WHY ALL EUROPE IS AT WAR MURDER OF AUSTRIAN CROWN PRINCE AN EXCUSE. 'Twas a Deep-laid Scheme to Catch the Triple Entente Napping. June 28th, of this year was the day on which occurred the event which was the proximate cause the greatest' war in the history of the world. hat event was the as- i by a mad Servian of the peanelen Crown Franz Ferdinand, at Sara- F rom the very moment of the outrage the view that the mad student was but the instrument of the Servian Government -- that there was method in this madness a took:firm hold on the Austrian Government and people alike. And, indeed, there were-not ab- sent some - corroborating »¢ircum- stances to lend color to this view. The investigation undertaken br the Servian Government was perfunc- boastful, and defiant. The n Austrian consul-ge ne ral fel] dead in the Servian capital (Bel- grade), and the Servian papers, in exultation, hinted not ob- > that He had been roisoned. rumors, believed to be well were bruited abroad to the effect that the Austrian legation was to be blown up. After remon- strating with the Servian Govern- ment, the Austrian Minister pre- sented to it an ultimatum, or July v3, demanding a reply by 6 o'clock on July 25. The Austrian Denrands Lastly, founded, were for an apology for anti-Aus- trian demonstrations, for Servia to disband all sociéties intriguing ugainst Austria, for the press to be "muzzled" as regards Austria, and for Austrian officials to be allowed to conduct an enquiry in Servia, independent of the Servian Gov- ernment, into the Sarayevo pilot. The Servian Government accepted all these terms, except the last, but Austria, deeming such partial ac- ceptance unsatisfactory, broke off diplomatic relations. 'The Servian Government thereupon removed Irom Belgrade, which, being on the Danube, is peculiarly exposed to Austrian attack, to the old capital of Nish, in the interior, while Rus- sia, determined to back Servia, at once commenced to mobilize her forces. On July 26, Sir Edward Grey, the British Foreign Minister, suggested a conference of mediation France, Germany, and Italy, but two days later this proposal was rejected by Germany (Austria's ally) and Austria formally declared war on Servia. It was immediately apparent that attempts to localize the conflict between Austria and Servia were destined to failure. On July 30 severe fighting occurred be- tween the Austrians and Servians, and on the same day Germany de- manded explanation of both France to and Russia with regard. to their mebilization. On Aug. 2 Germany declared war on Russia, awe Ger- man troops invaded French, © Bel- gian, Swiss, and Russian territory. Choosing Her Time, The violation by Germany of Bel- gian territory, constituting a breach of a treaty to which both Great Britain and Germany were parties, rendered the intervention of Great Britain, which had previously been probable, a matter of certainty, mere particularly when such vicla- lation was followed by the German declaration of war against Bel gium. Aceordingly, Great Britain declared war on Germany. There seems little reason to doubt that it was part of a concerted design that Austria, at the instigation of Ger- many, should have deliberately made it impossible for Servia de anything but fight. Events were bound, more or less, to follow a certain-course--the course which, 'up to a point, they did fullow--and it was obviously intended that a master stroke should catch the Triple Entente, consisting of Rus- sia, France and Great Britain at a disadvantage Certainly the moment seemed propritious for doing so. Russia was engrossed with great internal strikes. Great Britain was con- templating the possibility ef civil war over the Home Rule cuestion. The deficiencies of the French arm- aments had been recently made known and- admitted, and, in addi- tion, both M. Poincare, the French | President, and M. Viviani, the Premier, happened to be absent from France, together with the two most effective units of the French navy. But the situation underwent A Surprising Change. Political parties in Great closed up their ranks and sank their differences. Italy, the third party to the Triple Alliance, hung back from giving her support to Germany and Austria, her two nominal al- lies. In fact. high authorities take the view that it is more than pro- bable thac Italy will join in the war, not as x9 allysof Germany and Aus- tria, but on the of -- Brit- ain, France that this step on her part is patel as inevitable by reason of the necessity. for her to hold the 'Austrians in check for the salvation of the Bal- prey of the Turks unless the Aus- trian navy can be kept from the shores of Greece. GERMAN CROWN PRINCE. Anxious for War and Deplored Growth of Democracy. "William the Younger," as Vor- waerts, the battling organ of- the German Socialist party, contemp- tuously calls the German Crown Prince, broke forth. shortly war commenced with a crop fresh "incidents." The eruption, like the "incident" of Zabern last winter was again, telegraphic, and it throws interesting light on the future. Kaiser's attitude. -. The Prince sent several effusive "wires"' tu Lieutenant-Colonel Frobenius, author: of "The German Empire' 5 Hour of Destiny,'? a -rabid jing: preduction, predicting a European war conflagration in" 1915, and. to Professor Buchholz of Posen. a pa- the same calibre, who in a pamphlet, "Bismarck and We," fla present Government for pe rmitting the unrestrained growth of democratic veniment.'" » Frobenius the Crown Prince telegraphed: "I hope your book will find a way into every ----_ home To Buchholz he wired : bave read your megt excellent ae tize with the livelth interest." Both Crown-princely » effusions having been. reproduced in the press, the boom in the sale of the Frebenius book and the Buchholz pamphlet has been promptly in- augurated. The Liberal Vossische Zeitung called for "regulations" suppressing the political indiscre- tions of the Kaiser-to-be, but they have been going on for the matter of ten years now and nobody, 'not oven the austere Kaiser himself has evolved effective ways and means of muzzling his ebullient heir. The Crown Prince's popularity has not suffered much in consequence of re- trict «of « the 18st" curring '"'incidents." He is re- garded as the best, liked royal per- sonage in the country without ex- ception, ---- HOLLAND'S QUEEN. Weighs as Much as Kings of Spain and Italy Together. Queen Wilhelmina of Holland does not make "the gastronomical sacrifices of her figure that the notaeee majority of women of to-day do. In- deed, Her Majesty is the greatest epicure among present-day ruling sovereigns. According to a party of French journalists returned from Holland, where they had the run of the roya Wilhelmina favors fish, burgandy, afid cham- every meal. Th his own cellar- greatest palaces, meat, fruit, pagne at nearly Prince Consort man, taking the In his wines. Here is a typical day's menu: & a.m.--Coffee with whipped cream: a dozen pieces of cut bread and butter Two hot meat or fish pat- ed is interest hors fowl, usually beef. 2 p.m.--Lunch, d'oeuvres, fish, roast dessert, wine, Tea; Dinner, cht courses 10 p.m.---Biseuits, bed. The Queen looks remarkably well on this diet. and weighs as much as the Kings of Spain and Italy to- gether. Her great gain in weight of late vears is attributed to her fondness for good things to eat, especialy sweetmeats and notably chocolates. ham sandwiches, consisting of liquers, and THE BE CRICKET. Discovered to Be a Natural Ther- mometer. If one has jno thermometer, he may yet ascertain the temperature pretty accurately, should there of the air for scouting purposes and. happen to be a cricket or two upon the premises. They have been Paris pretty carefully of late, one of the facts at which they have arrived is that the chirp of the cricket is regulated very rigidly by ilar intervals, Britain { the degrees of heat in the atmos- phere. As the notes occur at regu- it is a comparatively eimple problem in arithmetic, there- fore, to deduce the temperature from them. | For instance, it is found that at 15 deg. ,, Centigrade the cricket | chirps 80°times in a minute--some- thing over once a second. At 24. j deg. his note is to be heard twice a jsecond, or 120 times per minute. | There are, of course, exceptions to | the rule, but they are so very rare | when_the insects are under normal | conditions as to be practically negli- | Bible. The scientists who have been studying matter are of the ; opinion, indeed, that these natural | thermometers proclaim the temper- } ature about as reliably as the or- , dinary thermometer of commerce, studying these little insects over in| and | bp: JACK TARS DRILLING ON THE DECK OF A BRITISH DREADNOUGHT fon = Sa AIRSHIPS 10 DECIDE WAR CONFLICT IN EUROPE WILL BE WON BY FLIERS, % France, Germany and England Are Prepared for Battles in the Air. Aeronautical experts are reckon-|* ing the aircraft strength of the na- tions, knowing the vital part flying machines will play in a great war. But those who are not experts are pondering such things as these What use will fiying machines be put to in this war? Will they dart here and there, dropping bombs all over the map of Europe, or crash, head on, into each other in their own combats, or fire aerial guns, or what? Will they be a factor? The experts say they probably will be a deciding factor. They will be used for scouting and for gen- eral warfare. Only three of the na- tions involved, however, have ad- Ning in aeronautics sufficiently. to be reckoned with in aerial warfare. They are France, Germany _ and England. For the past year these nations have been putting armor on their aeroplanes and equipping with-aerial rethe fight Fs ing of battles. Not Ready for War in Air. Russia, Austria'and Italy are not ready for aerial warfare. There- fore they will employ their crafts reconnoisance. Their aeroplanes and dirigibles will not be aerial dreadnoughts. But their machines will be of inestimable value, for an army afoot moves over the ground at from fifteen to twenty miles a day, while an aeroplane that skims the air at the rate of a mile a min- ute can watch the movement of an army, so that such a thing as sur- prises will be impossible. In this business of circling over armies and gathering information to take back to commanders of rival armies air- ships can play a big role. France has the greatest number of aeroplanes, 1,200, Germany and Russia come next. Whether Russia has 600 or &60 of them is not known, for the military authorities there have tried their best to shroud mili- tary aeronautics in mystery. Even photographs of the big passenger carrying machine- of -- Likersky, which was published -in Russian newspapers, are not obtainable cutside of Russia on account of this censorship. Servia has six aeroplanes. Balkan States have forty. France and Germany are well supplied with aereplane centres. Their maps are dotted with aere- dromes from one end to the other. Maps for Fliers Differ. The Different countries have been de- veloping aeronautical maps on dif- one .c ber of aeroplanes, them. The out by the military authorities. the endurance tests Boehm flew for said Henry: Woodhouse? Flying and a prominent member of the Aero Club of America, recently. "that an airship fighting value than a battleship, its ability to operate at night and its excess of speed over battleship being considered factors unequalled in valuc by the best fea- tures of battleships. of airships can and operated for a year at a frac- tion of the cost of a battleship, is aeronautical the expenditure of $35,000,000 and England, France, are constantly adding to their air- ship fleet. ing airships from aeroplanes, which perplexed the authorities up to a year ago, is being solved by making the jseroplanes auxiliaries of air- ships defend them from attack- ing aeroplanes; and the airships are being equipped with machine guns to fire-at aeroplanes at long range.' \ferent scales, using different con- | vent'onal signs to s} ow such things as. Janding ihces for aeroplanes and rigibles, aerodromes with a gars, Sahabited places, land- pe os &, s-obstructions, fortresses, treads, railroad stations, main roads and waterways. The scores gee in Europe who have across a number of countries fe had to study different maps. findejone «des Moulinais* had to Paiy the maps <f three' countries to make his flight from Paris to w, which he made between Mrise and sunset of one day. 'Bor the last year and a_ half Francé has been experimenting in mobilizing an air fleet. Orders @ been issued in the evening to the various squadrons to fly from centre to another at night. hile France surpasses in the num- many experi- ended: aviators think better of the Gérmans as pilots of ae roplanes. In dirigibles Germany is supreme. She has the largest number of German aviators have broken all records in th epast three months, due to inducements held In twenty-four hours. The dropping of dynamite by night from dirigi- bles has been accomplished. Bomb dropping Fives dirigibles hae receiv ttentio a lot. n in mper: eriments core been In the Spice of loads i up i "400 pounds of explosives from Zeppelins at variots altitudes. The results have been satisfactory, and the German authorities confident that a Zeppelin in time of war can in one night clear the sea of a fleet of battleships fee) In a Radius of 400 Miles. "Tt is now the genera] opinion," editor of has more actual the fastest "Adding the fact that the best be: built, housed it Germanys involves surprising that programme not Italy and Russia The problem of defend- Several guns have been made which can be fired from. aeroplases without the coll. guns adopted adapted planes Benet-Mercier anzl The Benet-Mercier effect light from re- machine for aero- gun, the Hotchkies. is a rapid fire least Among the are the Lewis The 'Man Behind the Gun Still Indispensable The deflection teacher and its maze of wheels on board a British ton pedo bent destroyer. rein of.}> gun-we ighing about taventy pounds. It is capable of firing about 300 shots a minute: and it has given re- markable re sults when mounted on armored ae rop lanes. Lieut. Mailfert of the French army has made a number of secret trials of a machine gun of A Revolutionary Nature, The reports have said that this gun flocded a target with shots from a height of 2,000 feet and that an aeroplane equipped with it would, given a margin of speed, be capa- ble of clearing the eky of a squad- ron of aeroplanes in five minutes. Anecther gun has been invented by J. Scott Sims, the inventor of the Sims torpedo. Practically all.of this progress in the science and art of aeronautics has been due to the inducements of the military authorities of the vari- ous nations. The countries of the world have spent $100,000.000 in the past three years in military air- craft. To France has been given the credit for swift development in mili- tary aeronautics. France built an aeronautical crganization compris- ing more than a thousand machines, enough to supply each of the army corps with aerial service. It has introduced aerial " auxiliaries for artillery, cavalry and infantry. . Here is what. Admiral Sir Percy Scott of the British navy has said: 'Submarines and aeroplanes have entirely fevolutionized naval: war- are, No fleet can hide itself from the aeroplane's eye, and the sub- marine can deliver a deadly attack even in bread daylight. these circumstances I can use for battleships and very little chance of much employment for fast cruisers. What we require is an enormous fleet of submarines and aeroplanes, and a few fast cruis- ers."' oie WHEN HIT BY AN AUTO. Interesting Table That Gives Some Idea Of the Impact. If a motor car is wrecked going forty miles an bour its occupant is thrown out against a wall, 'post or a fence with the same force that he would strike if he fell to the ground from a height of 53.78 feet. To get an idea of, what the force of this! stand on a. wall) °8 i nity, ; smiling, ate might be, vr a house 53.78 feet high, look doe n and contemplate the jump. If the car is going sixty miles an hour the impact is equivalent to a fall of 121 feet. wives the force of per hour: various speeds ; Fifteen miles equals a fall of 7.56 eet, Twenty miles equals a fall of 13.44 feet. Twenty five miles equals a fall of 21.01 feet. , Thirty miles equals a fall of 30. ect. Thirty-five miles equals a fall of 41.17 feet. Forty miles equals a fall of 53.78 feet. 25 Forty-five milep equals a fall of 68.05 feet. a 7 miles equals a fall of 86. ee Fifty. five miles equals a fall of 101.67 feet. aa 'tied miles equals a fall of 121.00 59 vz Seventy miles equals a fall of 164.- 69 feet. Eighty miles equals a fall of 215.- 10 miles. os miles equals a fall of 272 24 feet. One nag miles equals a fall of 336.10 fee ie Angry Customer. "See here, waiter," exclaimed the indignant customer, "here's a piece of wor in my sausage! "Yes, sir, replied | the waiter, "but I'm sure--er--"" 'Sure no- thing! I don't mind Os the dog but I'm blowed if I'm going to eat the kennel too!" ROYALTY LOOKS - SEVERE ~.. KEN FOR PUBLICATION. ily, while\for the public they & 'other illustration of the formality | posed altogether in twenty-five dif- | Baumann, ithe proofs and selected fourteen | picked, the Princess selected thres; On one occasion Mr. Baumann |took thirty-five different poses © the Kaiser in forty minutes. "When! I received the proofs back," he IN PICTURES OFFICIALLY TA-\ "4 Kaiser a Crank on -Retouching-- 'King Alphonso Smokes 14- Inch 'Cigars. Royalty, when they have! showing them in happy and smiling' ses for the members of their fam- re- serve those depicting them in a rave and serious mood, is but an- and etiquette which practically forbids them to appear to the pub- lic other than dignified. When, many years ago, the Kai- serin, then Crown Princess of Ger- many, had her photograph taken, together with that of her eldest son, the present Crewn Prince, -when he was about three months old, she ' ferent attitudes before Mr. Adolf yurt photographer to many of the reigning houses of Eu- rope "The 'Prine ess,' mann, in some The Strand Magazine, "asked me ring proofs to her hotel. Whe went there later she looked oy says Mr. Ban- reminiscences was informed that photograp) showing her in a particularly smil- ing mood were religiously. reserved for presentation only in her fam- ily; those designed for the public necessitating a seriousness an gravity of expression. Of those which she said I might sel! to the people. They showed her in a most! austere mood. The Kaiser's Rule. I later learned from experience that this is also a rule with the! Kaiser. For all pictures designed for publication he assumes a stern,, forbidding, martial expression.| Any showing him laughing, in opinion, would lessen his dignity, and the sense of his authority. said, "I found he had personally! made the most painstaking changes for retouching. He was particular- ly fastidious that every vestige of creases be touched out from his clothes, especially the sleeves. Most, of the "photographs show him serious and grim of visage. Evi- dently he was pleased. His order that time amounted to $1,500. Talking of other royal sitters, Mr. Baumann pays a tribute to the geniality and kindness of King Al- fonso of Spain, whom, he says, he believes smokes the biggest cigars made in the world. They measure about 14 inches in length and are about 1!4 inches to 2 inches thick in the middle. On one occasion his Majesty gave. Mr./Baumann one of these gigantic eigars. "T had smoked many gars,' says Mr. Baumann. time, but never any of equal strength. - Made excellent to- bacco ¢ertain!y, it was so strong ° could only take a few puffs, and those for furma'ity's.sake; the ei gar almost knocked me down, - Best-Prevaed Queen, Italy makes the camer strong ¢i- "in my af Queen Helene of charming _ for jagssumes postures bel fore the camera The following table | would smile, . | and study the attitude s she Ten miles equals a fall of 3.36 feet. | Mr. Baumay she has great dig. laughing, far the hext- world. She and and is by dressed queen in the indeseribable a silver hand-mirrer, alter her expreshion, desired. hair all right?' she Then she would preen her dark hair, press smoot out her with an "Holding 'Is my would ask. stray tresses of her evebr pws, dress. : After Queen Helene, one of ths most charming ruyal women is the" Princess Gise!!a of Bavaria, daugb- ter of the Emperor of Austria and wife of Prince Leopold of Bavaria. "You woul ld not cail her face pret- ty,' savs Mr. Baumann, "bat her igure exceptiona You could span her waist with the fingers of both hands. The Princess Gisella has undoubtedly the tiniest waist of any of the queens or princesses of Europe." , and is tear sirearnntn Neckmees of Human Fingers. Down in Mexieo the bandits, who are scarcely less civilized than the bloodthirsty Apache. cut off fingers and ears as a method of ex- torting money, just as the brigande of fact and fiction used to do in! Italy. The Indian, however, seems! unwittingly tg have been the "more, humane. for his gris'y neck orna- ments were the to!] levied from dead men mostly, and, even if thé victims were maimed alive, they were not permitted long to survive. These fingers are not 0 imposing, as a circlet of bear claws or lion's teeth, but they represent something infinitely more-terrible, more awe- inspiring in their potent: iality for good or evil--the hand of man-