simple Explanation 1 as a How. 'Teeth Are. Made A os and How the Nerves Tell You When" ; ee is eee There are a few more painful¢ things than a toothache--tic dol- 'ourenx and an abeoss in the middle ear, for example--but none that causes such widespread suffering, for few persons aro fortunate enough to pass through life without being afflicted by it. The diagrams that this article were drawn with the purpose of explaining graphically why it is that a diseased tooth is eo acutely painful. Look firet at the smaller dia gram, which shows a canine tocth in a serve how a tooth is constrficted First of afl, on the optGd le, is the enamel, the hardest "substance in the human body. This forms the cutting edge and covers the entire exposed surface of the tooth, inside and out. It is purely mineral, and very like the enamel that coats our china: cups and saucers and i asic le Pocaiog Me cen 2 filled jwith what dentists.call pulp oruérve. This consists of a nerve, a small artery and a vein. These are the life of the tooth. The ar- tery supplies it with blood, which penetrates through mioroscopically emall channels called canaliculi throughout the dentine. The vein carries the blood away. The nerve is a sensory nerve; that it, it carries sensation or feel- | * ing from its endings back to the rain. Now let us trace a toothache back from its source. Let us say that first upper molar has a cavity in it. This meahs that. acids from the caliva and from decaying food have perpetrated come minutecrack' in the enamel] and have gradually eaten a hole in the dentine. This | dentine is slightly sensitive, becom- ing more so as the pulp cavity is approached. If the hole has been neglected and has exte right to the pulp cavity the tooth Every chan of heat or cold strikes cane nerve. Every bit of food that lod gc upon me wots we s not ot reached p carey the Zh is not sagstiek Each Root Has a Nerve. The molar a of Sos up: the fo 6 and nose that ee ts ten tee cle is the means by which the brain omar the movement of the or- gans of mastication. In the ganglion these three prin- cipal oe unite, to form what " fs e fifth or trigeminal "nerve. hie is the largest that is- sues direct from the brain, and is - .ealled trigeminal because it springs from three roots. root of-its motor fibres is on the floor of the * fourth ventricle, whence spring most of the other nerves from accompany oul. toothache--s' ache as ii v sauood by an - Na ---- rd the rs Pag Diagram of-the Nerves that Feel ie a Toothache. A, B, C, -roots of fifth or tri- ge minal nerve. D, Gass serian ganglion, where the nerve gives off three branch-* es. E, to the eyelids, forch and nose; F, to the upper jaw, whenee a nerve runs into each of the upper teeth and a emall branch goes to the nostril; G, to the lower jaw a: nd tongue, which again divides into three; H, (cut off in the diagram), sup-~ plying the outer surface of the ear.and temple; J, which 'sends a@ nerve into ea "the lower teeth and a emal] branch to the pane the third branch, the root which is seen cut off to the an of 'the letter G, is a motor nerve which eupption : the mus- cles in, mastication. % an 2 Tee = i al ate na ie (kad 6 Toot = es brain ; Pees *, te aos of the fourth ventricle, the tri- angular apace seen just above the letter B. further forward, almost in the mid- die of the lower brain; the other is down in the spinal cord about level with the base of the neck. Such is the complex telegraph system that transmits the news of n accident or an injury from the sooth to the brain. The junction of so Many nerve twigs into branches, these into boughs, and these again into trunks, explains why it is often £0 difficult to tell which tooth it is that aches. For Seis gph are 0 close together and so nnaccus- tomed to being used that the eensa- tion of pain carried by the larger branch into which they. all run may easily. -become one of general pain in that region. a Acute Ache. Section of a tooth. whenoe @ duplicate message runs up the radu. There is another nerve, called the facial (seen ont off below the tri- geminal), which supplies the mus- cles of the face, that with which we have been dealing supplying only the surface, except in the case of the teeth. But a small 'branch of the facial nerve unites with a emall ona | of the trigemi brain. Ono of its sensory rocts is the message of pain reaches the brain, a cod ee ten does, the tooth SHADE TREES SUFFER. t Assot. Dr, Fernow says that in walk ing along the streets of any city one will find at least from twenty-five to fifty per cent. of , the trees in & damaged condition."? In the small towns of eastern Ganeda it is safe cent. of the shade-trees need atten- tion, for, unlike the cities, towns employ no "tree doctors" to guard the health of the trees, and larly, and often carelessly. Yet if the shade-trees in many of chief attractions would be gone, There are several reasons: why the trees in these old towns require | special. attention. The jef is probably .duse to defective crown deer' opment, the result of over- crowding: Misshapen and weakened crowns result in excessive wind- broak, and ragged breaks, i untrimmed, provide the best possi- le entrance for fungi.and insect able, unassisted, to shake off these foes, are slowly dying through ne-) glect. Mature trees, cies should will pe are ne | to}: Municipal shade-' trees are not, strictly speaking, wood-lots, but municipalities so de- ciring could doubtless secure the advice of this expert semanas the trees reuiring remov x CHINA'S NOTED IRON MINE. In the World. China's famous iron mine, the Tayeh, the foremost in the Far East, is especial] € ease with which it is worked. Tt| Ham stands peerless in the world in this respect, excavation requiring no machine power. The work is done by hand by the Chinese coolies. The mine is reputed to be inexnust- ible in its ore. In the days of the "three kingdoms' the locality formed a theatre of pleovy fighting, and the vicinity abounds in relics of that momocehte period in Ohinese history. It is about 3,630 Obinese miles from Pekin overland, . Tayeb-, Hsien is traversed by ranges of hills and mountains, the valleys of which abound in innumerable lakes of all sizes, with water course facili- ties. The locality is rich in scenery of great -beauty, and the Chinese found the alte of ancient foundries ably 1,000 years old. Millions o cS of slag lie in heaps. eae, Meee Architects In. France. orer small, to be erected in France ut service of an are bes hot Only draws the plans, but actually supérintends @ work. Usually it is he who orders the building material and assures him- self that its quality is up to the Epecifications an, requirements. The contractor and -- his workmen perform their duties in conformity with the architect's orders, and the latter, who is usually a man with capital, advances -the funds re- quired in order that the contractor need not wait for payment until the building is completed. Mofeover, the French law imposes on the since he, as well as the contractor, is responsible for all defects of-con- struction during a perd of ten years. It ia at least without footing: Tp + rma Carchéas of Impor-} > to say that at least seventy-five per}. these }, even trimming is done but irregu-]; these | th towns were destroyed one of their pests, so that a great number off these fine old shade-trees, which because of their very age are un-) .} population of 4,518,191. "What. is this London which has a pop' 4, 21,085 at the census of-1911. This 4s obviously the London to which 'the American writer refers, for the 'Hegistrar-General, in his-last quar- terly return of births, marriagés */and deaths, estimates that the pop- tation of the county in the middle 'of 1913 was 4,518,161. But it is not London, it were it would be in @ bad way, for the estimated figure is lower than that of the last cen- sus, which in,its turn showed a de- 'crease on the census of. 1001. This of whatever spe-}, " j sth ' out the owher's consent. If thish.th: provision were - acted' | Be the old to ----4 natu: The Taych Is the Easiest Worked notable for the Ham It is unusual for a house, how-| architect a serious responsibility, } is fis 'not Mechottan ; or eve Manhattan and the 'Bronx, the two boroughs which 'make up the New York that' most 'of us kmow. Greater New York consists of five boroughs--Manhat- tan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Richmond. ere is a Greater . boo, and it is a much more homo community than Greater New York. Wandsworth | ® esces with Wimble- 1 os much *Lohdon suburbs as BStrea-|* tham, Hampstead er- amith, case is different with New,. York. -Nobody doubts' that the rapid growth of the population of the «boroughs of rookiyn, Queens, and Richmond is primarily an outgrowth of New York. But New York, with its geographical limitations, cannot expa: like London, which simply extends its streets on every side. The boroughs of Brooklyn and are di- vided by the East River from New York proper, aid the Borough of Richmond is eR eepeln us with these five boroughs sate Sia seen New York, the any pone e po m in the middle of 1913 wee "88, We are told that population of Greater New York ig still nearly two mil- lions short of its ambition. Areas of the Two Cities. New, York, however, if its citi- zens desired, might put in a fur- er claim. The area of Greater London is nearly 693 square miles; that of Greater New York is only about 826 square miles. ° Why should-not New York, for the pur- pose of population 'statistics, be held to include the neighboring' dis- tricts on the other side of the Hud- tis true that they are State--that of New Jer- Polat: that they are separated from New York proper by a chan- nel which has not been bridged and which gives a passageto the Imper- Say' 1, 1913, ane hay London 'with | 9; compar? mataged to save bi hemmed Again, in 4 Sree | ay Fe = é a0) F F ' | 3 at in ghee prom" Germany e Berlin, 'and more Irish pling 5 lin, - Stil there are more - c ers than New Yorkers, ------ WHEN COLD SPELLS CASH. Workers Who Gain Profit Through | It lasted for four days and nights. In England there was frost. on every one of those nights, while snow fell in parte of France and there was frost. all through Northern Italy, says London An- swers. In those days the art of protect- ing fruit trees from frost by smoke was practically unknown. It hap- pened, however, that a yine grow- ér, named Glaretie, was burning a on the day that.the firot rost came, and in 'the morning he toned that the smoke hanging over the ground had preserved his vines from the cold. He took the hint, and kept bie emudges burning, and he alone, in- the whole co' ibe of 895, frost cote, naphthaline and' water, caue- ing a most toomnenciongs smother of smoke. "But the growers wanted some- thing to give -- ofa rik 7 temperature. A Sternberg invented a double: or named shaped thermometer, in which the mercury, as it falls in both tubes at once, automatically, makes a double connection of electric se @s soon as freezing is ed. sets an ring. , ing, and it goes on ringing until nnected. Norway ig oy us with ioe in hot weather, and the main reason phy the rivers of GS Bornay furnish excellent salmon - fishing is that they are supplied by glaciers ed the which, melting slowly spring summer, keep a good supply of run- water all the year round. most people are aware, these Nor- wegian rivers fetch very | renta. It is nothmg to give two or three -hundred pounds for a five or six mile stretch of water. A Norwegian named Larsen was the owner of a small salmon river, which, however, he found difficult t rent at all. This was owing to the fact that it was one of rapids, with hardly any ; Saimon won't lie in rapide. The more pools there are in a river, the better for the. fish fishing. Pools may be made, even in a swift. river, by damming it with largo rocks, and n often thought of doing 80, but considerations of cost frightened him. One hard winter, when the river was a mass of ice, he saw his boy "sending stones sliding across the frozen 6u . This put an idea into his head, and getting men to Work, he 'eet to blasting rocks out of the aliffe and a ae down the -steep banks. had enough, he laid them "dam fashion across the river on the ice. As soon as the thaw came, they simply fell through, making a very | carried fine pool behind them. The following .winter he pursued the same plan, and in the course of ! three or four years he had made a dozen fine pools, and increased' the value of his river, fr@n.about fifty to over five hundred pounds a year. Rian Degree. Tapper--What-is it a man Jongs" most for after he's been married a! few years? Capper--A bachelor's | degree. Mr. Moore, Relief Olerk, Newr- -jhae been a' the seven candidates nu agriculturists and cattle breeders} The Enniskillen Rural Oounci have elected Mr. Wm. Anderson aa Board de} to serve on of Directors of the Clogher Valley, Railway, A Cork 5 the newd of- Kir. O'Brien's wen tiontlet: fog the Chiltern Hundreds, has crea' a sensation in local political . sircles/ has removed ancther ghd centenarian from West Limerick. -'Two women were instantly killed and two others gériously injured by the 'collapse of a floor of a barn ot carter named J has been returned tor tr trial to County Tyrone Assizes for bevind caused the death of a horse by stab< bing it to d The death of Mr. G. B. Langran, M.R.C.V.8., which occurred Newbridge 'recently after a short illness, has evoked 'widespread sym pathy in the -- The death has occ at. Clin. maulin, County Fermanagh, wot Mrel Tummer, at the age 79. Bhd leaves over 100 pill Rd wha all over the globe. On the farm of Thos, Far "sa "4 Leyland Bridge, County sow of, the large aes Sse Ne , has had 'a litter of 27, all healthy. A motor car, while let unatten:' 'As | Owner could apply the. brakes ; Mi man chael Dillon was knocked down and eeriously in4 jured. Fr. Foreign Burean Finds All Nations . Owe $42,960,000,000. A debt of $42,960,000,000 is the © total shown in the accounts of all - the netions of the world, accordi ey the bureau of universal stati ties, anigh hae just announced it rec {Pr the year 1912, Of total public indebtedness thirty. two mitiards are charged aya' Europe alone. A century ago public debt of all c&untries amo inde only a little over seven mil s. population of the earth nen is hee over 1,8900,000,000, an in crease of 140,000,000 in p last four years, according to the bureau Asia now has 933,000,000; - Euro; 484,000,000; Africa, America, 187, 000,000 ; 000. The . world's commerce. no amounts to $40,600,000,000 and it on by 565, 802 sailing shi and 47,714 steamers. Other figu show a total of 625,000 miles of rail< ; roads or enough to girdle the globg twenty- -five times. --- The star pupil rose at the school entertainment to declaim his piece,} 'Lend me your ears!'? he bawied,! - "Huh ("? sneered the mother of the defeated pupil. anes Sarah Jane 'Doran's boy, right enough. wouldn't be his mother's eon if he | didn't want to bormw something I ESTIMATES DEBTS OF WORLD! 188,000,000 574 -