"eer kind of Bread | aoe as it may seem, there is a sort of bread made from sawdust, the product of German ingenuity. The sawdust is first subjected to a process of fermentation and various chemical manipulations. Eventual- ly it is mixed with one-third part of rye flour, formed into loaves and ed in ovens like any other bread. This bread is hot intended for hu- man consumption, but is for horses only, although some authorities con- tend that pain de bois, as it is call- ed by the French, who have inves- tigated its merits, offers a nutri- tious and highly satisfactory food for human beings. In various parts of the world, bread is obtained from trees. For instance, in the Molucca Islands the starchy pith of the sago palm fur- nishes a white floury-meal, which is made into flat, oblong loaves and baked in curious little ovens di- vided into smal] oblong cells just big enotigh to receive the loaves. In Lapland the inner bark of pine trees, well ground and mixed with | 4 oat flour, is made into cakes, which are cooked in a pan over the fire. In Kamchatka pine bark and birch bark are used for bread without the addition of any other substance, be ing reduced to powder by pounding, made into loaves and baked. Along the Columbia River bread is made from a sort of moss that grows on certain fir trees, After be- ing dried it is sprinkled with water, allowed to ferment, rolled into balls of the size of a man's head and baked in pits with the help of hot stones. This bread is said to be by no means unpalatable. The California Indians collect the pollen of cat-tails in large quantities by beating it off the plants and catching it in blankets. 'They make oe of it, but as a real delicacy ¥ ey prefer bread of "grasshopper flour."' The Indians of the Sierra country employ their own method of trans- forming the bitter kernel of the acorn into a kind of bread that is -~ axed he --_ palatable. The is folle ws: There is Shocked and 'pont in the usual manner a large maes of acorn meat. A number of circular vats are hol- lowed out of the black soil in the shape of a punch bowl. is placed the acorn pulp. At hand and several large clothes baskets ia 5 with water. these baskets are dropped os "ar stones whereby we water is heated. ie tad the Lied oo ct srosbed a 'hot water until it is about the color and consistency of cream. Not a ca appears. A strong squaw stands each vat and with a small fir bough stirs the mass, skillfully removing any speck that may appear upon the surface. The soil gradually absorbs the bit- ter waters, leaving a firm white sub- stance. This the Indians remove so adroitly that only a small portion adheres to the soil, They spread it upon rocks to dry and afterwards mix it with water, pat it into thin cakes, and bake before the fire. The reparation of bread in sheets hardly thicker than sheets of paper is a real art among the wo- men of the Moki Indians of our Western deserts. A corner of the principal room of the Indian habitation is set aside for the accommodation of a sha!low trough, walled in with slabs of stone set on end. The trough is divided into three compartments, and in these the first process of breadmaking occurs. When bread is to be made a squaw kneels behind each compart- ment, shelled corn is then placed on the flat stone in the first compart- ment, and with a coarse, oblong stone, the first woman proceeds to rub it. The coarse meal thus pre- pared is passed on to the next com- partment. Here it is again rubbed with a stone less coarse, and passed on to the third stage. The result is a decidedly floury meal. With a brush, which is made of dried brass bound together with a --, of calico, the meal is then eal up and mixed with atid ecomes a thick batte 'Here enters the art of the 'catar Bhe takes a single handful of the batier and spreads it over a Jong, flat stone, under which a fire has been burning for some time. The batter is made to cover thinly the entire surface. When one side is baked she takes the bread by a cor- ner and pulls va off, dexterously turning the up. When is done a aan flat; basket re- ceives it, and the baker turns the onans wth gh = = so that the air Sheet after sheet is hp ax 'the basket is piled high with the: blue bread, or "piki," i the baker pronounces 2 mee leall you. being of the same thickness as the per. *The stones upon which the bread is baked are prepared by the old women of the tribe with great sec- recy and much ceremony. They are very valuable and are handed down as heirlooms from mother to daugh- ter. eae: eee eee SEIZED A GERMAN MEAL. British Cheated Enemies Out of Beefstcak and Onions, Incidents of soldier life in the pe ng zone are read eagerly. How 1 party of British cavalry Gheated gome "Germans of their sup- per is told in the following words: "A sm party were out on re- connaisance work, scouring woods and searching thé countryside. Just about dusk a hail of bullets came upon our party from a small spin- ney of fir trees on the side of ia 'hill. We instantly wheeled off as we were retreating, but, in fact, we merely pretended to retire and galloped across plowed land to the other side of the spinney, fired on the men, and they mounted their horses and flew like lightening out of their 'supper-room, leaving a finely-cook- repast of beefsteak, onions and fried potatoes all ready and done - a turn with about fifty bottles of lager beer, which was an acceptable relish to our meal, Ten of our men ave chase and returned for an ex- cellent feed." The same writer gives an account of a speech of an old French squire, a retired general, who entertained the troops at his house. "ve says: "The old gentleman's two daugh- ters helped to wait of the men, and 'after the meal was over the General said : "My dear comrades; let me 60 It is an old soldier who fought against Prussia forty-four years ago. I was then a captain of -Cuirassiers--who welcomes you to his house with a heart full of emo- tion and in a voice trembling with ppeiy and thick with tears. Y@w honor me by this vieit. In the midst of all your trials and priva- tions you have a soldier's heart and courage and cheerfulness. By your wounds I know your sufferings. You see me old, but I am active, and glad to be' honored by your sharing such as I can offer you. France can never repay the debt us her best and bravest sons. My father was killed in = war of 1870 at the battle of S "Tt was a siemre grand old veteran, voice, strike the = "es see the with faltering earts by y dear com- his up and : down their cheeks, priest said a few kind words of wel- come and invited the party to at- tend benediction sin the little ehurch which adjoins the park of the General. This was a happy thought. for Protestants, Episcopal- lans and Presbyterians joined with Catholics in a solemn servicé of de- votion under circumstances which show how easily under stress of trial and adversity the barriers of class and creed fall down.' ee tet WHAT THEY SAY OF IT. World's Well Kaown Speak of War. I am proud of the British Army; it never done better.--Lord Rob- erts. There has been no war for more than a century which the nation has entered on with so general a belief that the action was justified.--Vic- count Bryce. We have no desire to humiliate the German people, but we are de- termined that this war, with all its eruel suffering which it - entail- ed and will entail, sh not be fought in vain.--Mr. Bonar Law. A nation which makes a: business of war is a menace to Europe and a danger to the world. Berhn made the war and Berlin must pay for the war.---Mr. Austen Chamberlain Germany's barbarism is not t barbarism of ignorance, that neces no better; it is the calculated bar- barism that bas chosen the worse. She has made herself an armed force, and in the process lost her own soul.--Mr. E. F. Benson. How Men I envy the man who has the chance of joining the colors and seizes it. ! pity the man who has it and refuses it.--The Archbishop of York. This country does not intend to lay down arms unti) the military machine which has endangered the ee of Europe has been destroy- ed.--Mr. Runciman. This is a question of Teuton bar- barism against Latin civilization.-- Signor d' Annunzio, ps fie bol in apeasay ye and practi- for more than a hundred years, ~~ to-day is reaping the consequences of ee own wrong fekas end ae) --Dr. EI- lot. ex-President of Harvard --_--_--_t__-___ Had Experience. "T want id pair of button shoes for my wife." "This be sir. What kind do you wish "Boesn they *¢ matter, just 80 back.' | don't button in the she owes to England for giving to wh othe! Then the parish | 5 rman nation has been go- wh 'that numerous waite and other chubs, in fashionable res- EERE ED Even This Crude Ambulance is a Luxury. Bringing wounded to.a French hospital base at the rear of the fighting on the Aiene. A CRIME AGAINST TROOPS SPARE THEM. : British Military Authorities BL vide Penalty of Instant Death. The spy will receive short 6h in this war. been such vengeance on the spy. the spy system | attained such an) in the conduct of war as now. The Paris Temps, speaking of the spirit and organization of the Bri- tish troops, eays there are two things in particular which stand out rangements and the "quick wa: of the English with spies. Of the latter the French writer says "If there is one thing whieh I should like to see our chiefs imitate along British lines, it is the severe way in which they treat spies. interpreter put at the disposal of our allies by the Minister of War told me that every poreon. taken in} the act or convicted f rs with the enemy is pect ee peer i lo Me undreds apeiic % A British aeauen! is quoted - as say- ing in this connection :-- "You may talk about humanity, $0 but in such cases humanity is a ceit. To spare the life of a spy or to postpone judgment is a_ crime against our own troops. The spy may find means of getting rid of his information or he may recommence his work the next day early enough to advise the enemy, who may sur- prise us when we think he is unpre- pared. In such a case an ill-ad- vised leniency may cost the lives of many hundreds of men. Such a thing I will not penmit. I am in- @#xorabie. Day by day reports from the Con- tinent show -that these views are held by generals on each side. Vhen the English military au- thorities seiz threescore conc pigeons a few days ago it was occasion of moment. It illustrated another medium through ich spies are now known to work. The twentieth century spy is anything but spectacular, for he is only a part of a well-organized system At least, this holds good of Continental nations. Spy Scares. Previous to the outbreak of the war Germany and France were seized with spy scares not dupli- cated in recent years. Many inno- cent persons were held under sus- icion, only to be eventually turned lose But it showed the existence in the minds of the European mili- tary officials of the well-founded be- lief that the spies were never more prevalent. It is a long way from Nethan Hale and Major Andre to the mo- dern spy. There are few who know or ever will know, except relatives, of the fate of hundreds of spies who have been shot since the war's outbreak. The twentieth century spy not venture on a road with his a uable papers in his kets, in be- tween the s of his shoes or yet with anything "tankad away in, the corner of his mouth. In times peace, letters, telegraph wires and } eables are iums throw ich he works., He needs the car- rier pigeon; he eyen uses wireless; the aeroplane ; sometimes he can take a one ares some- times 'in can deliver the knowledge which he is bidden to get, and more often he dies. It is a risky business, i weeks of the war already attest In England it was long suspected | a rs in military taurants and cafes were on the German system's pay list. In no eating piace in to-day is re a German who is not watched. An found upon him of levine dealings P as the death toll of the first few attested. ali Aja bans employed in clubs and res- fauranis, for the press long since these jn concentration elt hy had come to light before the wa that . moneyed Germans-- thought to be oBuess with Govern- in It is one of the accepted methods--it is Sener that he Germans and © ot nations 3 have been working in "this way of it Tlate years, and it is fully borne out Never before has there fj nq the scandals at the different itals, good authority it is stated that there is a separate arm of the military service of Germany which will always pay for information tom Germans or anyone else who may send in plans or photographs er written descriptions of localities which the military are anxious w possess. With the first remunera- goes the assurance that even whore will be paid for additional in- Beenation, If that is attractive to he sends some- Sins else, whereupon he is inform- t he can become a listed se- eurer of the desired intelligence placed on a salary. _ Carry Notebooks. "Tf he accepts the system soon pro- vides him with a notebook, in which tified pot in the number of soldiers maintained. in certain fonts, and so on down the line, un- til when the system pores over it it will find that it has.a very com- plete- record of a certain section. "man who sends it in may even get a bonus for good work, and for- ever after he is bidden to keep in touch with the system. Last week when Premier Asquith was asked how many spies toes shot in Great Britain since the out- break of the war he answered that none had met such an end, but this not change the frame of mind of many persons, who insist that as many as 300. It is known: that scores have been arrested in South- ampton and other ports; that still others have been found too near fortifications, There is a mystery about the murderous assault on a man at a principal railroad junction near Liverpool! re week, The towerman was st d, and py for the ey arrival" of an- ex Dn be would haye ise wrecked. It itinot known yet who stabbed the majo. A sentry near one of the tbilization camps was shot down when he ordered a man to halt, and t assailant is yet to be found. No one doubts the presence of spies, H, moreover. these are taken to bejthe deeds of spies or paid agents Germany. Hardly a day passes without the newspapers recording the presence of spies 'in France or Germany. Belgium a rman spy was found with a Red Cross badge on. He was given a hearing a short distance from where he was found, which happened to be near Brussels. His nation was considered toc imsy. As told in the despatches of the day, the spy shuddered a bit when told he must be shot, and then he was led out, the shot fired. and that ended the matter. Aeroplane May End It. The gg lane, so it ; largely obviate the practice of spying. At least, it is conceded it may obviate it in cases of army movements. No longer would it be poapote, as im the Indian story of the American Revo- trees a off, thereby scaring the enémy. An aeroplane ness of such statements. It has been argued Re Fg 'mighibery military rities the aviator in times of war cbouia be shot, because In fact, there are few, if any, Ger- he was really a Stonewall J could bave wo so mew: a ee 70 os SHOT. | n|cared for at their ease. has been fi the | Prise the resolution out of them. soon ascertain the truthful-, outflanked the devil if thet worthy had been leading an army. The same is now eaid about the 'general who has an efficient force of 'avia- ors. The dread of the spy has much,to do with the poor reception of war correspondents, especially by the: Germans. It has almost resulted in the exeoution of several correspon- --_ who are known internation- ally GERMANY'S BIG GUNS. Become Useless After Being Fired Over Tyenty Times. One of ithe surprises of the wat has been the extfaordinary mobility and' effectivenéss of the German siege artillery. The advance of the erman forces into France has been described as a aucecession of sieges, and the speedy capture of one fortress after another was ow- ing to the tremendous power, and accuracy of the attacking gunfire. Siege operations, writes a com tributor to the Scientific American, are usually long drawn-out, becanse of the time it takes to change the solid firing platforms, as the lines round an invested city, or fort, are drawn closer. To overcome this difficulty, the Krupps designed 4 new type of howitzer, mounted on' a carriage that can be readily mov ed from point ¢o point, and can! even accompany the ordinary field artillery into the battle line. The great gun is reinforced with a heavy jacket of hardened steel that measures aleven feet.in length, and it has to be carried on a spe- cially designed bed. The gun is moved in twoseparate pieces to the firing line,' wh the carriage that' contains the_ put in position, The truck that carries the gun itself is then mov up from the rear. The gun is p) ed from that truck to the fir. platform, and adjusted to the coil brake. The spare wheels : then drawn back, and the arm - ready to fire. The two sections are much too It is an undisguised seoret that all reservoirs in Great Britain are closely because fears have been felt that German spies would | throw typhoid fever germs into the water supplies of | big cities. Here we have the spy who not only is after any information he can se- cure but is a medoum of destruc- tion." No railroad bridge in the heavy to be drawn by horses, and so the Germans haul them with gas- oline tractors, and use the Diplook wheel construction to support the lexcessive weight of the gun. The Diplock wheel, or pedrail, is not a new invention. It has been used to! carry great 'loads over soft ground for many years, and resembles the "'eaterpillar" form of traction that, country is now unguarded ; walkers closely inspect the tracks | day and night. At principal junc: | tions the khaki-clad soldiers with | glistening bayonets an loaded | rifles show the merciless way in which spy agents would be treated | if spprekundn' at. wo The iron band that * surrounds | Germany--one forged by itself to prevent the entry or the migration of spies--is harder to escape than it has ever been, and this is the case with France. ------__¥ "Bays gat Comes After. ae He was a Highlander and one of his arms was etrapped closely against his side. He was wounded at. Mons--you could tell by the lines on his face how he had suffered--yet a more quietly cheerful man I ne- ver met in my life, writes Oliver Madox Hueffer. He--with his com- rades--was lying very comfortably | , in a trench--dug for them, he add- ed, by the French; they were too weary to trenches after a twenty-eight-mile march. He per sonally escaped the artillery fire-- it was a nage ad that "got" him, just below the B asked him how it felt. to be wounded. I was once grazed by a Mauser bullet myself, and in my case it burnt--burnt like a ted-hot poker. But the Highlander said it did not burt him at a the time. He was standing up when it happened. He said it as though he had been standing up and stretch- ing himself--and something knocked him down--a regular knock-out blow--but it did not burt, and at first he could not make out what had happened until he saw that he was bleeding. Then, and not until then, he felt pain--a sharp, rheu- maticky pain, and ibegan to feel | weak and sick and finally collapsed. I have since spoken to several other wounded men, and in each case they seem to have felt very little pain at the moment of the ac- tual wounding and very much more when they were afterwards being It is true that they all happened to have been hit by either bullet or shrapnel, | and I do not know if the same holds | good for lance or bayonet wounds. | I suppose a doctor would explain | this simply enough; perhaps the shock for a moment puts the ner vous system out of action; perhaps the excitement of battle overcomes any other sensation. Time after time I have been to!d, by French and Belgians who have actually taken part in bayonet- . that the enemy will not . I tave heard this hinted: at as a possibility long before the | present war broke out. I was told, | for instance, at the time they were endeavoring very ineffectually to subdue the Herero insurrection in South-East Africa, that even the point of a native epear-head could --_--_--*_--____ She--Oh, Fred, fear, you are so noble, so generous, so handsome, a chivalrous, so much the superior of every man I meet, I just can't help loving you. Now what do you see in plain little me to admire | He --Ob, I don't know, dear; but you've very good judgment. : heavy-gune of of ~| Liege, track | is often used on excavators and en- gines that musb move across open| 'fields. The pedratl haa a series of | platforms hinged to the usual w heel tire, to offer a large supporting; surface on yielding ground. These) "feet" are clumsy In appearance, but on soft and light soil, where the| ordinary wheel would not move an} inch, they will travel about as welll as they would on a hard road. The rapid advance of the Kaiser'a, army was owing to the support of this wonderful artillery. The al- lies could withstand -the assaults of German infantry, but they had no Germans were, again withip range, and making their position uhtenable. It was the gasoline motor and the pedrail that enabled -the invaders to move! long-range cannon over ordinary farm lands at the rate of thirty-five, miles a day, and bombard each in- trenchment of the French and Eng-| lish line as fast as they were chrown] Pp. , The Germans have also sume still heavier siege guns with which they, reduced the strong fortresses of! Namur, Muelhausen and Antwerp, to heaps of --S These' mighty cannon are said to throw a projectile that. weighs over a ton.' Whenever the gun 'is to be. dis- charged, the firing party has to re-! tire a hundred yarda or more, and explode the piece ty electricity. The strain on the gun is so tre- mendous that it can hardly be fire" more than twenty times before becomes useless. There is, there fore, a limit to the number of fort resses that can be taken by such means. -- Color Btinidness, Men who wish to hecome locome- tive engineers or aavigating «of- ficers of ships murat have their eves carefully examined to determine whether they are color-blind. Now it appears that color blindness is always inherited : if you do not have it in your family, you need not fear to face any examination of your eyes. In a recent pronidentia! -ad- dress to the British Association at Sydney, Australia, Prof. William Bateson déclared, moreover, that a | man always inherits oolor blindness' through his mother---ever through' his father. Thero ssema to be no instance in which «a color blind fa- ther bas transnntted lia defect to his children--ueloxs the mother was also a transmitter. The mother her- self need nob to color blind, but she must have tmkorited the power of transmitting thie defect from some ancestor. fume, probably all, of the daughters of 4 color biind mother inherit the power of trane- mitting the defect, although they themselves uray not he oolor blind; and, as 4 rule, they tranamit it to about one-half of their offspring of both sexes. The sone who inherit color blindness @o not transmit the defect; it is the twheritang daugh- ters that become the transmitters to the next goneration. a nae) Mother (sternly)--Yourss man. I wantto know just how serious are your intentions toward my daugh- ter. Daughter's sico (somewhat agitated--Mammal nema! He' not the one. ns equal that could vie in range" bene yer with these great Pes 4