SHPWRECK OR COLLISON FOR WHICH CAPTAINS Apa! *° SEVERELY PUNISHED. Accidents are Most Serious te Skippers, Though 'Some. Ship- owners are Lenient. The recent running aground of the big transatlantic liner Prinzess Irene, near the port of New York, and the spectacular scenes ensuing whioh culminated in the freeing of ship, have brought to the fore the interesting question of what mes of captains who lose their ships, either with or without pas- eengers In the case of shipwreck or col- lision at sea the general rule of the big steamship lines has been that the captain who is at fault not only loses his place in the service but frequently has his certificate suspended by the eee author- ity. This is one reason why cap- tains prefer to go in with their ebips. A few companies, the North Ger- man Lloyd among them, are len- jent, giving commanders and oth- er officers another chance if their previous record is good and if the ship does not become a total loss. On the other hand, the White Star Line and others have a hard and fast rule that commanders who lose their vessels or are in a collision that costs the company a big sum of money, are to be dismissed. Captain Inman Sealby, who com- manded the i sunk after Italian liner Florida on January rd, 1909, Relriaw " no blame was attached to him for faulty naviga- tion or sixmauitio in Panes the vessel, was dismissed from the ser- vice, and is now studying admiral- ty law at the University of Michi- gan. All his sea career been with the White Star Line, and he had beén sixteen years in command in the China, Australian and Med- iterranean trades. PREHN RETAINED HIS SHIP. Capt. E. Prehn of the North Ger- | man Lloyd liner Prinz Friedrich | Wilhelm, backing out of his pier at Hoboken last September, went two-thirds of the way' across the river and collided with the out- bound French liner Lorraine, amashing in her bows and doing considerable damage to her plates. | ing He is still in command of his vessel, which is evidence that the directors considered he was not to blame Captain Sidney Leyland, in com- mand of the Atlantic Transport liner Minnehaha when she struck. on the Scilly Islands two years ago, and was afterward got off and re- paired, had his certificate suspend- ed by the British Board of Trade for three months and was dismiss- ed from the service. He had pre- viously grounded the company's liner Minnetonka at the mouth of the Thames, but without damaging the hull of the vessel. She was the ¢ Commodore ship and as a disciplin- ary measure Capt. Leyland was in of the Minnehaha He is now in charge of a number of dredges for the Panama Canal Commission at Cristobal, after fail- ing to get another sea command when his three months' suspensio expire Steamship companies look ask- ance at the mariner who loses his ship in igese days, but 40 or 50 years ago, when there was no of- ficial load line and coffin ships left ort frequently never to return, The master who could pile bis ship ap snugly on a sandy beach along the African coast for preference, without losing his crew, ways get plenty of work THE INSURANCE COMPANIES One of the chief factors millitates against a steamship com- pany giving a captain another com- mand after he has lost his vessel is | the insurance companies. From the lof the crew of the Gladiator could al- | a goats' which | - | negligence and aground before the passengers had ished their meal. That in all the cabs. This cause of about 400 officers esigning, as they were men good families and had Oriental Company is its junior amore from the 'British r ship cadet kin omnes TO MATE. the evening of March 4, 1907, the "Great Northern liner Dakota struck a rock near the Mojima Lighthouse, forty miles from Yoko- ama. The passengers and crew were landed at the fxhthouise. The Dakota proved a total loss. ors at Seattle heard evidence that Capt. Francke, the commander, was to blame, and the captain ap- pealed to George Uhler, Supervis- ing Inspector General of the Steamboat Inspection Service, who replied "T am forced to the conclusion that the stranding of the vessel and her subsequent total loss was due entirely to your careless and indif- ferent nayigation, as an hour ha fore the disaster you assu charge of the watch and: took "the bridge, and directed the niiviga- tion of the ship yoyrself."' Mr. Uhler ruled that the captain might be licensed as a chief mate of ocean steamers, and after having served two years as chief mate, might again be licensed as a master of ocean steamers. In a dense snowstorm the Amer- ican Line steamer St. Paul rammed and destroyed the British second- class cruiser Gladiator off the Isle of Wight on April 25, 1908. The The ; classes it is local Board of Steamboat Inspect- ! tectives, PICTURESQUE EXPRESSIONS OF THE UNDERWORLD. The Vocabulary of Criminal Slang! is Large and Hard to Understand, "Modern criminal slang has ex- pressiveness and applicability," says @ writer in Case and Comment. "It has taken our modern ciyiliza- tion to make the present day crim lect. Ro everybody the subject ap- peals-as interesting, but to certain vital mean all de- policemen, lawyers -- in short all persons in any way what-! ever connected with tration of justice. 'Crooks can converse'at will in the presence of the police or can -- to each other without being n the least understood by the un- initiated. The average policeman is known to the underworld as a 'harness bull,' and the criminal feels a contempt for the officer's knowledge. "Thieves from different parts of the country have different expres- sions, though after a 'meet' o Western and Eastern thieves an in- terchange of slang follows and one group readily picks up the sayings of the other. A critical study of this slang of the criminal world is interesting. "Take the pickpocket, who is called 'a gun.' 'A gun' is a thief who does not use force, which sounds like a paradox, but is nev- ertheless true. In this way he is bow of the St. Paul was damaged, | unlike the \ aia the strong arm and she was compelled to put back to port. Capt. Paul, and his chief officer, with the | regular pilot of the American Line, were on the bridge at the time of the accident. The Admiralty Court decided that the Gladiator alone was to blame. More than a score lost their lives. After the White Star liner Sue- vic struck near the Lizard ei years ago the London Trade suspended the certificate of her commander for three months, | having found that the disaster was 'due to the fault of Capt. Jones in maintaining full speed while head- as the land in thie weat women CAJOLED SKIPPER. A peculiar case, where a captain, lost his certificate as well as_ his ship, was that of the stranding of the cruising steam yacht Norse King in April, 1893, on the coast of Zante, when she had about 250 tourists on board, Capt. Wright was keeping a course about seven ' miles off the coast on a clear even- ing about 5 o'clock, when a depu- tation of the women passengers asked him if he could go a_ little closer in order that they could see the picturesque white villages which shone in the sunlight against the aoe covered hills in the back- grou The. skipper kindly altered his course accordingly, and the pas- sengers on deck cried out in admir- : "Oh, my, isn't is delightful o see so close Jona's isles, where Byron once lived? What a_ nice man the captain is!"' Just then there was a crash which changed the cries of admiration to screams of fear. The Norse King had gone hard and fast on a reef running out from the shore. The 250 passengers were three weeks on, Zante, living on dried currants, figs, wild pig and hard cheese made milk, in the land that yron trod. The first thing the passengers did on reaching land was to hold an | indignation meeting on a vine-clad | hill, denouncing the skipper for his signing robin to that effect. assow, of the St. 'ey' is what is 'or 'hoister' or highwayman A 'GRAF TER' IS A THIEF. lA complaint or charge i isa 'rap' and the complaintant is the 'rapper.' inal and to evolve his peculiar dia: 3 the adminis- | The one whose property is stolen is the 'sucker' and the Judge is the eak.' vA 'fall' is an arrest; 'fall mon- used to liberate a man from custody. 'To spring a man' is to bail him out. And to help square the 'sucker' and get a man off clear from any charge the 'underground wires' must be used. A pocketbook is a 'poke' and the man who jumps his bail, becoming a fugitive from justice, is a master.' "The thief who steals your pock- jetbook is the 'wire' or 'tool,' an the gang of three or more pick- pockets who travel together is called a 'mob.' A 'swell mob' is a gang that can hire first class le- gal talent and have good financial backing. When a man is convicted of crime he is 'settled,' or, to use the English phrase, 'unfortunate.' "If a girl loses her fellow through a court sentence she is 'divorced.' A 'swell mouthpiece' is a very good lawyer, while a very bad one is called a 'shyster.' A pickpocket is frequently called a 'dip,' vand in eer aes States a 'cannon. 'A shoplifter is called a 'booster, 'hyster,' and an ex- ceptionally smgrt one 'a swell boos- ter.' A green goods man when ply- ing his trade is said to be 'out of the spud.' Store thieves who steal jewelry are called 'penny weight- ers,' while thieves who tap store tills are called 'damp getters,' and when working are said to be 'out of the heel.' "Thieves who steal diamonds or other precious stones from the per- son are called 'prop getters' or 'stone getters.' A woman thief is called a 'gun moll,' and a male thief who makes a specialty of robbing women is called a 'moll buzzer.' 4 safe blower is called a 'gopher man,' 'peterman' or 'yeggman' an 'gerver.' An empty safe is called 'bloomer.' A second story worker who breaks and enters dwelling houses is called a hyena 'porch climber' and 'flat wor | d experts thinking. cata] THE PRESENT DAY GRIMINAL "st anzie rt o all necessary tails. A chief ot pallee is a 'buz- zard' or 'mean person,' and a 'good llow' is a thief, man or woman, who pays his bills A 'prison Stool p ile while a 'mush' is an wre 2 and a 'wipe' is a handkerchief. Track 13. and a washout' is a life sentence in a Western penitentiary, and 'Salt Creek' means in the electric chair. "**Anchor' is a stay of execution f sentence, and a 'lifeboat' is a ! pardon - 'Making the boast' is getting by 'the sutton board and obtaining a pardon. 'Shakedown' is paying for | police protection against your will, and a 'dead criminal' is one who has become discouraged, reformed or given up grafting. 'Rat' is a cheap thief who squeals on 'fall money' and refuses to pay his bills. "These are but a few specimens out of hundreds which might be given. The vocabulary of criminal slang is large, and strangely enone there runs through it a vein of good natured humor.' a ayers GREY ARMY UNIFORMS. Germany and France Have Adopt- ed These Colors. Germany has set the fashion for new army service uniform. Khaki has had its innings. It was adopted by the British. army and | g. spread to practically all the arm- jes of the world. Then it was dis- covered that although khaki color was very suitable as a service dress for soldiers in the dusty plains of Africa and India, it was hardly ef- ficient against the green Summer backgrounds and grey-white win- ter coloring of a European ter- rain, A German officer wandering on the Indian frontier had his atten- tion drawn to the peculiar slate- colored body-cloths affected by the Yaghistan Afridis. He was told that the reason this color was so generally worn was that it disap- peared rapidly on a rock-bound hillside, even in a blazing sun, and became invisible at a few feet dis- tant in the night, and that it was used by the Afridis as an artificial protection in their blood feuds by day and thieving expeditions by night. He returned to Berlin with a@ report that set the army clothing As a result of exhaustive tests the German general staff hit upon a blue-green-grey mixture that blended with the Summer green and the blue-grey Winter shadows of European scenery. Trials have given entire satisfaction, so muc so that bodies of hussars when wearing the new uniform were mis- taken for parties of led horses. France has now decided to adopt a similar color, and the Ministry of War has selected a light grey- green for the kit that is to super- sede the. blue great coat and the red trousers that French soldiers have worn in victory and defeat for half a century. Two battalions tak- ing part in this year's French man- oeuvres will be supplied with uni- forms made from the new mater- ial. hh LONDONERS '"'SLEEP OUT." Take Up Health Fad in Order to Tone up Jaded Nerves. The latest health fad in London, England, is to "sleep out" either on balconies or in tents and many persons are having huts erected in their gardens with one side open, or screens fitted to their balcon- cause it has been breathed again doing it begause they are consump- tive or anything like that, but sim- ply because they thin« it is the fin- est thing in the world for nerves, and because it tones up the whole system SLEEP'S MYSTERIES. Some Strange "Facts That Await Scientific Explanations. Sleep is one-the many scientific mysteries that still await solution. What it is exactly nobody knows, says the London Pictorial. But many curious facts: have recently been discovered about i by the world's savants. or instance, when we sleep the lower half of us weighs more than the upper half. The brain is light- er and-the legs are vier. Ex- periments have shown that if a Bus- This is rine te the fact that when we are asleep the blood in the brain goes off to other parts of the ody. The moment the rain awakes to life again it draws the blood back. In fact, a doctor can ring the most restless of individ- uals sleep in a few seconds tightly compressing the great ar- teries in the neck which carry blood to the brain So, in sleep, the brain is lighter and the feet are heavier. Perhaps that is why policemen have bane known to sleep on their beats. But, then, cases have been known of long-distance cyclists sleeping on the saddle, of infantrymen sleeping on the march, of wearied pianists dozing as they struck the keys. In fact, almost any part of the brain may be awake, several parts, in- deed, at once, and yet is owner may be fast asleep. A man may talk, walk, sing, type, solve mathe- matical problems and yet be safely in the land of N One of Cole- ridge's finest poems--"Khubla Khaa"--was the work of a sleeping brain. The famous "Devil's Sona- ta" came as a pleasant surprise to its composer, Tartini. He found it on the table when he got up one morning. He had written it in the sigs while asleep. In fact, exactly what part of the brain it is that does sleep it is hard to decide. Our sense of time, for instance, is stronger when we are asleep than when we are awake. Experiments conducted some years ago on a number of men and wo- men between the ages of 20 and 30 showed that 59 per cent. of them were able to wake up in the morn- ing at any time they had decided upon the night before. The resolv seems to wind up a little clock on the subconscious brain. When the hour has arrived the clock gives, in some mysterious way, the alarm to the day shift of the brain, and the eyelids open. And then the night shift goes to sleep in turn. At any rate that clock does not seem to work in the daytime. Resolve some morning to pull out your watch when 11.30 comes round, You won't, except by chance. Another curious fact about sleep is that the further a part of the body is away from the brain the less soundly it sleeps. A touch on the toe will awaken you much more readily than a touch on the should- er. Some scientists hold that we do not really need sleep at all, that it is a relic of primeval times, when there was no such thing as artifie- ial light. Some way had to be found of passing the blank time of night, and so someone invented sleep. It may be remarked that this was some invention. ee Sear EFFECTS OF INTENSE LIGHT. Fatigue Amount Received. Retinal It is not so much the intensity of the light focused on the retina as it is the quantity received by that sen- ; sensitive organ that causes re tinal | fatigue or worse. the great snow fields of the arctic regions the natives protect their eyes from the | glare of the snow by goggles made of hollowed pieces of wood in which | Depends on the | for payment; | that--well, lend of Jones, ABOUT THE GLITTER OF A LIT. TLE EXTRA GOLD. e An Increase in Salary is Some times the Ruination of People. A rise in salary seems a desir able thing, yet it has before now Proved to be the undoing of 1, man, and has led to human suffer ing and sorrow of all sorts and conditions, says Pearson's Weekly. rue, @ rise in salary ought nof to have any such effect, but all de pends on the man who receives it-- and his wife, for very often the wife is the factor who most counts in the way of bringing disaster when a man is advanced in th world. In the first place, with a greai many couples, a substantial rise ix salary means an advance in man other directions--to put in plainly, man who is advanced is oftes poorer after his rise than he wat --, A good rise, you see, means is many cases, a better style a liv- ing, @ more ample board, and se ing,a more ample board and some times it involves a higher rent, and of course, with a larger house ad- ditional furniture has to be pur- chased, new carpets, and many other sundries. After his rise in salary Jones, instead of a plain steak at dinner requires something better an more costly. Result, an increased bill at the butcher's. His briar pipe is not nearly so .iuch used, and cigars take its place, and so! on; a general increase all round takes place. PRINT BLOUSES WON'T DO. And if Jones breaks out in new directions, what about Mrs. Jones? Well, naturally enough, she in- sists of having a share of the good things going; print blouses won't do after a fine rise in salary, no, but silk ones quite fill the bill. And then she is amongst a better class of neighbors in the new house to which they have removed. How are those neighbors' houses de- corated and adorned? In due course, by mixing with' her new-found acquaintances, she finds out, and then Jones finds out ng his banking account will have to be drawn on, for has not his wife discovered that they are "no class'? compared with their neigh- bors? She absolutely insists on being upsides with these other ladies, and thus spends a lot of good mon- ey in buying curios, and other knick-knacks, until in the end Jones' increase has quite disap- peared, and he is much worse off than he formerly was. GRIPPED BY DEBT. Alas, in too many cases the man who has got a fine advance g straight ahead until he is in clutches of that grim monster debt, and even when in the clutches of that fiend he still goes on hoping! against hope--hoping for goodness knows what. Bills cannot be settled, creditors become pressing, settlements are! demanded. ones perhaps man- ages to raise a loan, and thus gets a few of his more persistent credit- ors paid off, but the loan stands, and more often than not it has been obtained from a moneylender, for such men as Jones will not ga to a business friend or a well-off neighbor and confess that he is in financial difficulties. Then in due course interest is not paid to date--Jones, in short,' falls quite behind; the moneylend-, er cannot. get his cash, he presses he cannot get a pen-: so he sues Jones with the result often enough poor Jones is sold up, lock, stock, and barrel, and that is sometimes the for in certain cases he is dismissed from his situation ny. King was a_ total Wright had his certificate suspend- | 'Turn out' is to p hee hai eons jed for twelve months. larrest and put a man on the street. |The go-between of lobbyists who | buys up legislators, is called the gravel train,' because he has the 'rocks' whereby he can debauch legislators, and the lobyist himself is known to the criminal world as a they have made smal] holes te#loek on account of his reputation. YOU GO. through. This, says the Opti cal Re- CREEP BEFORE view, reduces the quantity of the i light which passes into their eyes} This is no uncomms is case 3 | Scores of men go just like" Jones; with consequent relief from the j men are passing through the same glare. look through a|experiences every day. rise in So, too, if we minute pinhole dise at the sun we} Salary, beautiful as it looks at 'the sometimes spells ruin, ab- can endure the bright light | moment. time a man gets command of a ship his record is kept at Lloyd's Agency, London, in a big book al- | phabetically antenge?, so that - erwriters can refer at once ; ee Ce -- "ot a captain when he is| DOWN WITH THE HOUSE FLY. appointed to a new ship Capt. Dunning, in command of the Cunard liner Slavonia. when! "The human system wants plenty of oxygen," said a physician, who is interested in the movement, 'and the time when the air is best is in the early morning, when the air in bedrooms is at its worst be- ies for this purpose. They are not and again in the night. Huts are --__--k At an illustrated lecture in Phil- | jadelphia recently Weidman, the pathologist, said a single fly she struck on Flores Island June 11, 1900, and-became a total | loss, was reprimanded severely by | tificate was not suspended. He had to leave the Cunard service. however, and is now the Marine | superintendent of the United Fruit Company. . Capt. Le Horn, formerly Com- modore of the Peninsular and Or- iental Navigation Company, stranded his vessel, the China, off Perim Island in the Red Sea in 1897. It cest the company about $400,000 to get her -off. At the court of Inquiry it was andved that the second officer, who was on the bridge while the captain was at dinner, had sent down three notes by the quartermaster to inform the captain that the ship was rapidly nearing Coal House Point, and that the course should be altered. It was the birthday anniversary -- of 'Lady. Brassey, one -of the passen- 's, who sat at the captain' ht on | speck contained 3,000 bacilli, produced the requized the same time the E as disease carriers their scope activity was beyond estimation. the Court of Inquiry, but his cer-| a, the best means of ridding the the stylish hotel beat is called a ;country of these pests, he advised la plentiful use of lime and of kero- < effectual | sene, together with screening of the windows and burning or burying of refuse. As to shopkeepers--grocers and _ but- chers particularly--he believed that unless all foods were properly screened and the customer pro- tected from the fly-specked food, a boycott would be established by housekeepers. the | * An Englishman, who was in the company of an Irishman, thinking to take a rise out of him, said :-- "Pat, I will give you eight'n pence (eight in°pence) for a shilling." Pat thought for a moment, then, div- ing his hand in his trousers pocket, ing. At and of: 'dress suit burglar. "The thief who robs men is called a 'lush toucher,' drunken -and 'baron.' A lodging house is called a 'doss house,' and to sleep is to A restaurant is a 'dump' or 'beanery,' and a convict who- works 'the churches and is insincere in his | profession of religion is termed a 'mission stiff." A minister is called a 'sky jilot' and a Catholic priest is call ed a 'Galway' or 'buck.' 'A prison turnkey is alluded to as a 'screw' and prisun food is called 'steamed gru e tographed and ' placed in the line at police head- nuaiaaes for identification and ex- mone to the gaze ut probable 'rap- rs." loss.' AN 'IRISH CLUBHOUSE' is the police station, and mo rey. is a an 'ink pot' is. a resort for low characters. on 2 ee generally made so that they can be closed to keep the winds out, but though persons usually close them at first in windy weather, in a few days' time they leave them wide open, wind or calm. The whole idea is to breathe perfectly fresh air all the time one is sleeping. Another physician, _ however, ers @ warning "not to take to sleeping out, even in summer, un- less you have been accustomed to plenty of fresh air in your ryuom. door man who can fold himself up in a blanket and go to sleep under the stars with impunity, at any rate, without special preparation. But healthy rsons can train themselves to Py this and the gain to overworked nerves can hardly be overestimated.' ae ze onl froveeniry ao 'Nor- Be of- M rs. bed-| a -trore It is only the hardy out-of- | different. oonG stated: very much longer than when with the naked eyes. If we at a distant electric are hight there is no retinal fatigue, while if we look at the same light from a short distance there is great discomfort, and vet the two retinal images are of equal brilliancy, only in the first case this image is very much smal- ler than in the second case; that is » quantity of light is very much look | Then there is the flaming electric light which is now to be found in all of the large cities of thé coun- try.. This light is much Jess brilli- ant than that of the are light, and yet its size is so great that this more than makes up the difference, and it is therefore very glaring and uncomfortable to look at. In skia- scopy it is possible to use a very in- tense light if it is made emall in area, and for the reasons above EE Re aA Ta In this era of expensive living the we look | | that complete; and keep in mind, ye who 'grumble ab- out your small salaries. Were they increased there is no saying what! would happen to you; you might be brought precious near to the work- house, for all you know to the con- trary. Of course, on the you might be able to oughly enjoy an advance Fortunately, we are not all like! Jones, and some of us have sen-, sible wives who do not hanker af-, ter the impossible. A man should creep before he tries to go, and he who receives on adygnce should remain where is, and be contented with all a has, house, furniture, and every- thing, till he finds out just exactly what his rise means. If he finds he can afford better things let him have them--when he knows how many of those. "better. things" he can comfo or, without getting intg easy to get into it it ie: } solute and other hand, most sien in sala