¢ > 7 =, ~ hace ruled it, PROTECTORATE 18 "TANTA- MOUNT TO ANNEXATION. 3 _ Marks Another Milestone in Long History of Land of Pharoahs, j 'Among the startling events of the -twar ib was easy to lose sight of one thost Significant recent happening-- the announcement of a British pro- tectorate over Egypt, says the Min- neapolis Bellman. The thing was done without flourish of trumpets, without even much press exploita- tion, but none the less it was one the most important steps that greet Britain has taken in a iong That. the change was one rather ed of form than of fact is true enough. England has virtually controlled Egypt since hese defeated the revolting military class at Tel-e!- Kebir in 1682. Piasteally all of Egypt's prosperity to-day is due to the work done under the direction of one of the greatest figures in British colonial history. Lord Cro- mer, of whose resignation in *1907 Sir Edward Grey said, "It was the greatest personal loss which the public service of Great Britain could suffer."' Too much British "blood has been shed in Egypt since 1880, and too much British capital invested in public works there, to ermit of much uncertainty as to ts real control. Control of the Suez Canal. Yet the British position in Egypt has always been anomalous. It was @ great day in British history when Disraeli, taking shrewd advantage of the hopeless extravagance of Is- mail Pacha. bought for the British government 176,602 Suez Canal shares, but it was likewise the be- ginning of a period of serious com- plications, That the control of the canal meant eventual contro] of Egypt was certain, but France claimed its share in the manage- ment of Egyptian affairs, Turkey was openly annoyed at any attempt to limit its authority within its own imperial domain, many of the Egyptians themselves British interference as a blow at Islam, and in the Soudan the! Mahdi refused to be controlled by anybody French influence in Egypt, so Jong as it continued at all,»was an ef- , fective barrier to British control, "and the dames.) Pasiods incident ot et nothing Jess than the fear of Ger- under- many. ibringing about the standing of 1904 between France! and England. couid have quite made | possible the complete reengnition by | the French of British authority in Favpt As i: is. however, Egypt is one Engiand's new prizes, won theongh the French alliance. Where hitchener Won Honor. Th: "most violently disaffected wong the Egyptians were subdued bo the guns af che Bridish fleet and the bayonets of Watseley's regi Mepis: the mass of the peuple learned the advantages of peace and | Prospertiy pean Lord Cromer, But it was a long day before the Sou | dan was brougit by British troops toder the rale of a Turkish vice- rey 'Fhe neserable failures of 1882 1685) Hicks Pacha's army apnihil-) ated at Kk! Obexl. Baker's force eur, te preees ar KE! Teb, Gorden left by aovaeilacng government to die at! Kiravtoum--were at lass followed by the victories which woa for Lord Kitchener his utile, avd by 1800 re sistaner tu the Suudon was at an end So much England could accom- push while Egypt was neminally a pant of the Turkish Empire. but thers remained a dangerous mflu- enee which could never 'be thorough- iv resisted) Turkish control had hrovgot on FEevpt moat of its mis- erties. and Turkish diplomacy was ever seeking an excuse to insist on the British evacuation of Egypt. Whenever the erv of pan-Islamism 'tas raised Turkish emissaries were at hand a stir up fanaticism against the English Finally. as the league between Germany and Turkey be- came more and more oe there arose » new pert! to Brix Egypt. An Important Step. The announcemeni of a protecter- ate is tantamount to the annexa- tion of Egypt as a self-governing colony. As a safeguard to the Brit- ish road to India. the step is of 'im- mense importance. has always 'been a land of vast tential resources. Jn 19)2 ii pro- duced nearly four hundred thous- aud tons of cotton and sixteen mil- What. it may authoritw in lion tons of cereals, ae under unhampered British con- tre] ean only be guessed at. Agvpt has 'oceupied a unique place in history for a matier of three thousand vears, and for most of that space despite the fact that it has not governed: itself.* Ra@mpian and Greek, Reman, Aral a rk and more wars have heen fought over it than over any "other piere of jand in the world. ANU OF TE nae tates regarded | ug a SME PRIB DS en Cie 18 "tate to Bay. thetr Economical ft it | po- | inp ies: ning of @ new chapter in its amaz- ing history and is likely to prove a! the leget of ie results of the 'European war. yy GERMANS REA ALIZING TRUTH. Show Marked Change, Says a Mili- j dary, Observer. A military Observér at the Bri- tish atmy*headqu&rters in France discusses ab physical and mmengai | T° eondition'™ of the British troops and the Germans opposing them The writer, after making due al- lowance for the probability that the rman prisoners in many cases re- present the somewhat inferior ele- ment of Germany's forces, says that 'Shere seems to be a difference in the state of feeling of the German rank spe file from that which exist- éome weeks ago.' "'Some of our prisoners," the ob- server continues, '"'now realize that a victorious German advance is out of the question, and that their duty is merely to hold id ground. The i that the Germane will gain any ad- vantage commensurate with the sac- rifices incurred appears to a great eftent to have disappeared, but there are few Germans who con- template the possibility of an actual defeat and the invasion of their a egards physica] well-being, it is doubtful if the Germans are so well off as are the British.- The German medical arrangements also are inferior, many civilian physi- cians without surgical experience pa used. Two such dootors Te- cently were allowed to operate in one of our hospitals. They showed surprising ignorance, ruining sev- eral instruments intended for dis- articulating ligaments, ps Steel ing to get bones with t 'After this they were = permit- ted to operate. But these Points of German inferiority,"' the writer says, "are more than offset by the general efficiency of the fighting ma- chine of the Germans, the excel- lence of staff work and high disci- pline and the thoroughness with which every military requirement has been provided for. "Orders shave been captured which give minute instructions for the care of clothing, equipment and sanitation, which show great fore- , thought and a high standard of in- ber lor economy, | "This minute care for the well- being of the soldier so long as he can fight is. however, combined with callousness to losses when a sacri- fice of life is thought necessary, which points to formidable powers cyte: Baht ay IM PORTANT NT DISCOVERY. Surgery Is Aided By Use of the Telephone. The use of the telephone as an aid to surgery by communicating to, the vpeYater the noise of contact of | i knife, forceps or probe with foreign | bedies ugbedded in the flesh has ibeen discovered and perfected by 'Sir James Mackenzie Davidson, whe says his method wili do much Le simplify mitary surgery. he X-ray. says Sir James, has serscus limitations. lt shows the Varesence of the foreign body, but j gives no idea of the depth this body | has penetrated or of its relation to /the parts among which it has lodg- ed. Surgeuns often fai! to find the / object seen in silheuette on the Auo- 'reseent screen. It is not necessary to have a man | full of shrapnel brought from the | renchew to demonstrate the use of the telephone in surgery. as a po- tato and a nail do quite as well. : The surgeon uses a double pair of receivers, such as worn by wireless operators, One of the telephone | wires is attached to 2 piece of plati- | num foil. [a a real operation this foil is heid in place on the patient's } skin by plaster or bandage. In the experimeaot the potato is dipped in- to salt water and placed on the foil! To the end of the other telephone wire is attached a small sterilized silver wire. which in turn-is made fast to the knife. probe, needle or furceps used in sounding the wound or incision. When the surgeon's touches meta!, whether in flesh or in a potato. a distinct and unmis itakable gracing noise results. This i means the foreign bods is discover- hj e instrument There exists a poptiar fallacy that ti is necessary to remove not only bullets but cvery scrap of metal from the weund. But experience has shown that the human body | does not mind a littl metal, and ithe removal of bullets is often too | danaenons ty attempt, --_-* The Pomestic M achine. Mr. Meek was laboriously hook- ing up the back of his wife's even- ing dress just as the clock was striking their dinner hour and their dinner guests were ringing the door be!!. Mr. Meek breathed hard; his forehead was damp and his hands shook "T do wich some cne would in- vent & machine to do this kind of work !" he muttered miserably. "Why they have!" replied his wife, brightly, as she wpplied some powder nonchalantly to her nose, Seeminzhy it has game backward ra- Fae "They have, and you are it!"' Py AND BUSI GER BRAINY MEN ARE a ge NG THE CZAR'S FORCES. -- 'The Grand: Duke Nicholas Is a Man "of: the Most Forceful Per- sonality. : Not mnch: is: known. outside: = Russia pe ig dl the generals 'who nad armiés, and. thet lected. b; Byron Lomax in Petrograd and communicated to the Philadelphia padeer are unusually interesting. opular ignorance upon the se Eee Lomax says that before | air nerals the war the Russian ge is were i flat top better known than the German gen-| Tab ble Mountain, near Oapetown, --. sows o of them being ao a6 | ebr feng aoe concen great authorities on various ba O' wn of warfare. The commande rin: Pratedeae ." This cloud often chiet is the Grand Duke Nicholas. | appears to Fouy over the - Because he happens to be neat/ ward side of the mountain ry relation of thé Czar's there is @ mighty cataract. The '! popular notion that he ocoupies his @ tablecloth" is sign of present important position by fa- er, Ata little distance from vor and not by merit. is a|the mountain a second o often mintale, for the Grand Duke has ee. A verge aoe of one of- een recognized for many Ts as} tn ¢een near Crose n one of oe ful iconall: land, are known as the 'helm and ties in Rusala. He has been a close|bar."' The helm, or pelnet, forms adviser'of the Czar's, and. has been|ovér the mountain when a violen ent soldier from boyhood. He was , known ae the 'hulaieind " is president of the at con- | D ; the bar appears a mile or trolled all naval and military af- to leeward. fairs for Russia at the time of "At 'Galles, on the coast of Peru, Russo-Japanese War, and Ww sailors often encounter a foul-smell- ge ting" the Russian blunders} fog that its a brown sli t war, this may ~sigee no great} comting on white paint and metal, certificate of military nd hence is called the "painters." there is reason to helicve that the |: ther remarkable fog on the chief Russian disasters were due to a disregard of his advice. The Grand Duke. Nicholas desired to take charge of the Manchurian campaign, but the Czar objected on the ground that defeat for him would bring re- spony for disaster too close to House of Romanoff. Nicholas said that the chief weakness of Kuropatkin was lack of nerve, that he could not bring himself to fight a decisive battle. He was replaced, therefore, by Linievitch, who had all the confidence of the Grand Duke, but lacked his quickness in seizing an opportunity. Absolute confidence in themselves has been a characteristic of most great sol- diers. the Grand Duke. At the outset he made it plain to his staff that its function was to advise them distantly, Russian soldier, and is loved by | the Peasants. Tho rier hief as "Father," and the Grand Duke in turn speaks-of the sdéldiers as his "children." A Real Fighting General. Grand Duke Nicholas is, in fact, a rather rough, tough sort of com- mander, choleric, but warm-heart- ed. When his generals blunder it is said that he gives vent to his emo- tions by "cussing them out." More than once in the course of the pre- sent campaign he has had brought before him privates soldiers who have distinguished themselves in battle, and has publicly kissed them. He plans his campaign some 80 miles behind the fighting line, and as soon as he has come to his decision he goes to the front in his automobile. Several times he been actually under fire. to the great alarm of his staff, but the Grand Duke seems to delight in the ee of the great guns. It is d that if the Russian ranks should show a disposition to waver all that is necessary to turn them into walls of steel is to send the whisper along that "Father Nicho- as" is coming. A Student of Warfare. His viet of staff is a young man of poor physique and unmilitary appearance. This is Yanushkovitch, a Pole. He is not the fighting man that the Grand Duke is, but a scien- tific soldier who studies war as a man might study a game of chess. He is credited with having planned the present plan of campaign, al- though the Grand Duke has modi- fied some of his suggestions. He and the commander-in-chief are said to have differed radically as regards the invasion of East Prussia. Nich- olas, however, had a political motive | in view. He ordered the raid which | netrated as far as Konigsberg' and Allenstein to reli eve the pres- sure upon the Allies in Flanders. It achieved this end, but one of its results was 'the disaster at Tanen- burg, where the Russian General Samsonoff was killed and nearly four army corps wipéd out of exis- tence, because the aa adva on Posen and Breslau was not ready. After this atte the chief of staff offered his resignation to the Grand Duke. but it was not ac- ecpted. Two Noted Generals. General Alexaader Brusiloff, who commands against the Austrian flank on the slope of the 'Mid-Car pathians, is said to be the coc! est, boldest and most unsparing of the Russian generals. He is a believer in the frontal attack, which he holds to be, on the whole, less costly than the more popular flanking assault, because it is over quicker and_re- quires fewer men.- In time of peace he is devoted to art. amd poetry. None of them had more thanw but he loves the 4 turn}; ae i ' he will speak of the commander-in- Bel P ne B.O., is a re artlo- ulate and Bir Olive waa b 1854, Wisbeela wits tr ; rom 'prao- ---- thee, He' belongs old 'THOSPHERE E CURIOSITIES. Shropshire family, the eys of Bent Wooe Baige Aammetnegg) han 6 utiful Phenomena Are. Some- assumed on times Observed. ee iat, "He wes ot Cloud caps form on mountain ®| one time a captain in the 4th battal- ae of mo: wate 8. W. B., and he married in Sent al of the moun for the|1879*a daughter of Rear-Admiral| nown as the ces moisture to police vegeta- fogs frequently occur off the nouwert coast of Africa, be- n the Canaries and the Cape Ve de Islands. They are sometimes : g nse as to make navigation diffi- The color is owing to dust thet the trade wind brings from the ara désert. visited by a very = and dry vad eae "3 the f The ef- fects of this wind are padtioularty striking in winter. The snow melts and evaporates as if by magic; ap: cle becomes as dry as tin- ce of Br; and great precautions are ne- ssBary to prevent the ocourrence the disastrous fires known as 'fo -fires" +) ¢ is 'permitted while the | fohn is wing, and not even a pipe or a mrette may be lighted. Many rsone Butter = prevails The racter ps Tarai to,§he thin. Over the waters of "he Bay of in Canada, a mysterious omenon known as the "fire is sometimes seen by night. I¢ is a roughly hemispherical mass of 'luminosity, with its flat side to e water; but sometimes it rises in slender moving columns that resem- ble the flaming rigging of a ship. It is supposed to foretell a storm. No' gatisfactory explanation of this phenomenon has ever been given. candes lightning" is the name given to a very striking luminous ischarge of electricity seen over the-crest of the Andes, in Chile, in a region where ordinary thunder- storms are almost unknown. mountains appear to act as gigan- tic lightning rods, between which and the clouds silent discharges take place on a vast scale. A con- tirtuous glow is seen about the sum- mits, with occasional outbursts like beams of a great searchlight. These displaya have been seen by vessels three hundred miles from the coast. Among the snow-clad Alps a curi- ous and beautiful a is sometimes observed at the close of e day. The rosy illumination of the mountain summits passes away, from below upward, as the sun sinks below the opposite horizon, and for a few minutes the peaks, with their rocks and snows, have a ivid appearance; then cractusity they are lighted up with a- second rosy , aod this may last for as much as an hour after sunset. This is called the "recoloration of the Alps," or in the case of the giant of the Troup, the "resurrection of Mont Blanc." The whole series of phenomena is called the "Alpen- glow.' ------ | Some Army Terms Explained. (/ An army conps ison a_ small i scale a complete army in itself. The strength varies from 35,000 to 46,- 000 men. A division is a body of horse, foot and artillery of from 15,- 000 to 20,000 men. A brigade is a force of infantry or cavalry. An in- fantry brigade is from 4,000 to 7,- 000 strong, sea airy ade a ,000 strong. Ani fantry cexincomt is from 2,000 to 4,- 000 stroong. 1 cavalry regiment from 500 to 1,000 strong. Squad rons of cavalry consist of 150 to 200 men. In the British and French Armies a battery of artillery has six guns and about 200 men. It Puzzled Him. Silas--I hear your son left that small town and went to the-city to have a larger fie'd for his efforts. iram Yes; an that's what gets me. 'When Hank was home, a two-acre patch was too big a field for him. HT | it rises and rhagy moisture | Fenwic On the of "Certain 'oe gal in the Alps are of- . ton 80 = aparvaneate classics, game ise, very active in pahtio affairs in coast Pro B conspicuously ie this roman Game,' in two volumes, "in the B min Lib m one of sank rei was ® doing in thé father- the] For example, he unde Sir Clive " Phillips- Wooley ranke adian authors. He high among Canadian England's : Queen,"' -i istic sentiment. 'gr al o ira Trin; 1 paaeiotia post, and his ballad o fine expression in verse of Imperial- In his three nov- " and "The Remittance Man,"' he has given us excellent pictures of the making of the far Canadian West. advocate of Canadian support the British nav y, and his addre for s5e8 on "The Canadian Naval Question'"' were published in book form in 1911 at his own expense. His arguments were summed up as follows in of these addresses : one "The suprem- acy of the seas is vital to Britain; the continued existence of Britain is vital to her daughter nations ; therefore Britain's supremacy sea is vital to Canada.' at Sir Clive Phillips- Wooley has aiso been very active in the affairs of Canadian N Navy Leagues. He the was recently appointed by the Dominion Government a censor and special Government officer on the Pacific coast. er of the Hogue, one of the Bri cruisers torpedoed in the North last September by marine. ------h___. AANELUTRAT'S OPINION. When the German Arty Will Worn Out. General Ricodtti Garibaldi, in viewed by a representative. of Messagiwero, said, telegraphs Press Association ne =o His son was naval command- tish Sea a German sub- Be ter- the the rre- spondent, that, like many other fa- thers whose sons have fallen, must sink his paternal grief and think only of the best means of terminat- ing a.struggle which took humanity 2,000 or 3,000 years backward. He thought it would take six or seven months more for the German army to be worn out. He added: ever has had experience of knows that the soldiers of war W he- war do not resist the hardships and emo- tions of a campaign beyond five op six months. paring a new army, umb witlin this period. My th? of 1870 he ordered me to give Germany is now pre- which will suc was so convinced of this pheno- menon that one dav during the war 20; days' leave to a body of sharpshoot- ers, who on returning were able to sustain several months n fighting. Those sharpshoot though veterans, were thus nore ers, exhausted, but the Prussians are stil] more ex- hausted. That is why my father posed the conclusion of peace, op- be- He has been a very strong lieving that a few more months' war would be sufficient to. crush the enemy, just as to-day the armies of the Entente are crushing the Ger- GERMAKY'S oniuct 18 monvesl ING BRITAIN, + | When Teutons Learned Their Arm Was Stopped They ' Awoke, das Writing upon get rae 8 intends hatred of Britain with ite forces,' Qharles N. Wheeler. ap gone spondent of the une, . writing from Aachen, Germany,' a1 'AS tset of the war the Germans oak iboek th & precision oompleten ed world, of the ha toward a a iecs Goadl atee S © at robe Bad stayed the inighty be enough to permit rm. Snag Paris had fallen ; A was in the possessiott! Von itZ's dréadneugidia. Fail to Invest Paris. "Then came the awakening. The, news percolated through "at despite osnaoring, of course woegcthing og ed a te miles this alde Re art, shat Pa was not the fab ne il ™ the red arey -" of e inv: i pushed back. Finally it eet upon the people of Germany that' ment. Germany awoke to learn' that for forty days the conquering ~ imperial army, the terror of half a! dozen nations, the unbeatable Uh-' lan and his lance, had been stopped.| ~ Public Opinton Directed. '"'Now comes the paychology of directing public opinion in the fatherland. The people did not want exouses, but a justification and a new patriotism. The Govern- ment gave it to them. England was blamed for the antagonistic senti- ment among the neutrals. The Lon- don press just at this moment was picturing the devastation of Bel- gium with all the powers of lan- guage and ascribing to the Ger- mans crimes of the most dreadful nature, culminating in the "last straw"--the epithets "Huns" and '""'barbarians." "The word 'Hun' simply -CaUBEL caverage German. to go. strai fe icted on faces 'before in. my life, but I never saw. such as this. Arouses New Patriotism. "The Germans have been taught * ior years that England was jealous of Teutonic commercial growth and that England would sooner or later make war on Germany because of the almighty dollar aspect alone. There always has been a sort of latent dislike for Great Britain. It required only this last campaign of resistance against the Hun epithet to arouse a new patriotism in Ger- many. There is not this terrible hate against France and Russia only against England and the Japs. "Accordingly there is one great stroke the German army can at- tempt that will be supported to a man at home regardless of the out- come, and that is a beeline march to the English coast. That is what the German genera] staff-now pro- pose in my judgment. THOUGHTS FOR THE DAY. i. is only your friends and yeu enemies that tel! you your faults.-- Haliburton. Under all sp2ce th thai is good nF anything there lies'a silence that ? better.--BScott. A companion that is cheerful, and frae from swearing and scurrilous discourse, is worth guld.--Walton Most pedple would succeed is smail things if they were nut troub ted with great ambitions. -Long- fellow. The words we speak and the rg a we do to-day may seem to be lost, but in, the great final re. vealing the smallest of them will appear. --Lawell. Reverence for age is a fair test of the vizor of vouth; and, conyersely, insolence towards the old and the past, whether in individuals or ir nations, is a sign rather of weak ness than of strength.---C. Kings- ey. . . A man who lives right, and ts right, has more power in his science than another by his wards. Char- acter is like bells which ring "out sweet music, and which, when touched accidentally even. resound with owvet | musice.--Phillips Brooks. About the only way to settle 4 dispute ¢" a bill is to settle the bill. "Of course, I don't wish to put any obstacle in the way of your get- ting married,' w# mistress said to her servant, "pat, I wish it were possible for you to postpone it. un- til I get another maid.'? 'Well. mum," Mary Annreplied, "L'ardly think I know 'im well enough ta arsk 'm to put t off." *