~ 'tent. The African possessions have _ aad part of which is under construc- tion. "CARVING UP GERMAN AFRICA RICH PRIZES FOR FRANCE AND BRITAIN. Great Warring Nations Have Large Possessions in the Dark Continent. Not only the map of Europe but also the map of Africa is apt to be changed considerably in the near future, for the three great powers, now engaged in the titanic Euro pean struggle, all hold extensive stretches of territory on the Dark Continent. The French Empire in the north- ern part of Africa alone is very), large. In acquiring this France has) had many différenices with the Kai- ser. Then again the German activities have clashed with those of Great Britain. England has control over Egypt and the country about the southern point of Afnica extending northward, but this is broken in its continuity by the German pcesses- gpons On the eastern coast (German Eact, Africa). Good Picking. Present probabilities. are that. whatever map- m ing, done in Africa, will be done an spite of Germany and at Germany's ex- The German possessions in Africa have a total area of- nearly a million square miles, or, to be exact, 931,420 square miles. The African possessions are 4), times as large as Germany itself, which is about 209,000 square, miles im ex- a population of 12,700,000, as against 65,000,000 in Germany. Apart from its African possessions, Germany has only 'a few smal] is- lands in the Pacific. Undoubtedly the French are the better colonizers and the most loved of the three great European na- tions in Africa. If the worst comes to the worst, it is said, rance eould raise a black army of 250,000 to fight for her, while the Germans would have to fight with European soldiers only. The blacks living if any, 16),° heavy work én railroad building. Possessions Scattered. The German territory in Africa is divided into four scattered chunks, On the east ccast ie Germgn East South-west Africa, while north is Cameroons. Togoland isva little strip sandwiched in between French Dahomey and the British Gold Coast, Togoland 'hase an<area of 23,660 square miles, while the population is 1,580,000, "of whom only 363 are Europeans.- German South-west Africa has an area of about 222,450 square mileg and a populaticn of 200,000, of which but 14,000°> are white people, and of these 12,000 are Germgens. German East Africa _ an area of 384,180 -- miles with a population of 7,500 000, eof which about 6,000 are Euro- peans. Cameroons, having a coast line of 200 miles, has an area of 191,130 square miles, and a 3,500,000 population, of whem but 1,400 are Europeans. ---- Ft GERMANY'S POPULATION. Was 67,812 060 at End of First Half of 1914, Fears that the time is rapidly ap- proaching when the population of Germany, like that of France, will become stationary, or even go back, have been diss! ted for the pre- sent by an estimate in the latest year book. of the Imperial German Btatistical Office, putting the popu- lation of the Empire at the end of the first half of 1914 at 67, 812,000. This compares with 66,981,000 in the previous year and shows an in- crease practically the same size as was recorded from 1912 to 1913, and exceeding the gain from 1911 to 1912 by 44,000. Comparisons with the growth of the population in France give strik- ing figures. In 1872, following the Franco-German War, France had a population of about 36,000,000, only 5,000,000 less than Germany. In 1911 she had less than 40,000,000, and the number has declined 'since under French government have been made French subjects and the | | equal of Frenchmen, and love their , then. Thus her increase in 42 years has been less than 3,000,000, against an increase for Germany of 26,- masters, while the black man of the | 000,000 German possession beth fears and | detests the ruler who wears the | spiked helmet. The Egyptian fellah respects hie British master, but he doesn't love him. Yook Part of Morocco. Colonization methods of the three nations are widely different. In- deed it is said "when the English occupy a country the first thing they build is a custom house, the Ger- mans a barracks and the French a railway. Every foot of German territory in Africa has been gained at the ex- pense of friction. One clash of the German and French resulted in the former taking a good portion of the rich Moroccan country in the north- west corner of Africa. If the war extends to Africa and the French are victorious they would undoubt- edly demand this portion of Mor- ecco back and the Cameroons an- other German posse west coast, would in al] probability go to France in addition to Alsace aml Lorraine. One Obstacle. Were it not for Germany the "all red" railway, from the Cape to Cairo on the east coast, would be possible for the British. A glance at the map will show this broken bit of possession. It will show the pre- eent territory held by the Germans im two sections on the west, adja sent to the Belgian Congo in the eentre of the continent. Germany wight in the next few yeare to come, if she survives this war with- out losing her African possessions, purchase Portuguese East Africa. The Kaiser may possibly, ere this war is 'over, lose his foothold in Af- rica and at 'the same time the French and the 'British possessions would be enlarged. Just what this means may be gleaned from the fact that German capital expenditures | cen in Africa have reached a total of $400,000, 000. Wonders Done. Going into the desert country of the British you come to Timbuctoo, which 20 years ago was nothing but @ name, and is now the junction of an Atlantic-Mediterranean reilway, part of which has nm constructed vb his native village of The tremendous increase of Rus- sia saves the Triple Entente from being overwhelmed by numbers by the Triple Alliance. Germany alone has three-fourths as many in- habitants as Great Britain and France together, and Austria and Italy add roundly 86,000,000 to this number. The great population of Russia, however, brings the total (strength of the Triple Entente to 253,000,000, against 152,000,000 for the Triple Alliance. Germany's growing population is illustrated by a great statistical chart at the Stuttgart Hygienic Ex- hibition. This chart shows that in Germany One child is born every 16 sec- nds. i) Two sets of twins are born every hour. One person dies every 28 seconds. Thirty-five infants die hour. One victim of tuberculosis every 444 minutes. One victim of infectious tumors dies every ten minutes. Three fatal accidents occur every every dies ur. One suicide occurs each hour. The net result is that Germany's population increases by 100 every hour. bh atom REMEMBERS WATER! 0. Dorsetshire Shepherd Who Paseed the Century Mark. Memories of the famous victory that ended the career of Napoleon are still fresh in the mind of Job Green, a Dorsetshire (England) shepherd, who has passed d the cen- tury mark, but ne is "9 -- physically Lloyde News. In Dorchester Work. house lives eo Green, a sturdy tenarian, who claims to be real- ty older than his birth certificate proves him to Dorset bas been his world these 100 years, amd it has been a world of hard work crowded into many hours each day, with little time in bygone. decades for toilers of Green's type to think of national thrills and international crises. He has one outstanding recollec- tion, and that ie of the great re- Has kmated supply of heey cake' rt Porcor eo 'orkhouse Doreheester Jo } son } bey," a6 he in familiarly etyled, has} ic joined. made his home for the post tweety yeare. - cavalry retiree and returns to the ---- ya Children of the Late Crown Prince Ferdinand. These are-the little orphans; 'the assassination of whose Crown Prince Ferdinand 'of Austria and his wife, Hohenberg, was the excuse for ainst Servia In the midst. of parents, the Duchess of Austria's declaration of war the world's anger against those who precipitated this cruel war, these innocent victims of international politics will receive sympathy. WEAPONS OF MODERN ARMY NO REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE OF WARFARE, Three Branches of the Army, Cave alry, Artillery and Infantry. Caesar said that Gaul was divid- ed into three parts, and this applies also to the modern army, which is divided into horse, foot "and artil- lery. Our general knowledge on this point is not likely to be greatly increased as a result of the preety war, since the come is so strict, and is ae However, in the War, as Ghnarat Sherinan said, he' saw nothing new in the matter grand tactics, and in the present war there is not likely to be any revolution as regards the science of warfare. The big battles will still be decided by the infantry, and they have their definite functions to per- form. There is no chance of a mili- 'tary genius appearing who will have infantry do what has hitherto been accomplished by cavalry nor caval- ry that will serve the purposes of artillery. We know now as well as we shall know in another | six months, what is expected of the three branches of the army, and it may be interesting to mention their duties. New Cavalry Tactics. Taking them in the order in which they get into action, first place must be given to the cavalry. Until com- paratively recent times the function of cavalry was to advance a slight distance in front of the infantry, spy out the land, and generally clear the way for the main body of the army. Nowadays the cavalry is almost as detached from the army as are the flying machines. It was Col. George T. Denison, of Toronto, who had the honor of first discover- ing a new method of employing the horsemen, and the principles laid down in his textbook on the subject have since been adopted by al] mod- ern countries. Col. Denison sug- gested that the cavalry might ad- vance with safety and advantage forty or fifty miles in front of the ys| infantry and artillery and already the reports from Belgium indicate that the German cavalry has been at least this far in front of the other troops. Indeed, some of the Uhlans have gone so far that they have be- come lost, and have fallen an easy prey to the Belgian scouts. Cavalry's Twe Functions. Modern cavalry has two fune- tions, the first and most important being to penetrate the enemy's country and discover the strength and disposition of the hostile forces. It is a screen for the advance, and does scouting duty. In the present war the cavalry ie often accompani- ed by smal} detachments of infantry and artillery conveyed upon motor trucks, eo as to be able to follow the horsemen. Being le by considerable of tropps. the army ation it has been 'The « be sacrificed at any moment whe the ememy prepare for a a XN wu no ; old man," is my wife has got hold =a Practically: 'all the notable vavalry engagements of modern times, such as the charge at Bala- clava, tragic blunder though it was; the advance of the Austrian cavalry at Custozza in 1886, Bre- dow's 'charge at Mars-la-Tours, and others, were undertaken with the idea of stopping or postponing a general advance of artillery or in- fantry that threatened the main body of the army. The Duty of the Artillery. In recent years, however, it is the artillery that has made the most important strides as a death-dealing agency, and on this account it is not likely that the cavalry in the present war will be effective for charging purposes. It will stil] do scout duty, but it will do little arging against. quick-firing guns. th The real battle is fought by the -in- fantry. The cavalry provides the -| infantry with the map; the artillery clears the way for it. The artillery, however, comes first into action, and its function is, primarily, to silence other artillery that might destroy the infantry. Incidentally, it will put oyt of action the oppos- ing infantry if possible, but 'since modern infantry no longer advances in close formation, despite the blun- ders of the Germans in this respect, the artillery cannot do the execu- tion it was capable of under the old system of warfare. The Real Fighting. As the main army advances, the artillery goes into action, and be- gins shelling the enemy's guns. In the meantime, the infantry creeps nearer in an attenuated line, each man taking advantage of any natur- al breastwork, or even digging him- self a shallow trench with the little spade that is part of his equipment. Lying thus, the shells of the artil- 'lery hurtle overhead, the infantry probably, being so far away from the enemy that it is useless to fire. Closer and closer the infantry ad- vances in irregular lines. If the ar- tillery fire has been successful, the men on foot are able to reach with- in a quarter of a mile of the position to be carried. Then the infantry opens fire. The shells from the ar- tillery burst over their heads, and the fire from the rear is redoubled. The infantry rises from the ground and rushes forward. At 200 yards' distance there is another halt, then another charge. When the infantry is within 100 yards of the enemy the artillery fire ceases, and the rest is left to the bayonet, and the final charge home. Should the cavalry be a failure, the artillery covers the retreat and the cavalry again ap pears. Willie Wants te Kuow. Mother (cooking}--Phew! That's bad egg. Willie--Why don't you make it| were not ate: ' good i rye = oeeey make a bad egg good, a Willie -Why, I heard the grocer tell you if you found any bad ones he'd make 'em good, and if he can, | fectin why can't you! 'Pm afraid you giving you & a lot of fish they sat down to dinner. - for removing a fishbone throat, yee we want to see if it works." WAR DEATH RATE LOWER WILL BE LESS AMONG THE ---- The Modern Bullet Makes Work of Army Surgeons Easier. = spite of the magnitude of the war the death rate_will Ss the lowest of any war in history, according to surgeons, who say that} the rigid enforcement of sanitary reguiations and the high velocity of the emali-calibre bullets of modern rifles will not only reduce the mor- tality, but will make the work of the army surgeon far more easy and efficient than ever before. The needle-pointed, steel-covered bullete will either go clear through a man, making a wound that is eas- ily cared for, or they will kill almost instantly and practically painlessly on striking a vital organ, in direct contrast to the wounds caused by the old, lower-powered as were used in the Civil War im the United States or the Franco-Prus- i One surgeon said: "Modern warfare has produced many deadly agencies to kill and wound, such as cannor balls, whieh; either kill instantly or may tear off a limb; hand grenades, 'explosive missiles which are deadly at close range; bursting shells, which pro- duce fearful wounds which always suppurate and menace life, and rifle' bullet wounds. It is with the latter that my hope for a lessene mortality reste. The modern bullet is an immense improvement over the old fashioned, large-calibre, soft-lead bullet. The old bullet was fired at low velocity, made a big hole on entering the body, was of- ten deflected in the tissues, flatten- ed out, and became larger, and either lodged in the body or came out by tearing a larger hole. The new bullet is rarely more than one- third of am inch in diameter, is covered with steel and pointed, and rotates on its own axis about 2,500 times a second. It has such power that it can inflict a fatal wound at 5,000 yards Drills a Neat Hole. "When such a bullet. strikes a mam it usually makes a small hole through the body, drilling a neat hole even through a bone, it is not deflected, amd will not flatten out and tear a large hole on leaving the heals guickly. merciful weapon ; quickly or puts a man out of the battle and yet without making him a cripple the rest of his When the old soft bullet struck a bone it flattened out amd made a terrible fracture of the bone, which usually meant amputation, and under unsanitary conditions, the death of the soldier. "Tt in extraordinary how quickly a wound made by modern bul- let will heal. This is due to, not only the small, neat hole, but to the fact that infection with germs is becoming rare in these wounds. The heat of the explosion, the scraping of the bullet by the rifling of the gun, the tremendous scrub- bing the rapidly-rotating and for- ward moving bullet receives from the air, all tend to make the bullet almost. sterile when it penetrates The few bacteria which ba m the tissues and are easily overcome| by the: tiseue resistance found in a healthy man Sanitary Regulations. "Sanitary regulations are becom- ing more and more scientific in all armies. "Personal cleanliness is in- sisted upon, and water supply, dis- posal of waste, and all activities are carried on in a hygienic manner. The Japanese were the first nation cleanest people, physically, in the world, to-day. while at home takes several baths a day. When Japan wae at war with Russia every soldier had to follow strict bathing rules. Just before every battle he had to take a --_ with some disinfect and clean, fresbly boiled wiothieng. They a with patriotic fidelity, and the reeult was that when the Japanese ealdier met his less clean } mente of ing came in with the bullet. a wae en etptic opere- tion, and 'ee cots recov- ered." eect Saeed _- Hew K Was. Did you have a ize WOUNDED MEN. 4. Every Japanese anal ro Fi pangs yim ORIGIN. OF ik ENTENTE THE FRIENDSHIP OF ble ies AND ENGLAND. ' Alliance of France and Russia Began Through Hostility to: England, ~ Great Britain's stand from the seed beginning of the present situation has been so aggressively pro-' French largely because during the' closing years of the last century there resided in Paris a Scotchman with an idea, e man was Thomas Barclay: and the idea was the desirability of an entente between the monarchy an the republic. If any individual (outside of cab- inet or ex-cabinet. ministers) can tell the world of this momentous entente, Barclay is the man. England gave him his knighthood--he has been Sir Thomas for ten years--because of his services in the bringing about of the' understanding, while France made eer n officer of the legion of Ho for the same reason. After the sized ing of the Anglo-French treaty of ar-! bitration in October, 1903, Lord Lans-! downe, Secretary of State for Foreign' Affairs, and Lord Alverstone, Chief Justice of England, gave to Seas clay, chief credit for the bringing together, of the nations, while Paul Cambon, French Ambassador to London, did so at a later date. Lord Alverstone wrote-that "no one knows~better than' ~ I that the signing of the Anglo-French: treaty is entirely due to you i omas, who used to 'be Presi- dent of the British Chamber of Com- merce in Paris, achieved his result in consequence of years of molding of public opinion on both sides of the English Channel through speeches,! d through the newspapers, through let- ters, through personal interviews with: men in the highest official places,! through a set campaign carried for- ward month after month with pre found determination. It is thus an author who knows his subject in utmost detail who dis- cusses the entente in a new book en- titled "Thirty Years; Anglo-French Reminiscences." No German Hostility. In view of the present alignment of the European powers fac brought out by Sir Thomas are of culiar interest. The first is that the alliance between France and Russia antedating the Anglo-French rap prochement, was entered into largely as a result of hostility to England; the lands of the Prasident and the Czar were both * unfridndly to Great} Britain at that time, therefore they, had in this a common ground of sym- pathy on which they met and em- braced. The second odd point, when Europe's situation of to-day is view- ed, is that there was In the beginning no intention on the part of France or England that their friendship} should be in the least either a meana: of defence from Germany or & means' of offense against that power; Ger- many was not considered, the entente being solely to straighten misunder- standings 'and banish hostility be- tween the Briton and the Gaui. But the entente has changed with age, undergoing cp an bias the grow- ing power of Ger Sir Thomas pli that in the first place, approximately from 1880 to 1900, there was suspicion, then din- like, then hatred, finally almoet war (over Fashoda) between France and* England. Then came less hatred, less dislike, less suspicion, at Jas a geo followed by a carefully nur- Then the arbitration rent y was signed, and from the drawing together of the nations which made that treaty possible there has sprung 'the warm friendship which both English and French term the en- tente cordiale. -- --t} A CURIOUS PUNISHMENT. Thieves Locked to a Post op Sum day Before a Church. : The Slovaks (Hungary) 'are a very peaceful, law-a ng community,! but there are probably black eheep among their number, and in front of the Roman Cathelic Church at Postyen, reminiscent of the days, when punishment was meted out ] much the same way as it was im England in those days, says Wile World. Fastened in this pillar in the centre is a large iron clasp, and at the base two smaller ones close together. These clasps fitted around the waist and ankles of offeytors, when a man or womeanre stolen something they were vak attends mass on Sundays, <= which it may be*gathered that thi public exposure was no small pm deal. The post beare a terse im- scription. the translation of whiek is. "I do not ask you to come, but if you come. I receive you _ 3 --~ P On the Chate. Gabe---He says he isa descend, ant of a great family Steven--Yes. and he is still scending. de- The Mistress--I'm surprised thaé you want to leave, Mary. 1 com sider ygu've a very good situation, As vou' w, I do some of the w myself. Marr--Yes, but you do it to my satisfaction ' ~ Yeung Mother ar (aoxiously} What makes you think the baby is geimg be 2 y aees pn Pathes. Genideniaty Tl tell you, mp . He can say more things and nothing at Buropean!