in Turkestan and Persia, in Rus­ sia and Siberia, in Asia Minor, Hun­ gary, the Danubiau provinces, in Eu­ ropean and Asiatic Turkey, in India, Egypt, Australia, and in South Ameri­ ca. especially in Argentina and Chili, and, of course, in England, France. Germany, Austria and Belgium where manufactured. Vast wheat areas re­ main to be cultivated, and we cannot . but look with solicitude upon the results to us of uniting the cheap labor of a fellah, the peon, the mujik, the ryot, and the coolie with the best agricultu­ ral machinery, machinery which origi­ nated in America, and by means of which the American farmer lias hereto­ fore beeiHiblc to meet all competition. There is little wonder that we find food for sober reflection in 50-cent wheat, and in viewing new cotton mills in Japan, which have the best of our mod­ ern machinery,) which are lighted by electricity and operated night and day, j the female spinners and weavers get- j ting but 8 cents per day for eleven i hours' work. The Spanish peasant j even no longer refuses to buy a modern j plow because it has two handles, and it requires only a slight stretch of fancy j to imagine yourself in Dakota when i you are visiting a wheat farm in Al- j geria. Issuing a Patent. amount of labor and j tvolyed In # deciding | an application for a j jranted. The.first ques- | "tion to be determined is whether the al- j leged invention is new; that is, wheth- | er it is to be found in any of the 545,- 000 American patents, or in any of the 1 840,000 patents Of other countries, or j in any book, periodical, pamphlet or | paper, in any language of this or any other country. This search has to be made by -expert assistants, and they have a technical library which con­ tains almost everything relating to pat­ ents and which now numbers 70,W0 volumes. The expert may fail to find all the evidence bearing upon a case, but the infrequency ot such failures is a matter of astonishment to one. famil­ iar with this sort of work. A study of ciglity-one patent cases recently before the courts, where claims were„ held to be invalid, revealed the fact that in twenty-six of them there was no, evi­ dence that the references before the i courts, in view of which thenpatents ! were adjudged invalid, were ever cited j by the patent office; in twenty-nine cases some, but not all, the references were cited, and only in twenty-six cases were the same references before the patent office as were before the court. Between 188r>and 1892,988patents were in litigation, 43(i of them were sustain­ ed and 552 were declared invalid, 42S of them owing to defective examina­ tion.^" all the authorities of the patent oflicW' and ,124 of them on account of evidence brought to light of which the patent office had no knowledge before -- granting +1 n» patent--During tlTVs"ihF riod 1(12,000 patents were issued. The chances of error are so many, the won­ der is that so few mistakes occur. But this is owing to the thoroughness with which investigations are made. Receipts and Expenditures. The receipts of the patent office for the year 1893 were .$1,224,072, the ex­ penditures $1,141,039. Excess of re- . ceipts over expenditures, $101,833. Patents North and South.. It is curious to note that in Northern States, which have excellent systems of free schools, and where a high order . of,intelligence ls~ general, the number of patents issued per capita of popula­ tion is much-greater than elsewhere In Alabama one patent was issued for every 16,626 persons of the population, and in Illinois one" for every 1,911. In Mississippi onewas issued for every 22,- 624 of population, and in Massachusetts ofie for every l.lll^ln South Carolina one patent issued forWery 24,492, and in Connecticut oiie for every 976. Noijth Carolina took one patent for every 19,034 of population, and Rhode Isl­ and one for every 1,542. Two thou-" sand four hundred and seventy-three patents were granted to citizens of other countries, 324 of them to Canada, 757 to England, 271 for France, and 673 foi* Germany. Ceylon, China, Cape Colony, Ecuador, Egypt, Natal, Peru, Queensland, and Tasmania took one each. -Patent Laws; Are Modern. Is is within a period comparatively recent that patent laws were first en­ acted. It is only 200 years ago that n plan was devised in England for grant­ ing patents, and in France the first patent law was enacted in 1791. Such regulations were wholly unknown to the ancient World, and our own patent laws rest not upon any rules or cus­ toms which preceded them, but upon a statute of 1796, less than a century old, amended and altered from time to time. The principle is that an inventor who will tell the public all about his discovery shall have vested in him, for a certain period, a right to manufac­ ture and control his invention for his own profit, but. at the expiration of that period, the invention shall become public property. In this manner inge­ nious persons are encouraged to exer­ cise their ability* by the stimulus of large reward, which even a limited monopoly must yield for a realiy valu­ able article. Benefits of Invention. As a people we possess creative tal­ ent in a very high degree, and in this respect the Aryan differs from the Mongol, who seems to be merely imi­ tative. The inventions of this century have added enormously to the coin- forts of the race. Three hundred years ago titled personages in England did not have the comforts now en­ joyed by our laboring classes. In sub­ jecting nature to his uses, and, by means of mechanism, so largely in­ creasing the possible work of his hands, the inventor has been able to aid enormously in improving the food, clothing, and shelter of his kind. A fragile woman can now attend to the guidance of 3,600 spindles in a cotton mill, every one of these spindles doing more and better work than her grand­ mother did with a spinning wheel. One woman can now attend, to knit­ ting machines which will turn out »>00 pairs of socks a day, better far and more evenly knit than those her grand­ mother made by hand, at the rate of one pair in a fortnight. Four times the present adult male population of the globe, serving as porters every day in the year, could not carry the freight now moved by the railroads of this country alone. These are illus­ trations of the manner in which ma­ chines and devices for doing work have emancipated the enlightened na­ tions of the earth from physical bon­ dage. China, representing one-third of the whole human race, takes out only one patent in this country during 1893. The Mongol is industrious to a degree of which we hardly dream. lie Works 3(55 days in a year, and 15 hours a day for a scanty subsistence. He is j poorly clad and imperfectly nourished, | for he depends wholly upon his hand j labor. When he can adopt Western j science and Western inventions, as he | certainly will do. and is already doing i in Japan, he will easily increase his | products many fold and largely add to ! his comfort. The hope of wise men ! among Oriental peoples is that they may soon avail themselves of the in- I veutive and directive talent of West- j era nations like ours, for in this way j alone will they be able to rise I "From their dead selves to higher things." With the rapid adoption of agricul­ tural machinery by the brown ,and j yellow races, as well as by the Aryans i of all Europe, we are confronted with 5 some grave problems. Cheap Oriental i labor, aided by our machinery, must ' inevitably cheapen the products of the ! soil, and, as prices are now determined ! by the world's markets, our grains \ must meet with such competition as to I still further reduce their selling price. I If our agriculture is crippled, all our i business interests will be crippled. | Some thinkers express the opinion that I the onward march of civilization is soon to be checked by uncivilized and half-civilized peoples, and that when I our aggressive energy is thrown back | upon itself, state socialism will follow, | bringing with it inevitable stagnation J and a^marked deterioration. No doubt, i there will be a struggle between the Aryan and the Mongol for supremacy, and the result cannot be predicted. A thousand years hence the Mongol, or even a mixed race, may be in control of the world's affairs. Statistics. | A careful analysis of the patents is sued by our government during 18Q3 reveals much that is curious, impress­ ive. and instructive. The word "bed" is the first one in the titles of 121 pat­ ents, against 107 for the previous year, 21 were for bedsteads, 20 for folding beds. 10 for bed springs, and 15 for bed bottoms. The bicycle was awarded 146 patents, against 167 for the previ­ ous year and 16 of these were for sad­ dles. Two hundred and fifty-four pat­ ents were awarded for vehicles of this sort, one for a unicycle, 7 for tricycles, 27 for cycles, and 75 for velocipedes, against 276 for tlie previous year. Eighteen kinds of boilers took 187, against 186 for the preceding year; 30 of these were for furnace boilers. The •bottle, Inclusive of 23 stoppers and Machinery for making, washing, and filling, took 87 patent's, against 108 for the previous year. Fifty-nine kinds of--"boxe^c" were--gh~mr~205 patents, against 246 for the preceding year, and 14 classes of braces needed 33 patent's. prakes and Cars, Thirty-four kinds of brakes seem to have needed 228 patents, against 224 for tlie. previous year. S of them being for car brake^ and 41 for vehicle and wagon brakes. The word "brick" is the first one. in the titles of 92 patents, against 104 for tlie previous year. 24 of these being for brick machines, and 23 for brick kilns. Twenty-one kinds of burners were awarded 111 patents, against 120 for the previous year; 19 of these were for oil burners, 25 for gas burners, and 18 for hydro-carbon burn­ ers. The titles of 75 patents beginwltli the word "button,and include ma­ chines {or making that useful article. The Wora-r^car" is' the leading one 'la 1,046 titles of patents, against 819 for the previous year; 400 of these are for car couplers, 30 for;Jcar Brakes, 26 for car wheels, and 6 for yestibufes. The word "cash" begins the titles of 132 patents, against 160 for the pre­ vious year; 39 of these were for reg­ isters and 41 for registers and indicat­ ors. The churn, which has been pat­ ented several thousand times, found room for 66 new patents, tlie cider mill for 4, while cigars, cigar lighters, hnd cigar bundling machines received 62. For the further encouragement of juve­ nile depravity 11 new cigarette ma­ chines were patented. Cora, is the first word in the titles of 30 patents, corset in 23, and the Word "cptton" is the leading bne in 59 patents. Tlijrty.-eight different kinds of coup­ lings Were given 543 patents, 401 of them being for car couplers. Three hundred and thirty car couplers were patented in 1S92., For some years car couplers, have been patented at the rate of 8 per week. Electricity. Electrical patents for the year reach­ ed the large number of 1,615, against 1,643 for the year 1891. Under the head Of magnets and magnetism, and under appliances which ate closely re­ lated to those of an electrical nature, we find 308 additional patents which would not be out of.place under the heading electricity. These 308 patents would increase the total to 1,923. These patents include everything relating to electric roads, batteries, eleetrigf light­ ing, electric signaling, the telephone and telegraph, electric motors, switch­ es, etc. For fences and fence material and machines for making fences 166 patents were awarded against 162 for the previous year, and 182 for the year 1891; 47 of these were for wire, and 25 for fence posts. Fifty-one kinds of furnaces took 227, against 211 for the previous year, and 159 for 1891; of these 30 were boiler furnaces, 12 hot air furnaces, and 15 smoke-consuming furnaces. The word "gas" begins the titles of 215, against 178 for the pre­ vious year, and 157 for 1891, a large majority of these patents being for im­ provements in devices for manufactur­ ing gas, for meters and lighters. Not­ withstanding the rapid introduction of electric lights, there is an actual in­ crease in the amount of gas consumed. Harvesters. How engine governors could secure, 38 patents is no greater mystery than, the fact that they took 37 the previous year. The titles of 93 patents begin with the word "grain" and include 26 grain binders and 16 drills. Patents of this character numbered 89 in'1892 and 112 in 1891. Harvesters of all kinds got 99 patents, against 122 for the year be­ fore; 28 of these were for corn harvest­ ers. Thirty-one kinds of "heaters" ob­ tained 165 patents, against 174 for the previous year. The boot and shoe and machines for making and trimming them required 25 patents; hay stackers and loaders, cutters and presses 77; the hinge 55, against 50 for the year before. Knitting machines and devices were given 76 patents, against 82 for the pre­ vious year. The knob and its attach­ ments obtained 21 patents, and the lad­ der 64. The lamp obtained 301 patents, or half a dozen for every wCek'in the yedr, 70 of these being electric arc lamps, and 34 for improvements upon the in­ candescent lamp. Three hundred and twenty-eight patents upon lamps were awarded in 1892, and 285 in 1891. From Locks to Music. Thirty-six different kinds of locks re­ ceived 227 patents, against 274 for the preceding year, and 222 for 1891. The locomotive obtained 81 patents against 71 for the previous year. The loom, supposed to be as perfect as human in­ genuity could make it, took 151 pat­ ents, against 115 for the year, before, and 140 for 1891. Lubricators obtain­ ed 81 patents, against 47 for the pre­ ceding year. The word "metal" be­ gins the, titles of 111 patents, against 102 for the preceding year. Fourteen kinds of meters took 55 patents, and milk cans, coolers and milkers took 38, while 26 kinds of mills took 176. Min­ ing devices needed 77 patents. Motors had 39 varieties, which required 157 parents, against 130 for the previous ycar^-Mowers of various kinds ob­ tained 51 patents, against 47 for the preceding year. The word "music" stands first in the titles of 83 patents, against 86 for the previous year. These patents were largely upon musical in­ struments. Paper and Railways. I The word "nut" stands first in the j titles of 102 patents, 83 of them being for nut locks. Under the heading "oil" we find a record of 58 patents/and un­ der the word "ore" 87, against 99 for the previous ..year .Under "paper," 146 patents are recorded, against 174 for the previous year, and 1S3 for 1891. Fifty-six patents are recorded under photography, against 55 for tlie previ­ ous year. The piano called for 66 pat­ ents, against 78 for the year before. The plow, generally: understood to be practically perfect, took 118 patents, agaiiist 149 the previous year. Thirty- six kinds of presses obtained 141 pat­ ents, while under "printiiife" 116 are re­ corded, against 128 for the preceding year. Under the heading rails and rail­ ways, and devices relating to railways, we find 735 patents, or 2 patents a day for every day of the year, against 523 for the previous year. These patents are for rails, joints, shoes, signals, con­ duits, switches, frogs, spikes and ties. From Rakes to Typewriters. Eight kinds- of rakes were given pat­ ents, and refrigerators took 72, against | 56 for the preceding year. The* word "saw" is the first one in the titles of 161 patents, against 153 for tlie previous year. The sewing machine comes in for 144, against 181 for the previous;year, and 180 for the year 1891. Nineteen kinds of springs took 100 patents, statnns and stamping de- weraJssued under the head of toys, V' /YpttYT fTlfk miriji TI7AT>TT\ less than for "the previous year. The] v-T-lJii ± U 1XI Hi TV UJXIjU. wor^l "trolley" begins the titles of .56: paten^l1'#,gainst 38 for the preceding* year)uoffoder the word "truck" 81 par­ ents are recordeojf30 of these being for improvements upon car trucks. Under the w'prd "trunk" 33 patents were given. The word "type" stands first in tlie titles o"f 34 patents, and under "type­ writer" 130 are recorded, against 17S for 1892 and 192 for the year 1891. '<! The Valve and Zither. The valve took 225 patents, against 278 for 1892, And 242'for the year 1891. Under the head of "vehicle" we have a record of 186 patents, against 159 for the year before. These patents include those for ; vehicle springs, wheels, brakes, running gear, etc. The wagon took 120, against 86 fofc the previous year. Washing machines and devices took oT) patents, against 83 for 1S92 and 12S for 189i. The watch and watch machinery found room for 77 patents, against 71 for the previous year, and 111 for 1891. Under the head of "water," including motors, heaters, wheels, closets,J coolers, etc., we find a record of 157 patents, against 174 for. _ the previous year. Windmills took 54 patents. The word ".wire" is the lead­ ing one in tha titles of 104 patents, against 134 for t|e previous year. Pat­ ents upon wcod-working machines ijuru­ bor 47, against 147 for,the year before, and 3 were given upon the zither. DUANE DOTY. CHINESE LADIES IN SOCIETY. They'Were Not Embarrassed at All and Had a Lively Time. Although Washington has become somewhat accustomed to seeing Chi­ nese women, since two successive min­ isters of China have brought their wives with them to the legation at Washington, Chinese women are still objects of great curiosity in the city. A few days ago there was a musical reception at^ one of the most attractive houses, and!among the guests were two Chinese ladies. They were the daughters of the Chi­ nese Consul General at New York, and they were accompanied by their father, a tall, corpulent mandarin in ample garments of light blue silk, and 'by an interpreter of the Chinese legation, who was garbed in somewhat demure ap­ parel of dark-blue. The ladies entered the house with heavy wraps over their house clothing, and, having hobbled to the dressing apartments--for they both had cramped feet--they reappeared in odd blouses of figured silk and with flowing dark-blue skirts that just revealed ample trousers. One of the ladies was decidedly Mon­ golian in features, but the other was small and decidedly pretty. Both wore their hair in a way common to a native and inexplicable to Americans. " « Having greeted the elegantly gowned hostess with the fashionable high shake of the hand, they stopped long enough to chat a little, employing the interpre­ ter to convey their message of cere­ mony. - ----- Then they found seats with the finely dressed ladies in one Of the parlors, lis­ tened to the music with attention, and applauded when the others did so. When they left they told the hostess-- it is to be'assumed--that the music was "too lovely," and that they were de­ lighted to have had so pleasant an even­ ing. They went away, after a repeti­ tion of tlie high liand-shake. And they were not embarrassed for an instant.-- New York Times. THE RESULT OF JAPANESE CON- QUEST OF CHINA. • / . ' . fhe Immense Empire to Be Thrown Open to Foreign Commerce and Her 400,000,000 Inhabitants to Compete with European Labor. The Omnivorous Italian. To tlie Italian everything is edible; it is a nation without a palhte. It steeps a hare in fennel and eats salt with mel­ ons. Tlie craze for devouring birds of all kinds is a species of fury from the Alps to Etna; they crunch the delicate bodies between their jaws with disgust­ ing relish, and a lark represents to them a succulent morsel for the spit or pas­ ty. Tlie trade in larks all over the world is enormouS and execrable, and is as large in England as in Italy. It should at once be made penal by hea va­ lines on the trappers, the venders, and the eaters, <or ere long no more will tli< Conditions of Peace. The Japanese minister at Washington confirms t^ef reports from Tokyo that his Government has made the opening of China to foreign commerce and immigra­ tion one of the conditions of peace> which will make the country the most attrac­ tive spot 011 earth for investment and speculation- during--the next fifteen or twenty years. The interior of China; and, as a matter of fact, the pntirc empire, except the treaty ports, is 2,000 years behind the age, judged by comparison with France or Great Britain or tlie United Statek, but with its marvelous soil and 400,000,000 of a naturally ingenious and industrious population it is capable of almost any degree of development. Its advantages over Japan in this respect aUre very great, and the latter country has shown what progress a people can make when they accept modern ideas and. meth­ ods. The conditions of peace include the free admission .of machinery to all parts of China and the establishment of factories by foreigners under thp protection of the Government. Thi3 has hitherto been pro­ hibited outside the treaty ports, and there is practically 110 machinery in China. The abolition of the "liukin tax," us it is_ called; is also insisted upon. This is a local duty or tax that may be assessed upon foreigners or foreign goods by any province or municipality to such an amount and as frequently .as the local au­ thorities desire. It is in effect a black­ mail upon foreign trade and has been the cause of a great deal of trouble and con­ stant complaint. Another condition is the granting of free concessions, char­ ters and privileges to Japanese and other foreigners . for the construction of rail­ ways after the manner of civilized na­ tions. There is only one short railway In China, and that belongs to the Govern­ ment. It is understood at the Japanese Le­ gation at Washington that all of these conditions have been accepted by the Chinese"envoys, and that the only paint at issue now is the cession by China of the peninsula known as the Regent's Sword, at the point of which stands the citadel of Port Arthur. Therefore it may be assumed as certain that the wall which has lv?pt foreigners out of China is to be thrown down within the next few months. The motive of Japan in exacting from China the conditions described is the sub­ ject of much discussion, but it is generally assumed that it was done in compliance with the suggestions of tlie European na­ tions which desire to extend their mar­ kets. It is also a question of serious discussion among diplomatists whether it is a wise policy, to encourage the indus­ trial development of China by educating the masses of tlie people in mechanical pursuits and tlie use of labor-saving ma­ chinery. The extraordinary capacity of the Chin­ ese in all forms of fabrication', their great ingenuity and facility of Imitation, their ability to labor fourteen and sixteen hours a day 011 a few handfuls of rice, and their willingness to work for wages that would not pay for the tobacco consumed by an American mechanic, will make them dan- j gerous competitors in all lines of manu- ; factures, particularly in the production of j silks, cottons and other fabrics. If tliev strati Id enter generally into the mauii- I facture of textiles with cotton of their | own cultivation they would effectually I close the mills of Manchester, which have ["already been seriously crippled by the de- [ velopment of the industry in India, where | the increase of spindles during the last j ton years has been greater than in any other part of the world. j China is now tlie largest market for I British and American cottons. We send I to that country very little else except pe- | troleum. Our exports last year (1894) j were valued at $5,858,488, of which $2,- 884,220 were cotton cloths and $2,438,036 petroleum. Our imports from China I amounted to 917,135,028, of which $3,- j 163,684 were silks, $7,397,253 tea, $807,- ! 635 matting and about $1,000,000 worth | of furs and skins. Our exports to Japan J were valued at $3,986,815, of which $2,- 1 226,247 was petroleum. Our imports respondent - says: The unmistakable !'PHONING. WITHOUT FY^PHOHI threat against Japan held out by - Russia) { ----7 in the short; notice in its semiofficial or- 1 What a~ YonngBnffitfo Electrician gan, the Novoe Vremya, has caused much Claims to HgyigfPiBcovered. surprise in diplomatic circles here; " It Walter Wilhelm, of Buffalo, not more was supposed that Russia had a good un- than eighteen or twenty years of age, derstanding with Japan as to the terms v . .. • , t , , » of peace to be held out to China; 22 ^ developing remarka^ genj^ ii^fijl.e - • * nhonlno. onrl Kna invonmn nmnnnr. rv4-1v there was an entire agreement upon the propositions touching Corean independ­ ence, the acquisition by Japan of Formosa and Port Arthur and the exaction of an indemnity. As to Great Britain, which* anese demands where they involved the acquisition of! territory, it lias all along been understood that she was the one powe1 that was disposed to resist aggres­ sions, and was only prevented from ac­ tual interference through inability to se­ cure the co-operation of Russia in such a movement. The Russo-Japanese agree­ ment was understood to include the con­ cession to Russia of a right of way through Corea for the Siberian railroad to afford" a winter terminus, and it is sug­ gested that the change in her attitude may be accounted for by the possible fail­ ure of this part of the program by the Japanese undertaking to guarantee the absolute independence of Co'rea, thus pre­ venting the acquisition of the needful territory for the right.of way and the ter­ minal facility. - An authoritative statement of the terms of peace being, negotiated between Japan and China has been secured from oflieia! sources. The statement is made in order to Clear up much misapprehension arising from speculation as to the terms of peace. They are five in number, as follows: 1. Independence of COrea. . 2. Permanent cession of the island of Formosa to Japan. 3. Indemnity of 300,000,000 taels (Chin­ ese coin woyth $1.33). 4. Permanent occupation of Port Ar­ thur and the immediate contiguous terri-i tory. ' 5. A new Japan-China treaty opening the interior of China to commerce. THE SOUTHERN DEAD in To Be Honored by a Monument Oakwooda Cemetery, Chicago. Union and Confederate veterans will unite Memorial day in the dedication of the monument to the unknown dead of the Southern armies in Oak woods ceme­ tery, Chicago. All the South will be there in spirit, and the 7,000 graves will be strewn with arbutus blossoms from the mountains of Kentucky and Tennessee, tiger lilies from Georgia, roses and moss from Florida. And the shaft of the mon­ ument will rise from a bed of flowers gath­ ered by daughters, wives and sisters of those who fought and fell on Southern soil in the woods and fields for which they died. Gen. John C. Underwood, who went to Georgia to secure the flowers, has sent word that his mission has been suc­ cessful. They will be sent to Chicago in refrigerator cars. * While-the veil is being lifted from the monument generals of the Union and Con­ federate armies will stand by, shoulder' to shoulder. From the Southern side will be Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, Gen. John B. Gordon, Gen. W. W. Cabell and others, and from the Federal ranks will be Gen. Sehofield, Gen. Flagler, Gen. Lawler, Gen. Palmer and others. Hundreds of Confederates will be present, and Grand Army posts will participate in the dedicatory exercises and afterward will assist the Confed- clianicSi and has Invented, among oth­ er useful things, a telephone transmit­ ter of wonderful power which is likely to greatly increase the efficiency. J of that most useful instrument and make lark be heard 011 the earth. It is ad- ! from Japan amounted to $19,426,522, of mitted by all who know anything of the subject that agriculture would be im­ possible without the aid of birds, as tlie larvae and developed insects of all kinds would make a desert of the entire area of cultivated land. This is well known, yet all over the world the destruction of birds rages un­ checked, and no attempt is made to pro­ tect them, to interdict their public sale, and to enable them to nest and rear their young in peace. A scientific writ- which over $10,000,000 were silks, and $5,500,000 tea. The Chinese market for manufactured goods will never be much greater. The wants of the people are few, and it will be generations before they arc educated to the need of luxuries. Therefore the demand for foreign merchandise will in no .wise compensate for tlie competition they will offer. The opening of the coun­ try to manufactures will occasion a tem­ porary market for machinery, tools, rail­ way construction material and supplies SHE IS ABLE AND CULTURED. er has said that the destruction of the i nucl improved agricultural implements, individual is unimportant, but the de-f b,ut the Chinese are such clever imitators 4-,^ *1,. j . „ „,.i ,. 1 that they will soon be able to supp v struction ot the type is a crime. (He 1 ., . 11 • , 1 e 4 . 1 1 * 4.1 „ „ j themselves. was speaking of the destruction of the ' great auk.) As matters go now, unless j some stringent measures are taken, the ( birds of Europe will in the next century j be as extinct as is now the diornis. The | ornithophil societies of France and Switzerland have more than once writ- | ten to me that unless birds be protected in Italy they must perish all over Eu- | rope, since so great a variety of races ! wing their way to the South in winter, j and there are ruthlessly murdered.-- i Ouida, in the Nineteenth Century. Lucie Faure, Daughter of the French President, Soon to Wed. - Mile. Lucie Faure, whose engagement to Paul Deschanel, a member of the Chamber of Deputies, is announced, is one of the most brilliant Parisian society leaders. As daughter of the President of France, she plays an important part in the social functions given at the Ely see, where a hospitality, with a princely show now appears to be reproached with f^if^lt more than ever available for long- i.'.'w,,*0 distance work. The great power of the Instrument has been demonstrated in a curious way; By attaching his trans­ mitter to a telegraph wire he can make his voice heard distinctly by an opera­ tor sitting beside his instrument, any ordinary sounder, many miles distant. This is a great wonder to telegraph operator's, and many of them declare, until they have heard the sounder talk, that such a thing is Impossible. Non<^ of them ever knew anything like it in their experience. The discovery was miide entirely by accident, as many great discoveries have been, and the process will doubtless be Improved un- - til it will be possible, by attaching a good receiver to the line, in the place of a telegraph sounder, to fill a large room with the sounds of a human voice whose owner Is many miles away at the time. Several years ago a few young fol­ lows in an uptown .neighborhood, who desired to learn something of telegra­ phy, and find amusement at the same t.iiue; put in a small telegraphic system of. wires, and instruments connecting their several places of abode. They did not dream to ;what magnitude the system would grow. The West Side Private Telegraph Company to-day ban thirty or thirty-five members, aud about thirty-five miles of wire, touch­ ing nearly every street on the west side of the city from Black Rock to the Postal Telegraph office at the cor­ ner of Main and Niagara streets. The members intend that the company shall become an Incorporated body. Its lin§s are in splendid condition, and it Uses the regular standard wire, and No. 9 insulated wire where this is re­ quired to conform to the city ordinan­ ces. As the line is connected with tlie Postal Telegraph office, each member of the company can sit in his own home or office, wuerever his instrument may be, and transmit or receive messages to or from any part of the United States. The expense of maintaining the system is small. It is used to a con­ siderable ex:tent for commercial aud business purposes as well as for amuse­ ment. Indeed, it was on account of its demonstrated usefulness for other pur­ poses than the use of learners that this class of learners has been frozen out of its membership. On election night each member was able to get all the election returns at his own home. The wire is often used for a game of checkers between two players widely separated. One of the members of the company was sitting near his instrument at bis home the other day when he distinctly heard the call: "Hello! Hello!" two or three times repeated. An Investigation convinced him that the calls could have proceeded from no other source than the sounder. Opening the key, he began to inquire who had called, and learned that young Wilhelm had been calling through lvis:"tWWti|ttnitter. which was attached to the wire; to Mr. Woodruff, this way of communicating by means of transmitters and receiv­ ers being an ordinary one since tele­ phones came into use. Hardly able to believe his senses, the man asked Wil­ helm to sing a song, which he did. the tones of^his voice floating out into the room easily through the little instru­ ment. Other "pei^sms^liave heard the same phenomenon. A reporter for the Courier visited the residence-~on North Pearl street for rlie purpose of hearing a few songs modi­ fied somewhat by distance and by pas­ sage .through the little telegraph inst ru­ ment. Six persons wer&4n ...the room when the experiment was tried. Wil­ helm. at his home a mile or more away, sang "The Old (,).flken Bucket," "After the Ball," "Sweet Marie," "America," and "Old Black Joe." The tune in each instance was easily distinguished, and the inflection and modulations of the singer's voice were accurately re­ produced in the sounder, whence they floated out to the furthest corner of the room. It was wonderful, and all pres­ ent were much amused as well as sur­ prised. To get the best results in re­ ceiving in this way, the plate is adjust­ ed close to the magnet of the instru­ ment. That is all that is rekq lired .It should be mentioned that the opera­ tor's voice did not come in a direct course to the house by any means, but followed the system of wires for per­ haps fifteen miles before reaching there.--Buffalo Courier. smuiuw CON F151) 1511ATK MON I'.MEXT. vices took 40, fctone making machinery 17, and under t|tles, whose leading word is "steam," we find a record of 159 patents, against 165 for 1892, and 190 for 1891. All kinds of stoves obtained 16-1 patents, against 137 for the pre­ vious year. Three patents were issued for the telautograph, 58 for improve­ ments in the telegraph, against 59 for the previous year; 106 for the telephone, against S9 for the year before. The word "tire" stands first in the titles of 168 patents, against 116 for. 1892, and 159 for 1891. "Tobacco" 4&*,the first word in 51titles of patents, against ;ex- actly the same number for the year be­ fore, and 14 of these patents are for the tobacco" pipe. Seventy-one---patents New York Types. Dudes we have, but not in, such amusing numbers as London, nOr near- | ly so large a proportion of those elder lilies-of-tlie-paVement whose scientific name is "meu-about-town," all bloom­ ing precisely alike from the curve of their boot-tips to the minutest shaping of their collars and the tenor of theit speech; and the beautifully attired, beautifully self-satisfied, beautifully vacuous-looking old gentlemen who decorate the club windows and the parkways of London are present with us, only in rare examples. Again, cler­ ical types make default almost as whol­ ly as do military types; and with all our variety in feminine types, tlie dow­ ager hardly lives among us. To be a true dowager, not only age and social "experience anr~neededr-4tut-soeki4--de- erates in strewing flowers over the graves of their dead comrades. Surrounding the monument will lie four cannons, which were appropriated by a special act of Congress. Tlicy have not yet been placed in position, but will be before Decoration day. They were captured from the Fed­ erals at Chickatnauga and were after­ ward used with great effect by the Con­ federates in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca. Kenesaw Moun­ tain, Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta and Franklin, and were captured still later by the Union men at Nashville. When the veil falls an imposing monu­ ment forty feet high with pedestal of Ten­ nessee marble and statue of bronze will be seen. The figure will be recognized by every old Confederate'as that of a typi- •eaK^ojitheru infantryman. In tattered clothe-vbadly worn shoes, with stockings drawn over the trousers, he stands with folded arms, having no musket, and looks down as if in sorrow on the field where many of,his comrades sleep. The face of the monument will show a bronze seal of the Confederacy enlarged, with the in­ scription : Erected to the Memory of 6,000 : Southern Soldiers, Here ,f>Buried, : Who Died in Camp Douglas Prison, : 1802-65. : Tlie words "Confederate Dead" are on tlie base in large letters. On the eastern face is a bronze panel representing "a call to arms." The return of the soldier to his home is pictured 011 the west face. O11 the south side the soldier's last sleep is illustrated. MI.I.E. FA I'RE. M. DF.SC IIAXF.I.. voutness and an ingrained fine assump­ tion of great social power; so for this type" we shall have to wait until the generation now entering middle life sees its grandchildren growing _into manhood.--Century. Good Deal ol' Deviltry in It. Ibsen has finished his new work--a three-act,dra 111a which lie has mention­ ed as.(haying few persons but much "deviltry* in it. It is to be brought out in Norwegian and German just before Christmas. / The surest way to be a good husband is to be a bachelor. not equaled since the days of MacMa- hou, is extended. Miss Faure is a lady of great natural ability, cultivated, fond of poetry, somewhat of a philosopher and an author. A little book of hers, dealing with an excursion into Algeria, has been favorably commented 011 and holds forth the promise of more pretentious labors. ..Her betrothed is the author of several political and literary works, and at pres­ ent is connected with one of the leading Pnrini.-in journals. He- has held- several iniportant politicsTTpoSitTOTCt-a-ftd-^wa-SHiec©-- rated by the Sultan of Turkey. He is one of the leading orators in France to­ day. In 1891 lie visited this country to study our commercial and economic sys­ tems. , " RUSSIAN BEAR GROWLS. I May Interfere with Japan's Scheme of Squeezinc China. | The St. Petersburg Novoe Vremya says that if Great Britain has approved the territorial demands of Japan in regard to Manchuria and Corea, Russia will con- | sider herself relieved of the obligations j of common action and will oppose Japan o n l a n d a n d o n t h e s e a . -- -- ' Referring to this a Washington cor. Personal Notes. Mrs. Cressingliam is the champion of the sugar beet, bill in the Colorado Leg­ islature. She has already Worked the bill through the House. Mrs. Christie Washington, colored, has just died at c.Sonierville, N. J.. leaving her son an orphan. She was 116 years old and the orphan son ife 89. Minister Baker sends up an appeal from Nicaragua for a calendar, as there is not one in the City of Managua. He needs a calendar to keep time 011 the rev- oltrtions., 2 Russell Sage' stands up manfully for the Monroe doctrine, for tlie reason that Mr. Sage is a genuine American, and for the further reason that it doesn't cost anything to stand up. Joshua H.^Stover, of Staunton, Ya., lias been sentenced to the penitentiary for life for stealing three and a half pounds of bacon worth 37% cents. Stover is a white man, a carpenter, and a con­ firmed thief. Wade Hampton declares that women and horses are "just alike, and5 require the same treatment. There's only one way to get along with them:- Use your strongest curbs 011 the fast ones and lash the slow ones like the deviL" Praise that Came Too Late. A sermon in itself was preached late­ ly in a story told by a well-known bishop. It seems that a number of cler­ gymen were present to bear testimony to the life and influence of a departed colleague. One after another rose in their places to tell what they owed to his genius, his high spirit, unswerving loyalty to duty, splendid courage, rare scholarship, 4ind philosophic insight. The testimony was done. At the door all the time there stood a slender wom­ an who had been during his life nearest to him of whom they spoke. "I shall never forget her face--the passion of it and the pathos of it--nor the power, tender, but reproachful with which she spoke when at length we were still: 'Oh, if you loved Edward so, why didn't you tell him of it while he lived T " --Jewish Messenger. Gold in the Ocean. That gold should exist in the ocean is an induction that Dr. Henry Wurtz I claims to have presented in 1886, and in 1872 the discovery was announced by E. Sonstadt. A careful computa­ tion with the best data obtainable, 011 tlie basis of 0.9 grain of gold per ton sea water, about tlie proportion as­ signed by Sonstadt, shows that the great ocean should contain gold to the amount of over $80,000,000,000,000,000. The getting of some of this by Electro­ lysis, Dr. Wurtz now predictsJwill be one of the problems of the future. -- Society must let go of any man who has to work more than six hours a day, of his emplo3*er will. ' .u sr., Worthlessness comes mighty natdral to a man. ' . .--J-,