FOOD SUPPLY AND THE WAR WHAT AN EXPERT THINKS OF THE SITUATION. ------ He Says That Great Britain Will Have to Depend on Russia. Rutledge Rutherford, a food ex- pert who recently touréd . Europe studying food conditions, says in the New York Herald :--- Should the Armageddon come, it will be a war of foods. Already the famine scare' has 'seized parts of Ge England; and it would not be surprising if it soon developed into a panic. France, too, rem ering the days of 1871 when meat sold at $20 a pound, is feeling tremeluous. To England and Germany the pro- blem is of most momentous ocon- cern, for these two nations are de- pendent on the outside for most of their sustenance. "Starvation, not invasion, is the danger of the coun- try," declared A. J. Balfour sever- al.years ago in arguing against the declaration of London. The declar- ation will prevent America from contributing prominently to the re- lief of war-ridden nations' England expects to gain by her treaty with Russia more than she will have lost through the restricted relations with the United States, and maybe in that she has shown -wisdom. That remains to be determined. England's Serious Problem. It is the most serious problem England thas to consider, the con- tinuance of her food supply. With her it is not a question of quality. Hence little attention is paid there to the purity .of foods. The food lawe are lax and inadequately en- forced. Chemical preservatives are used freely. A report of the Local Government Board of Scotland shows that of three hundred and fifty-two samples of British origin submitted to chemical analysis, one hundred and fifty-eight were found to contain boron compounds, anc twelve preservative sulphites. Any means of Obtaining the requisite amount of food and making them keep as long as possible is welcome in England. Should the nation's food supply be shut off by any means, starvation would impend immediately. London's Plight. Phink what. it bs mean to one lL with its.en-| virons has a popilation of nine mil- lions, which receives its sustenance through the London markets and produces no food at all. Not re his- tory is there a situation like this-- such a vast assemblage of cone le huddled together in such a small area on an istand and all dependent for their food on outside sources. If London should be besieged as was Paris in 157] famine would set in immediately. This mighty swarm of people consumes each day five million loaves of bread, four thous and tons of as rtatoes, 250,000 gallons ef milk, nearly a million cabbages, and in season 20.48 and beans. All over the world peo- ple are busy growing the grain. raising the cattle, looking after the poultry, catching the fish and tend ing the fruits and vegetables to keep London and England supplied with their foods from day to day America has been supplying an en ormous proportion of it in mh Rearrange Food Avenues. But there rangement of the case of war. The is long and perilous. This perhaps is the cause of certain articles in the Declaration of Londun, Tt helps | to explain the cause of England's alliance with Russia so soon after the Russo-Japanese 'war, when we found her a firm ally of Japan Briiain's main source of supply in case of war wil] be Russia and the British colonies that not tow far distant. That is one great disadvantage with most of the British i They are so fhr aw ay that the route is beset with all manner of perils in ease of war. And then it dif ficult to keep many routes open and protected. Far simpler it would be to maintain ene great route of must be a great rear food avenues in way to America are colonies is supply from Russia, patrolled by the 1nost powerful of FE ng land's warships. It was for such a pur pose that they were built. It is for such purpose that they will he used -if war is to be. Considering Eng land's position, then, we must ad- mit that she has been far-sighted in building her mighty fleet of bat- tleships and forming an alliance with Russia, the greatest food pro- dusing nation on earth. The same is true of France. Austria's Position. vod | no- Austria-Hungary is a freat producing country herself, ty thing to compare with Russia. developed there. In many parts the people are almost in a state of semi-<ivilizaticn." It is a country where the women go barefout avd do most of the work, while the men i} pecks of peas, Thea | the art of agriculture is tut poorly | drink heer. the nation is far behind the other great powers of the world. 'Italy is grt oe dependent. on outside sources for her food supply and is a very weak nation from many stand points. : Germ 6 alliance with Austria, like eoaat with Russia, is for the purpose of assuring a food sup- Ply in case of war. Austria-Hun- gary is Germany' $ oon ; Russia is Engla: less productive. Long Germany - reali er weakness in this spect, and she has taken Leite measures to remedy it. Despite all this, however, Germany's capacity for producing food is exceedingly small compared to-her population. The whole nation might be compar- ed to a great manufacturing centre producing little food for 'herself, but calling on the outside world for supply, just as cities call wpon the surrounding farms. Of necessity, then, conservation plays an import- ant part in the nation's administra- tion. It governs everything and everywhere. The German Problem. With an area of less than 208,780 square miles--less than the State of Texas--Germany has seventy mil- lion mouths to feed: What this means can.best be understood by comparison with, United States. America, with a population of 90,- 000,000\has an area 3,624,022 square miles, or more than seven- teen times that of Germany. Ameri- ca has 22 6-7 acres of land to every inhabitant. Ggrmany only 1.9 And this is thue; notwithstanding € ward the nation's great orts conservation. Every foot, indeed, almost every inch, of Germany's area is called upon to contribute its share toward the nation's sub- sistence. All possible sources of waste are avoided. Owners of va- cant lots are compelled to leave them to tenants at regulated prices for garden purposes. The trees along many of the highways and country lanes are food bearing trees and the shrubbery in-so far as consistency permits yields berries and other edibles. The fruits can- not be plucked except at specified times and by licensed persons. Even the wild nuts and berries of the forest are governed by such re- strictions. and anyone gathering them without a license is liable to arrest and fine. Since most of the soil is poor in quality the Govern- ment has given a great deal of en- couragement to the raising of po- as this vegetables vil in poor land. | Potatoes, se and sugar'beets are three: of) Germau's most important sources of economy. Test For Many. Now, with war on hand, Germany has a chance to test the efficacy 9 her conservation scheme as well as hher other prearranged schemes for! preventing a feod famine. Each city and village as a ufiit is cominis- sioned to look out for its own popu- lation. Likelihood that the railroad system will be blocked to ordinary traffic has caused each to take steps to increase the stock of provisions | witsin its own jurisdiction. The Berlin City Council has commis- sioned a number of firms to pur-, chase and bring in supolies of grain and flour. Most of the other muni- eipanties Us have followed suit. - TRIPLE ENPENTE. THE Total Population 233, 600.000. Drei- bund Has 152,000,000. The tremendous increase of Rus sia the triple entente from veing overwhelmed in numbers by the triple alliance. Germany alone has three fourths many inhabi tants as Great Britain and France together, and Austria and tadd roundly 86.000.000 to this num- ber. The population of Rus- |sia, however, brings the total | Strength of the triple entente to 253,009,000, against 152,000.000) for I the triple alliance: RAVES as great | Fears that the time is rapidly ap- |! iproaching when the population of | Germany, Itke that of France, will | become stationary, or evem go | back, have been dissipated for the present by an estimate in the latest ! year book of the Imperial German} Statistical Office putting the popu-| lation of the empire at the end of the first half of 1914 at 67,812,000. This compares with 66,981,090 in the | i | lation of 5,000,000. previous year, and shows an in- crease practically the same size as was recorded fro m 1912 to 1913, exceeding the gain from 19}! to 1912] 44,009. Comparisons with the the population in i rance give strik- ing figures. In , following the Franco-German War. Franee had a by population of about 36,000,000. any | 5,000,090 less than Germany. In 1911 she had less than 407090.«00, | has declined since ithen. Thus her increase in 42 years [has been less than © 2,009,000, against an increase for Germany 126,000,000, A Sad Thing. First Working Giri---Say. oll heard an awfal sad thing - morning. Second Werking Girl (wearily) Po did I--the alarm clock and the number M ame, this In. nearly all respects! Italy| j of the Soudan states; and / growth of} ithe Upper 'and * | and middie Niger, } 'to Barrawa, i of | | The | miles and the population 11,000,000. The following synopsis shows a few 'Sérvian Troops Ready for Action. A detachment of Servian troops, showi in on * engaged in war with Austri g the type of men and Saurpiment in the army of the little FRENCH TERRITORY me LARGE POSSESSIONS OVER THE WORLD. Have an Area of 4,000,000 Square Miles and a Population of 40,000,000. The French have colonies and de- pendencies with a total area of 4,- 000,000 square miles, while the pop- ulation is 40,000,000. Germany, on the other hand, has only 1,000,000 square miles of territory outside of Germany itself, but the population of this 1,000,000 square miles is 18,- ,000. The English colonies, possessions and protectorates have a total] area of 11,224,000 square. miles and a population of 372,000,000. French Ground. The following is a list of the French colonies, possessions and protectorates in the world: In North Africa. Morocco being the westernmost of the Barbary States, occupying the northwest corner of Africa, and the territories of Les Draka and Tafilet. The area is about 220,000 square males and the entire tion | 060, C 000 are Paropeane. : Algeria, -one of the Barbary states of North Adrica, has an area of 221,771 square miles, and a pop- ulation of 5,563,828, of which 752,- 043 are Europeans. Algiers has a population of 177,967, while Oran has 123,086. | The Algerian Sahara has an area | of 141,563 square miles and a popu: | lation of 494,306, of which 5.433 are | Europeans. | Tunis, lying to the east. of Al- geria, is bounded on the north and east by the Mediterranean, and en | the south by the Sahara, has an | area of 51,000 square miles and a population of 2,000,000, of which 24,000 are French exclusive of the ;army 'of occupation. Tunis, the capital, has a population of 205 000. French Somaliland, on the coast |of the Gulf of Aden, includes the | two ports of Obok and Jibutil and tthe tuwn cf Tagura. It lies be- tween the British Somali Coast Protectorate on the east and the Italian colony of Erythrea on the north coast. 000 square miles and the population 208,061, of which 15.000 is at Jibutil, the capital. In the Indian Ocean, Madagascar, an island with an area of 228,500 | square miles, and a total population /of about 4,000,000. Reunion, , of Maragascar, has an area of 970 | square miles, and a population of 173,822. In French Central Africa. | French Equatorial Africa, bound- ed on the northwest by the Camer- oons,, on the north by Wadal, on the | by Bahrel-Ghazal, on the southeast | by the Congo Free State, and on the | West by the Atlantic, has an -area of 665000 square miles, and a popu- French West Africa, This includes Senegal, duinea, the Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Senegal, Niger colony the civil territory of Mauret- jania. French territory stretches ; inland from the coast to the upper thence eastwards on Lake Chad, north ta Tunis and Algeria, and is bound- j} ed on the west by the Spanish coast i territory of Rio de Oro and Adair. T he militarv force consists of 10,- 1000 men, 7,000 of whom are hatives. area is about 1,687,090 square i facts of cach country separately : Dahomey, |ying between Lagos and vorthern Nigeria on the east, and 'Togoland oo the west, and ex- tends. jnieand to the mililary terri- sa. has an area of 40,000 square Eh ae a population of 815,000. h Guinea, w lies on the 63 @Btween Portuguese Guinea, o orms the boundary on the and Sierra Leone, on the , but it extends inland to the r, has an area of about 95,000 Ware miles, and a population of 000. Phe Ivory Coast, lying between beria and the Gold Coast, _ and to- interior, } square miles, and a population ,126,000 The area is about 46,-. an island 420 miles east} French | 3a pe RBA ES Benegal consists of four municip- communes of St. Louis, Dakar, fesque and Yoree. It has an Fa of 73,750 square miles, and pulation of 1,168, Upper Senegal--Niger Colony--is bounded on e north by the French Algerian territory, west by French Guinea, e south by the [Tvory Coast, Gold Coast, Togoland and Dahomey, and on the east by a line running north from Lake Chad. It includes part ofthe Sahara and the Upper Sene- gal. The colony includes the mili- tary territory of the Niger, divided in two districts, Timbuctoo and Zin- der. The population is 4,500,000, and the area 370,000 square miles. French Guinea isin South. Am- éFica on the Atlantic coast, bounded on: phe Be by Dutch Guiana and nthe nthe south. zi ies ae area Hation of 49,000. ; Guadeloupe consists of two is- lands, Basseterre and Grandterre, separated by a narrow salt water river, With five small dependent is- lands, all. situated in the Leeward group,of the lesser Antilles. The area is 680 square miles and the population 212,430. Martinique is a West Indian Is. land of the Windward group, with an-area of 390 <quare miles and ep aton of 184,004. St. Pierre and Miguelon are the chief islands of two groups near the south coast of Newfoundland. The anéa is 93 square miles and the pop- ulgtion 4,209. Asia Colonies. ; French India, consisting of Pondi- cherry and other towns in a district the-area of which is about 196 sqtare miles and the population 289,386. Indo China is the name given to the French possession in the Anna- mése peninsula--Cochin China, An- nain, Cambodia, Tonquin and Laos, wifh the. Kwang-Wan-Chau _terri- toty and the islands leased with it to'Erance by China. The area is about 308,900 square miles, and the population 16,500,000, Annam, a French protectorate, has-an area of 6,500 square miles and a population of 5,513,681. Cambedia thas an area of 67,500 square miles and a population of 1,193,534. Céchin China comprises the whole of the Mekong delta, having an area of 20,000 square miles and a population ef 2,870,514. lying to the north of Annam and south of vhe Chinese province of Yunnan, has an areaof 46,400 square miles and a popula- tion of 6,119,720. The Laos territory has a popula- tion of 663,927 and an area of 111,- 500 square miles. Tonquin, 'Oceania Colonics, New Caledonia is an island in the south Pacific, lying to' the south- west of the New Hebrides, with an area of 7,650 square miles and a population of 50,608, Other islands in Oceania belong- ing to France are the Society Is- lands, with an area of 600 square miles and a population of 11,000 Moréa, area 50 square miles and population 1,600; the Leward, Tabiuat Islands and the Raivavoe Islands, with an area of 100 square miles and a population of 1,700; the Tuamotu Islands, population £00 and area 6 square miles; and the Marquisas Islands, with a pop- ulation of 4,280 and an area of 430 square miles. THE FRENCH FRONTIER. Verdun, Toul, Epinal and Belfort Formidable 'Camps. For many years the French have been fortifying their lines between Verdun and Toul and between Epinal and Belfort. Verdun, Toul, Epina! and Belfort are not now the forts 'they were prior to 1870, but formidable en- trenched camps with outworks ex- tending for miles in the form of lan- ettes toward the German frontier. The routes through the northern gap lead in the first aoe into the somewhat rugged and rough country of Argonne. Here the ap- proaches from the German side are narrow, quite too narrow "ee Ls deployment of even a single The gap between Toul and Epinal, on the other hand, serves as a gate- way into the upper basins of the Meuse, the Marne and the Seine, a broad, undulating country eminent- ly fitted for military operations, conducted by great masses of men. If the German forces succeed in forcing this gap, it is here, as plan- ned long ago by Gen. De Giviere, that the deciding battle should be fought, for here great lines of rail- way converge from both Germany and France. But, having provided an inviting field for the Germans, General De ed, Seeiaage tee eine line, with secret Tieton, known only # the engineers who built them, almost as far as Lunneville. No German, it is said, knows the width of this gap. Evidently it is Jess than forty miles. Owing to the character of the ground, the line between Epinal and Belfort is held to be secure, and died at ro 3 ja, but two weeks after the | of her son, Harry; from the cause. Her daughtér, Mrs. Nr apd irs - OF ASG rrom tat MARI TIME PROVINCES. Items of Interest From Places Lapped by Waves of the Atlantic. The first shipment of Albert Couty wy, Bota 6 recently left St. John, Five hours after he had been bi by a street car, Michael Kerwin di at Lurdes, N'S. The Dalhousie, N.B., Lumber Co.' mills were destroyed by fire, $25,00 damage being done pate Gleaner office aoa ve other gs were damaged in a $15,00 fire at Freder: co . : to the falling, off in traffid shopmen of thé I. C. R. at Moncton will put of short time for the present. A good-sized whale made an ap- prertane in the harbor at Charlotte- wn, P. B. L, and caused consider able excitement. ame . LeBlanc, aged 52, was badly crushed while working in the Louisville brickyard at Moncton and died as a resu!t of his injuries. After trout fishing all day, Patrick Day, aged 17, of Bay Bulls, St. Jo collapsed on the roadside near bid ---- and died instantly from hear ailure. Fredericton is a healthy city. cases of contagious disease have reported to the Board of Heantb ! two weeks and it is 16 days sinc: death occurred. Arthur Jefferson Saulnier of We: lington, N. S., was riding a bicyel when he ran into a team and receiv injuries from which he died. He was! 18 years of age. When a cannon was being fired to} welcome the Duke of Connaught a Blanc Sablon, Newfoundland, a fish- erman, Hugh Palmer, lost an arm as! a result of the explosion Robert Van Buskirk, of Freder+ Pm was held up by three tramps| while driving a rig from Carlo to the! made a getaway before the! time to catch the horse, Newcastle, N.B., has = ---- wireless station in the 1d. tower is 500 feet high, ane 160 "aad a minute are flashed to the sister' station at Ballybulon on the south west coast of Ireland. The value of fisheries in the county, of Pictou, N.S., for the month of June' was °$37,830, and the value in Guys-| boro county $53,298. Considering the adverse -- during May this ig a good showing. A two salto feet per day flow of gas has been struck by the Maritime Oilfields Company in the Albert Coun- ty gas field, says a Moncton despatch The strike was made in an old wel which was deepens A., wife a Henry Crawford, neu-~ Jones, is also suffering from pleuro- pneumonia. All efforts 'to control a fire which broke out in the McGregor seam of the Albjon mine at New Glasgow, N. S., falled, and the whole slope was sealed up in the hope that the cut- ting off of the air supply would ex- tinguish the blaze. Fire gutted the St. John Been Belfort is so close to the Swiss frontier that there is for practical | purposes no gap at this end, unless | Swiss neutrality be violated. But | the section between Verdun and | Tou! is not regarded by the French } ean Staff as equally satisfac- ory. ee ------ooooe TALES OF NIAGARA. aint L | John Fisher Narrowly Escaped Go- ing Over the Falls. Niagara has 'been the scene of many a close brush with death since, and leng before, Captain Webb's brave life was beaten out by its fierce waters. Four times Graham, the Philadelphia cooper, | has come unscathed, in his barre}, through the inferno of the rapids; W. J. Kenda!!, a Boston policeman, has made the same vrerilous journey Fisher's hand and then deliberate- j lv climbed over the side of the boat | and took up a commanding position | in the bow.. The boat was drifting | ewlftly to the falls, the thunders of } which. were growing ominously | near. In vain did Fisher try to use} the oars; -at every attempt the | bear growled fiercely and eeeave en to spring on him. In_ his tremity he shouted for help. Benes | moment the current was carrying | him more and more swiftly to de-| struction. Happily his shouts came | to the ears of a settler, who rush ed with his gun to the river bank. and put a load of buckshot into' bruin. A few desperate strokes of his oars tock the apparently doom- ed man to'the shere, within a few hundred yards of the brink over which he would have swept but for the timely shot of the settler. actrees When @ man feels that the 'is do- ing his duty he does not often worry | New Company's plant and did $45,000 dam, age. Twelve thousand bushels 'of cer- eal were ruined, involving a cessation of business for @ year. The premises of Hortan az nd Manitt on Grafton street, Halifax. a woodeni | Structure, were destroyed by flames belching half way street and giving the whole fire force of the-city a good hour's work. The building was not insured. A new feature in military training has been given a cuccessful trial by the New Bruuswick Corps of Guides. A party of 70 men completed a tri: of 200 miles, from Canterbury to A dover, the march being taken in pk:.; of the annual training in camp, order to give the guides a taste actual service conditions. a a oe FLASHLIGHT CLOCK. Invention of Particular, Valne in the Sick-Room. and wonder nient ' : Awgking i n the jthat killed Webb, protected only | ping what timé it may be. who has 8 | by a cork life-preserver, and many! not longed te see the ¢ sock without thers, including a woman, Miss | getting up and striking a light? Sadie Allen, have made this "voy-| Sick people are especially curious age of death" in barrels or tiny! about the time. To make this lo ng- boats. But not one of them all came ling easy to satisfy a firm in Paris quite so near to tragedy as John | has just put on the market a "iaek Fisher, who, when boating three! that by pressing a button is made miles above the falls, pursued a} | to project a picture of its face in a swimming bear with no more dead- | ray of light upon the ceiling. lv weapon than a fish-spear. The | This clock, whieh lvoks [Eke a bear turned cleverly, parried the | young cannon, siands upon a bor thrust. knocked the spear out of | containing ¢ three dry -batteries, Its |} mechanism is in a metal tube, at one' end of which is an ordinary dia). In the daviime this end is uppermest or foremost... But when night comes you turn the cannon over on its tr runnions so that the re- verse end - uppermost or foremost. In the reverse end is' a second ; dial' 'of transparent glass, with the figures reversed and running round as do the hands. its face inversely, In front of this is a plain convex lens, and behind it a small electric lamp attached oy wires to the bat- |teries, and by other wires to a push-butgon - This jAish-butten can be placed under the pi'! or upon a table be- side the bed. WI hen one wands to see the ¢ae in the night one presse the betton | thie Hights the lamp, which proj jeers upan the € iling or upon the wall a "greatly magnified picture of its face, so chat one cau bed and read the Another push af s the ! dae lie comfortah!y in t time at a giance the butten extinguil aye about lesing his job. rd