'Our conception of the criminal is changing. When a man, and espe- jeially a young man, a first offender, is brought before the bar, where his Cees his entire life, hangs in the balance, we hesitate. Instead of| a | gooepting the evidence of guilt with- 'out question and meting out pun- 'Ishment acoordingly, we have learn- ~ ted to look for causes, We are be- - ginning to proceed upon the theory 'that no man would willingly thrust ae knife into his. own back--and that is what committing a crime and be- 'ing sent to jail or the 'gallows for it means. We inquire, therefore, why did he do it? Was he misled by 'improper © surrou 1 Was it 'want and poverty that forced him to criminal ways? Or was it, perhaps, natural disadvantages 1 Is his brain defective? Is he suffering from in- jury or disease which makes him ir- responsible, and consequently sub- ject for the hospital, the sanitarium or insane asylum instead of the re- Sangiony, the prison, or the is lows ? t In this new altitude toward the criminal we are not alone. Most of the advanced nations of the world have. adopted it. . that the criminal is a special type, is.of a race apart, has given way before a scientific research. .Envi- ronment -- bad:environment -- pov- erty, and disease are coming to be accepted pretty widely as the chief sources of crime. This often too great emphasis on environment has been asgailed fré6m many quarters. Among those disapproving of such overstraining of the environment theory and neglecting heredity an other influences entirely is the noted Italian student of the subject, Baron Raffacle Carofalo, whose monumental work on '"'C riminal- ogy" has just been published in English. Nevertheless, this view is gaining ground and, even accord- ihg to Baron Carofalo, has already done much good, for it has acted as a check on the tehdency to impose haphazard sentences on orimin the sort of sentences which are char- acterized as a "'leap in the dark" and harm both the criminal and so- The criminal should be studied, not after sentence has been passed upon him and he has been confined in an institution, but at the time he is tried. The result of such study should determine his sentence. ---- THE JOKE WAS ON PUCCINI. How the Great Musician Criticized His Own Opera. There are ingenious and quick- witted newspaper reporters in other lands than ours--even in Italy, where, perhaps, we should not much expect to find them. Once when Puccini, the Italian composer, was visiting in Milan, he attended a per formance of his opera, "Tosea," in order to study the effect of certain parts of the production upon the audience. The master entered the house unknown, bought a seat in the pit, and was greatly pleased with the display of enthusiasm over his opera, says the Youth's Com- panion. At the end of the opera, he writes, the enthusiasm increased to a de- lirium; a young lady who was sit- ting next to me became highly in- censed because I did not also join in the applause; and with a stare and an insolent toss of her head, she said : "Why don' t you applaud the mas- terpiece f"? "Masterpiece,"' said I, = 'Don' t you believe "What, don't you gic?' "No" work!' "You do not about music, I ta mv neighbor. That was enough. I began to tell + her how, according to the rules of thorough bass and counterpoint the opera of "Tosca" was a very poor preduction. I showed her how a certain aria reminded the hearer of VeXrdi, and a chorus of Bizet. In fact. I left nothing unsaid regard- ing the whole opera. When I had scornfully. "ike the mu- I said. 'It is amateurish understand much ke it," remarked finished, my neighbor politely in- - . quired: : 'Ts that your honest opinion, really and. truly?' " . '"Absolutely.'"' "Well, I don't know,'" she said, doubtfully, and disappeared in the crow The 'next morning I came down to}: breakfast, intending to read my newspaper in peace; but the first thing that confronted me was a headline in heavy type--Puccini Criticizes His '*Tosea.'? And there I read in black and white all the sharp things that I had said the NOTES AND COMMENTS | g* The old theory | P!€s Frait Desserts. pros gana Cie dee Bess , two cups dry breadcrumbs, one-fourth cup water, one-fourth poon- nutmeg, one brown sugar. and - buttered baker one gos or until the epples are tender. Serve with hard s Coddied. Apples.--Core choice ap- ples, arrange in a flat saucepan, fill the cavities of the apples with sugar and add water to the depth of a couple of inches. Cook until ten* der, adding more water, if. neces- sary. Remove the apples to a serv- ing dish. Cook the syrup until pina pour over the apples an "Ceneate of Apples.--Make sugar syrup. If the apples lack flavor, lemon peel and cinnamon. .| Pare, core and cook the apples in this syrup until tender. Drain, fill the centres with red jelly, sprinkle with sugar and glaze in the oven. Serve with whipped.cream or with the sugar syrup thickened. Peaches e pears may be used instead of ap- Peaches and Cream.--Cut choice, ripe peaches in halves, remove the stones, fill the cavities with sugar, arrange on a pretty serving dish, cover with whipped cream and serve. Reked Apple Sauce.--Pare and core the apples. Put them in a deep earthen baker, sprinkle with sugar, add water to prevent burn- ing and cook slowly for three to five hours. The apples keep their shape and are a red brown in color. Baked Bananas.--Peel firm' bana- nas, cut in halves lengthwise, then crosswise. Place in a deep earthen baker, sprinkle with sugar an lemon juice and bake slowly for se- eres ours. Serve with maple sauc Grange Cups.--Cut the oranges in halves and remove the pulp and juice. Mix the orange pulp with an equal quantity of seeded malaga grapes and bananas cut in smal pieces. Fill the "oups" with this mixture and, when ready to serve, place a cone of whipped cream on top of each. Grape-fruit may be used instead of oranges. Prune Whip.--Cook the prunes '| slowly until they become plump and soft. Press through a strainer and sweeten slightly. the hot prune pulp to the well-beaten white of egg beaten constantly. Prune whip baked is called prune souffle. Apricots, peaches or ap- ples may be used instead of prunes. Apple Tapioca.--Soak one-half cup of tapioca overnight in cold wa- ter to cover. Pare and core tart apples, allowing one apple for each person. Place the apples in a cover- ed baker. Sweeten the tapioca, add water and pour over the apples. The liquid should half cover the apples. Bake slowly until the tapi- oca is clear and the apples tender. Serve plain, with whipped cream or maple syrup. Cakes. Buttermilk Cake.--One cup but- termilk, one-half cup fat, one tea- spoon soda, one-fourth pound rais- nis, one-fourth teaspoon cloves, oné cup cream, one teaspoon salt, one- half pound currants, one-fourt pound cinnamon, one-fourth tea- spoon nutmeg, flour to make very stiff. Mix in the usual way. This makes a large loaf. Frost or not as desired. Chocolate Nougat Cake.--One- quarter cup butter, one and one- half cups sugar, two eggs, one cup sour milk, two cups bread flour, one-half teaspoon soda, three tea- spoons baking powder, three squares chocolate, melted; cne- half teaspoon vanilla, one- third cup powdered sugar, one cup absedded blanched almonds. Cream butter} and sugar, aiid the eggs unbeate:, | mix and add alternately the sour milk. to which the soda is added, and the flour, powder is added. 'Add the vanilla} and almonds. To the melted choco- late add the powdered sugar and | the sweet milk; cook until smooth. Cool slightly and add to the cake mixture. Bake in loaf and frost. Houschold Hints. Fruit jars can be easily opened if you will take hold of the top with a piece of sandpaper. Corks may be made airtight and watertight 7 keeping them.,im- mersed in oil for five minutes. ~ A little flour sifted irito the fat] b efore frying mush will prevent the fat from 'sputtering and flying. When boiling potatoes add just a little sugar'as well as salt. They are far more floury than if only sait is added Old 'stocking tops make a good covering for fruit cans and shut- ting out the light helps- preserve the fruit. Bread that is stale can be made delightfully fresh in the following way: Tie the loaf up in a damp cloth and place in a paper bag and previous evening. The young wo- man was a musital reporter. She had recognized me, and had led me! on to criticize the whole opsra, without my having the slightest sus: | picion of her connection with the press! place in the oven. When the bag is hot, take the bread out. _To clean varnished paint wash in water which has been allowed' to stand on used. tea leaves for a few minutes. Use a clean flannel and ry with a clean towel ¥ to which the baking | Mr, Danielis, w y years eoeMfbad for Charles hed wither in this intimate capaci MR. JOSEPH: DANIELLS * ho is now emplh ed in on phy Park, London, wae for ckens., began to serve the distin ty ne he was 14 years old. Instead of soap to wash white paint, use a handful of whiting stir- red smooth in about a pint of wa- ter. Copper can be kept bright if cleaned with the following :--Fine- ly powdered rotten stone and swéet oil. Copper saucepans should. be lowed by a thorough 'washing' with soap and water. After washing a china silk dress do not hang it out to dry, but roll it up.in a towel for H&lf an hour; then iron on the wrong side. When plates and dishes have to be warmed in the oven if a newspa- per is placed underneath it will break the heat and prevent the plates from cracking. Far drying towels or clothing there has been invented a band to be clamped around a hot water boiler, carrying hooks on which to hang the articles to be dried. All muslin should be starched wet. If they are starched dry they never look so cléan. Muslins must be ironed wet. If allowed to get wf they will have a rough appearane Fill pastry 'chialls with creamed sweetbreads if you would have a delicious entree. 'Used in water as a daily gargle Used in water for cleansing the vents To aEcareate sg freshness o! egg without breaking hold it bef a strong light and look directly through the shell. If the yolk ap- pear round, and the white sur- rounding it clear, the chances are that the egg is fresh. Or drop it into water; if the egg sinks quickly and remains at the bottom it is in all probability fresh, but 'if it stands on end it is doubtful, and quite bad it floats. The shell of a feck egg looks dull, while that. of a stale one is glossy: For broken skin onthe heel, break a fresh egg, take the inner skin of the same and afpolv it on the heel, holding it firmly in place for scoured with hot, salted vinegar, fol- borax keeps. the throat healthy.' teeth it BPs than them and pre- afew-minutes. It will adhere close- ¥ as se rear skin and will relieve the pa Tey pir kitchen table is. spotted with grease, or if the dresser ah dabs and spots of grease on it, ean clean the woodwork perfectly by scrubbing it vigorously with hot water, to which a teaspoonful of whiting has been added. - Wipe thoroughly gal a clean cloth, and the wood wil] be as good as new. Brooms that have been standing the wrong.way up often. get very crushed. The best way to restore them is as follows:--Put a kettle half filled with water on the fire, and when the steam comes strong- ly from the spout apply the crush- ed part of the broom to it. minute or so the bristles will rise into their proper position. ~ While steaming the broom rub your hand briskly over the surface of the broom to hasten its recovery. This method is effective for all brooms, whether made of bristle or fibre. : ee, Borrowed. The school teacher with the eagle eye saw & little girl chewing gum. 'Mary,"- she commanded, "put that into the waste basket.' The child looked as though she would like to obey, but couldn't. Please, 'teacher, rd li tike to, T can't," was the Havering reply § : Merit belongs to my mo First Catch Your Victim¢ The Old 'Un--Pluck, my boy, pluck ; first and last; that is the one essential to success and business. The Young 'Un--Oh, of course, I quite understand that. The trouble is finding someone to pluck. Wife--"Well, you can't say I ran after you!"' Husband--"Neither does a mouse trap run after the mice, but it catches them just the same. "And about the eleventh hour He went out, and found others stand- ing, and He saith unto them, Why stand ye here idle? They say tnto Him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith unto them, Go ye in- to the vineyard."--Matt. xx., 6-7. | It is interesting, as we 'arn the | pages of the Gospel of Matthew, to 'come to this scene in 'the market ; place and thus to find that in an- cient Palestine, aypeetccn hundred years ago, there Was exactly the }same problem of unemployment with which we are grappling to-day. | And,it is interesting to note as well that this "householder," who went into the market place "about the eleventh hour," did not berate the unemployed for their idleness, or even offer them food, or shelter, or charitable relief of any kind, but simply proceeded forthwith to give them jobs. He sent the men into the vineyard--and it is. significant to note that the men went! Unemployment Is Employment. Right here do we have the only method of dealing with the préblem of unemployment which is worth serious consideration. The answer tu anemployment is employment ! And just to the extent in which we find it difficult or even impossible, in this late period of the world's history, to give this answer to this question, not merely on occasion but for good and all, to just this sdme extent must otr civilization be set down as a failure. ""'A -man saline to work," said Thomas eg lyle, "and unable to find work, perhaps the saddest sight . . . un- der thessun.". Least -of all the tra- gedies which attend uyon the con- dition of such a man is the material discomfort which comes upon him RELIGION AND IDLENESS The Same Problem Nineteen Hundred Years Ago As We Have To-day and upon those who look to him for sustenance. unger, nakedness, cold are "heavy burdens and griev- ous to be borne." But worse than these is that gradual weakening and corroding of the fibre of honest, up- right, indepe sndent, decent man- hood which is the fruit of idleness and of the poverty which follows in the train of idleness. Let a man re- | main unemployed for a period o time, and before he knows it, he is | unemployable. e is not only physically but morally weakened. He has lost not only the capacity but The Desire to Work. Where he once felt it his chief pride to stand alone he now finds it his easiest course to lean upon ~ the charity of others. The unused man, like the unused machine, depre- ciates with every moment of his idleness, and in the.end becomes fit for nothing but the scrap heap. The ody starves, but worse--the soul perishes ! Just here does the fact of em- ployment become transformed from an economic into. an out-and-out re- ligious problem. That men should starve and freeze and wander home- less may Or may not be a religious question. But that men should per- ish morally 'and spiritually under the stress of involuntary idleness is so obvious a religious question that the Church can surely never rest until it is solved. How terrific the remark of the rude peasant in Charles Kingsley' s "Alton Locke,' 'O'h, religion's all verv well.. But I don't see how a man can hear ser- mons with an empty belly, and there's so much to fret a man now . he can't nowise go to pray a bit, as gentlefolks does." -- Rev. John Haynes Ho TE SUNDAY co] _ INTERNATIONAL LESSON, ' MAY 10. Luke 16. 1-18. Golden Text, no doubt include others twelve. A certain rich man--The owner of the estate. Possibly he lived in town. It is not easy to see just what. the owner represents in the parable. Very likely he .has_ no special meaning. As in many par- ables, the lesson is to be drawn from the whole story and the de- tails are used merely as a setting. A steward--Or, manager. The position of this steward was high- er than that of the man referred to in Luke 12. 42, who was a slave or freed man. This steward is an em- ployed man, who has entire man- agement of-the estate. 'he same was accused unto him that he was wasting his or ci pean was him of his profits from the estate. 2. Render the: account of thy stewardship--This would show ap ther or not the charge was true. The expression might also refer to the final account, preparatory to the surrender of his stewardship. 3. The steward, knowing himself to be guilty, does not waste. time trying to. disprove the charge, but begins to devise plans for his own future. To weak to dig, to proud to beg, too guilty to expect another position, his immediate ' concern is his own food and shelter. 4. They--His lord's debtors. He endeavors to put these men under obligation to himself in the hope that they will feel in'duty bound to care for him when his position is taken from him. 5.--His lord's debtors--Probably tenants who had not psid_ their rent. It was customary to pay this in "'kind,"? the owner furnishing the seed and receiving a share of the products. He to the first, How much owest thou unto my lord ?--Calling the debtors one at a time, he re- duced the amount of the last pay- ment to be made under his steward- ship, whereas on previous occasions he had doubtless taken more than e had put down in the accounts. re the debtors did not know the extent to which they had been rob- bed in other fears, they consider- | ed themselves highly favored by the steward. 6. A hundred measures of oil-- The measure equalled about eight and three-quarter gallons. Olive oil was an important product of "Palestine. 7. Hundred measures of wheat-- A measure of wheat equaled about ten bushels, and a hundred would be worth about five hundred gol- lars. The arbitrary wav in which the steward dealt with his master's property shows how unscrupulous he was. There were probably other debtors whose accounts were re- duced, but these examples are suf | ficient. 8. It was for the steward's pru- dence in providing for himself that he was commended by the owner; so the sons of this world are shrewd means of the mammon of unright- eousness--The expression the mam- mon of unrighteousness is used in the book of Enoch and later hecame a common rabbinical expression. It does not necessarily refer to wealth unrighteously acquired, but, rather to "deceitful wealth." as we sometimes use the expression "filthy lucre. Jesus meant to | urge upon his hearers the wisdom iof making friends of the poor an | needy whom they could santat by the benevolent use of money. When it shall fail--W 'a earthly wealth shall pass away. ey--The inhabitants of the eternal tabernacles, including, of course, some of. the friends gained through the wise dispensing o charity. The eternal tabernacles are contrasted with the temporal meee of the friends of the steward. Here again money is called urvitdhteota mammon, as if tainted because so often the instrument of evil; but its possession is certainly here not condemned. And Jesus suggests. that from our use of the temparol things committed to our charge will be judged our fitness to have intrusted to us the true riches. 12. Earthly wealth is not merely temporal; it is simply loaned to us, but if we are unfaithful in that which is another's, can we be t#ust- ed with a permanent inheritance, that is, the "kingdom prepared from the foundaticn.of the world"? 13. No servant can serve two mas- ters--As cach master wishes un- divided service, it would be impos- sible for a servant to be loval to two masters. The whole parable has emphasized the thought shat Lesson VI. Fhe Unjust Steward,| Luke 16.10.° suave * ate. Verse 1. Said also.a nto 'the -dis-| g, «twisting, or ~| ciples--After. Malivecing other dis- '= the t Sees ested courses, Jesus also spoke the words | tno reade 'always pulla which follow. The di 8 Ww oi * hale did tiiate 14 sOUReIe sides 2 ' vous they knew enough to give it. These habits are simply uncon4 scious efforts to placate the restlesd nervous system giving it some- thing to do. Unlonunacsly, somé) of them are harmful, most of them are unattractive, and all of them! are confessions of weakness, Some-| times the victim of such a habit will' make a determined effort to cure it,! only to find that a different one has established itself. hat often signifies that the nerves are literally "too tired. to keep still." In that case, the sur est cure is to give them less-work:.! But remember that the stillness of nervous tension with teeth and fists tightly clenched is not pases it: is only another form of work, and ard work, too. The instant you relax.the unnatural tension, the nerves will resume their tiresome tricks again with the energy of de- spair. It does not matter how the nerves become fatigued; the result is the same. The society butterfly wears herself out with too much pleasure, and the self-supporting girl wears herself out with too much ha work. The oure in the first case is igdicated clearly enough. But even if the working girl cannot give up her work, there is still much that she can do. Overwork is sometimes only another name for too little oxygen. It is astonishing to see how quickly an increased supply of fresh air will improve a nervous condition. It is especially helpful to have plenty of fresh air in the bedrooni all night. Always begin the day with a light breakfast, and io not'eat heavily when you are tired. Learn to breathe pro-. and to relax whenever you oatly ly your nerves will then can; pro abandon their restiess ¥outh's Companion. How to Rest. Everyone, no matter what their occupation may be, requ tain amount of rest regularly. Part of this is, of course, taken during the night, but a part ought also to find a place during their waking hours. Many people make the mis- take of thinking that rést is a syno- nym for idleness, but some of the best and most refreshing forms of rest keep people occupied. It would, say that rest is a change of work man engaged in absorbing mental work, for example, may feel im- mensely benefited if he makes a point of doing regularly some man- ual labor, especially if this be of a kind that can be done in tlie open air. Tbe man whose work is se- dentary and keeps him tightly to an office desk would be better for a brisk walk, but he does not enjoy it because he has no companion, but if he exercises his muscles and en- forces deep breathing on 'his lungs and far-sighted in their transac-/ by digging in the garden, chopping tions for the prometion of their! or sawing wood or any similar work, temporal welfare. The sons of/|he will get the needed change and light should be equally alert in} feel muc ad ng pe This is promoting spiritual good. where a hobby is so valuable either 9. Make to yourselves friends by | for men or for women. "Women are quite as much 'in need-of rest that shall be a refreshment as men. They are often too much tethered to the house by their @uties, with the re- sult that they do not get enough fresh air. They also live too much in the narrow bounds of the home, not getting there so much change as a man does by merely going to his daily work and coming in coa- tact with other people, exchanging ideas and opinions, hearing news, and so on. Sapp gen --_= We're Wrang Again. "Of course you have your little theory about the cause of the high cost of living?" "T have,' replied Mr. Growcher: 'too many people are trying to make political economy take the place of domestic economy.' Yes, Indeed. Even the woman who has. faith in prayer generally looks. under the bed before she goes to sleep. The eye of little ary was attract- ed by the sparkle of the dew at éar- ly morning. "Mamma," she ex- claimed,. 'it's better'n I thought it was. "Look here, the grass is all covered. with perspiration,"" earthly wealth is but temporary ; that it is anotHer's, and not. our own; but if lent to us it should bs used wisely and made to. serve the higher purposes of the. Kingdom. Certainly this could not be done if a man became the servant-of his money...Compare Matt. 6.24. & > habits.-- ires a cAr-.. indeed, be almost truer to. more often than it is idleness. The © Me