1 WHAT A VOLCANO E ig) Few of us have any accuraie ideas as to what we should see were 'we oe ne ae ares ees en | "to stand at the edge of a volcanic crater. The extinct crater of Ha- leakala in Maui of the Hawaiian group, for instance, is 20 miles in 'circumference, 744 miles long, 21-3 miles wide, Sud. more than 2,000 feet deep. The floor is covered wien lava'sand, and extends into miles of rolling desert country that .seems like another Sahara. But, thie, as Mr. William R. Castle, Jr., ex- plains in 'Hawaii, Past and Pres- ent,"' is by far the largest crater 'n the world, ue in its desolate, dead rangi nce According fo ail the rules of --s ~ school geographies, a volcano ought io be situated on top of a moun- tain; it ought to throw out stones and 'ashes and molten lava; its crater should be in the shape of an inverted cone, and should emit ter- rifying noises ; periodically it should overwhelm a village or two. Kilauea; on the island of Hawaii, conforms to none of these specifications. It has thrown out neither stones nor ashes since it annthilated the army that was marching against Kame- hameha, almost. a hundred and fifty years ago. It retains its lava with- in its own crater, which is not shap- ed like an inverted cone. are from 100 to 700 feet high, and 7.85 miles in cireumference, and the floor covers 2,650 acres. The volcano seldom makes terrifying noises--at least of the kind heardin imagination by a schoolboy. Thous- ands of people descend into the cra- ter annually, and not one has ever been 'njure The walk across the floor of the crater, about 2), miles, is over @ hard lava bed, more or less up and down, since lava hardens quickly, and remains as it flowed, in great ropes and ripples. A few yards from shore one comes naturally to cal] the bank "shore"--a ragged crack is crossed by a wooden bridge. At the time this crack opened a The sides' 20 feet thick and 50 feet ee streams into the air, and plays fo several minutes, waves of blading fire flowing out from it, dashing against the sides until the black rocks are starred all over with bits of scarlet. All sensations are sub- me in a sense of awe. This vision of the earth-building forces at work is a picture so overpower- ing that it is burned into the me- mory for a time. a Ses THE SHOT IN sche eteHT: Exciting Kayeutite With a Run- away Convict. In France, a criminal who is clossed as incorrigible i is sent either to the Islands of Safety, off the Guiana coast,--one of which is Devil's Island, where Oaptain Dreyfus languished,--or to St. Lau- rent or St. Jean, a little higher up the river Maroni. The life of the prisoners, who are made to work in the mines and jungles, and who are illtreated by the officers in charge, is said to be so terrible as to drive them in desperation to attempt to escape. But, thanks to the care -lessness of the authorities, escape is not very difficult. The fugitives, men of the worst type, rendered reckless by circumstances, are a constant menace to travelers in that country, An adventure that illus- oO 'that danger is described by J. Jacobson in the Wide World Rat oe In the middle of the-night | was awakened by a shot, and heard the singing of a bullet unpleasantly close tomy ear, In second 1 was out of my hammock. Piet was climbing to the top of the hut, pray ing aloud all the time. Looking to- ward the hammock I had been sleeping in, I saw a bullet hole on each side of the netting. The per- son who had shot at me had evi- dently aimed at the spot where he thought my head would be, and had missed me by a very small margin. I noticed that my pistols, which T had carelessly left lying on a box, had vanished. I was convinced that someone had sneaked up, taken the pistols, and fired at me with my own weapons. I reasoned that the large party was in the crater. They would-be murderer would return to stayed long, 'because they were de- | shoot the boy, and knew it was best lighted with the unusual activity of} to get out of the light of the lan- the lake, and had no idea that this/ tern, so I hid behind a tree close to activity extended beyond the pit of | the camp. Piet was still up in a fire until at last they started to go' Levee, praying at the It was night, and voice. northern : not stir. back yw the hotel. as they approached the bank of the crater, their lanterns suddenly revealed a huge fissure} tions. directly across their path. Already molten. lava wos bubb last they found a spot where Java had split unevenly, leaving a projecting ledge on which it was ete pate the; to me. and then jumped from top of his I told him to keep quiet and was not mistaken in my calcula- After waiting patiently for what seemed hours, I heard a faint me. one Rent hind the tree, and, with my gun lev- eled at his head, called to him to possible to stand, and so to jump to; hold up his hands. the other side. The whole experi- | Seldom have I seen a man more ence. with the thought of sinking to | frightened. He dropped the pistol the fires beneath, or of being over whelmed by the lava slowly in the fissure, and the utter lessness of their situation, enough to test the most fearles Kilauea is really an enormous} quiescent ¢rater with an active in- help- | was rising | straightened on his back; then up, throwing -- kiss- hands at me and begging pardon in French. I told him in the same lan- ; guage to come forward, and noticed j that he was a runaway convict, a mean-looking, black-bearded Arab. /and fell over be- | | Expeditionary Force. Considering the loving Britain indulges in, it is al- most a distinction to be without @ bly safe to say that there is only}. one general in the British army who is Much fighting ionatlg spells promo- tion, the reverse shelving, and yet Cowans is now Quartermaster-Gen- eral of the forces and a mere bah: consideraing the position he holds, as he is only fifty-two years of agé, says London Tatler. He joined 'the Rifle Brigade. thirty-three years ago, and for the |) first years of hie service, at any rate, was a much better-known ure in drawing-rooms than in} camps, and what is more, was tré- man. A serious fit then came ures him shortly after he had been made captain. He set to work to stu "his books,' with the result that he ters, P.C.8., after his name. Staff College naturally led to a staff}. appointment, First of all he be- came staff captain wt army head- a ag "and later D.A. Q.M.G. at the War Office, and it was then that he made his name. The South Afri- can War broke out, practically responsible for the des- patch and return of about half a celerity of this despatch and edie drew forth paeans of mirat from the whole world. Whether aa is to he congratulated on having been specially noted for praise re the German Emperor is doubtful; but, at any rate, that pinch- beck | 8 Napoleon charactgrized the ar- rangements for the' tsmheport of the troepe as the finest feature of the whole campaign. Helped Out Kitchener. When K. of K. went to India it is ancient history to relate that he initiated many drastic changes in the Indian army. services of a fellow organizer, he Much innumerable | j nance number of small wars which peace-| mendously popular as a society | is now able to write the magic let-f The and he was} million men, and the accuracy and} Appreciating the |; main. cea i. Gace fe "Tiaapatels of British | accomplish such ped battle." to do even more than win says that to him is to be constantly and forward , the war seems ¥y much closer to England than it does to the stay-at-home English- pman. As you know, many of the @reatest struggles have taken place rench soil, and, moveover, you see the English soldiers, going fown to the steamships on short ve of absence, covered from top toe with mud from the trenches. "What do the men now sing when the march?' I asked a group of on the boat. "Are they ¥ v replied. ; Tipperary' is the great favorite, d looks like being so till the end the war, and after. But wherever Fou go, you can also hear the men fshouting in chorus: "« Hullo! Here we are again, -- Hullo! Hullo! Hullo ~ Here we are again! "This will be repeated times with- on} att number, and "as the tune is '@asy, every one can take a share. 'The men Jove to sing, for it makes the stiffest march a lighter and het- 'ter task and _keeps every one in 'good spirits. ~ Wherever you meet English sol- diers, and in whatever conditions, @n incurable spirit of optimism and | Goodwill prevails. I came across a art man in the flying corps at a French railway station, who was on his-way. with six others, to a south- ern destins ation. "Our men," he confessed, "hav- phad a hard time, and are exposed | ® n es bs ge an En lish su MAN'S ENDURANCE IN WAR. Cannot Be Madé 1 Too Horrible for Those Engaged In It. "T never-approach the firing a n, ina 'without a WHAT IS GOING ON OVER IN THE STATES. Latest Happenings tn Big Republic Condensed for Busy Readers. Boston is to build another $100,- mbi d. on medical journa Nees of amazement lon the endur- ance shown by the soldiers." He s then to tell how the men of 'all the armies, friend and foe alike, conduct themselves under ¢ almost ceaseless fire. But it is net their courage or their bravery that eee ae Pe much as the mere fact that the human organism alk * a A can withstand the shock of encotih- Mestorins pias oO cae . aed ter with the modern enginés of de- struction: "In common with oth- ers,' he confesses, "I believed be- fore the war began that man's in- genuity in inventing deadly wea- pons had outstripped his ability to stand up and face them, but the} pouse odor r sions lens seam, soldier of to-day encounters these; 'The bill for a pew Ni murderous monsters without sus- only awaits President a 8 pa taining, apparently, amy greater) nature shock than his ancestor sustained) gan Francisco now has direct tel-, when he went to war with an enemy geet communication with New! armed with bows and arrows." It would seem that in spite of the rr New Jersey senator has ex opinion and predictions to the COn-| y $5,936,232 State road as exposed trary, man cannot make war too! Trenton , horrible for th engaged in it to! Mayor of Seabright., N.J., adjust shemealvdepee sically to en- Po residents to pray againet\ To anything short of a ocean encroachments Representative Plese had a bill to restore capital punishment in Min- nesota. Fanny Neleon of Pittsburg left $20,000. to buy Bibles for the poor. Kansas is making its anti-packing dure it. force so stupendous as to annihilaté| "Racine, Wis., prisoners oan armies instantly and completely hu- | work all day a [cohen to the shed man nature seems to be equal. up at ni armored Orusader believed, no! 'Three Detroit firms are said to ' doubt, that war could not be m | makin war-shells for the Be, more 'destructive than the war he | War Ofiine knew, and men contihue to engage} Ohio in it. The same was thoughts when | gunpowder was first employed. But, | step by step, year by year, destructive. machinery' has render more and more deadly, | and will be rendered even more; deadly, very likely, before this con-| g3. flict is ended--and stil] man with-| warship Virginia. stands it. Kansas State asks $50,000 to pro- He endures uot only a greater) tact small towns from burglary,' hail of missiles, but he endures it! which is epidemic. for a greater length of time. On! Chicago Germans have raised the European field of conflict firing | $200,000 for a from war in| has been almost incessant, the bat-' Austria and Ge tle almost continuous. Peskaps| Public some of the soldiera there may smile | ' City have signed a petition askin grimly when they recall that it was Europe to stop warring. said after Waterloo that soldiers; The juvenile police of New York's cities claim bankrup | faces them unless they can levy i ditional taxes. Kansas City housewives are lend-, ing their sewing machines to unem-| ployed women. ear Admiral Coffman has hadi 000 in jewelry stolen on the U.8. es snes pone School "eshaewe of eerie ] ner pit. This cavity is, perhaps. I made him march to the camp in 1,000 feet across, and its precipit: | front of me, and called to Piet to ous sides lead dow nto a lake of|come down and tie his hands be- malten lava several acres in extent, | hind his back Piet descended with sometimes higher, sometimes lower |a broad grin on his face, and with in the pit. This is Halemaumau.| much bragging made the captive which is commonly translated (al- ; helpless. though ine: rectly), "the house of | "We did that finely. sir. he re-, everlasting fire.' It is certainty | marked, when the work was done. I! the house of the goddess Pele nad to smile, thinking how much By daylight the lake of fire isa help he had given toward capturing greenish yellow, cut with eracks of red that streaks of stationary across its surface. Jt fs breathing rapidly one point and sinking down at an- other: throwing up sudden ains of scarlet molten lava that play a few minutes and subside, ahiinmmering mounds that gradually lightning | restless, ragged lthe man. look pale | had crept up. and, noticing the pis- leaving | | munition, The convict admitted he tols on the box, had quietly Aaa /proached and fired at the place then ran away. fount. | killed me, he returned to shoot the i boy. Provided with arms and am- he had intended to make} {his way through the jungle to Brit- settle to the level surface of the} ish Guiana lake, turning 'brown and yellow a) en they sink. As darkness comes, the lake grow so intense The fire is colors on the that they almost hurt. not only red, it is blue and purple | wonder how the halls and orange and green. Blue flaines shimmer and dart about the edges of the pit, across the surface of the mass. Sudden fountains paint blood-red the great plume of sui- phur smoke that rises constantly. Sometimes the spurts of lava are so violent, 60 exaggerated by the night, that one draws back terrified lest some atom of their molten swb- stance should spatter over the edge of the precipice. Sometimes the whole Jake is in motion. Waves of fire toss and battle with each other, and dash in clouds of bright vermil- jon spray against the black sides of the pit. Sometimes one of these eides falls in with a roar that echoes ack and forth, and mighty rocks are swallowed in the liquid mass of fire that closes over them in a whitl- pool, like water over a sinking ship. Again, everything is quiet, a thick scum forms over the surface.of the restless lake, dead, like the scum' on the surface of a lonely forest pool. Then} Names that parents inflict upon shivers. Flashes of fire dart from] their children are enough to cause le to side. The centre bursts} them to break.into jail in after Q@pen, and a huge fountain of lava] years. | back and forth! 'the fine ' Making Billiard Balls. Do you who play billiards are made! he best material is the tusks cow elephants. Their tusks are not s0 curved as those of the male, and 'nerve passage" cannot be traced so clearly. When ivory dries, say those who make the balls, it shrinks. The shrinkage is ge er in width than it is in length, the case of the tusk. Billiard balls, after being turned in the rough, are kept in a warm room for a long time, sometimes for two years. Af- ter shrinking they are turned again and again and to the "true." ae | Live For Something. Do good, and leave behind you a monument of virtue that the storm of time can never destroy. Write your name in kindness, love, and mercy on the hearts of thousands you come into contact with year af- ter year. Good deeds will shine as the stars of heaven. | ] strange ly as the order had been given to-day | numerous accounts of men, | Sent for General Cowans. pto many dangers, but they are 8U-| there reached the limit of mortal | 8 labor and many details did the two| PET in the way they meet extra resistance to the fatigue and ex- | io kr tee Se of them pile on the shoulders of }@uty and difficulties. On Christmas haustion of battle fury. Waterloo Frank La Lone. ho: r at groaning regimental officers, but | Yay we had a job that took us into was over in six hours. At Sedan Limon, Col., facing starvation, poi- the result justified the groans ex-} afternoon. On ordinary ooca- the fighting lasted twice as long. gsoned imgel. his wife and four tracted, for there was great im- sions we should have grumbled, es-| At Gettysburg it continued for sires! children. provment in efficiency generally. | pecially on such a day, and particu-/days, From Europe, however, come, A New York magistrate says even dogs without noses must be muzzled the North-East frontier, returned home to look after much-abused Territorial forces, e t how he became es eae Sir J. S. Cowans, K.C.B. Gen. two men who never forgive a fault or slackness--Kitchener and French bubbling up at | where he thought my head was. and! ---and has found favor in the sight Thinking he had | of both. | looking, He is tall and very good- which led to his being se- lected to lead the royal procession lat the time of the Coronation. He is very fond of animal s. It is; said that he owed his job with the | | Territorials to this liking for beasts. When his suitabil- /ity was being discussed it is related | | that a distinguished officer remark- ed, ' Jack Cowan is just the man; he could teach a jackass card- of} tricks, and if be can't make the Ter- riers wag their tails no one can. Delightful Companion. As a companion he is absolutely delightful; he can talk exceedingly well, and, a rarer gift still, he is a splendid listener. Further, he has t e knack of making those with him tremendously pleased with them- selves. He is a great club man, and belongs to many. It would be as- tonishing if he had not a lot of friends, but at the same time it is astonishing what a lot he has. Amongst the most valued he can reckon\the Duke of Connaught. Owing "to the exciting times in which we are living, perhaps, peo- le have forgotten how wonderfully ritish troops were sent to France. How even sage living in the heart of Lo great rail- way sta 'nl tens of thousands of soldiers were despatched, not' a sin- gle soul really knew whether any of our regiments had actually gone to the front. There was no shouti and cheering as regiment after regi- ment departed silently in the dead of pin and it came as a. surprise to us to learn secretly and brigade at Calcutta, and] kept watehful eyes on Thibet and} tically Then a the whole of the Christmas ay: But not one of them groused, od we all pulled together and com- the work much earlier. than ondinees Sons. T believe that if Morer "job we have. : 7 The ¢ cigarette habit is in a super- lative degree familiar to the British soldier in France. In all his tight corners it seems to help him. He gets round somehow if he can light a "fag. When he has to wait for Breakfast or dinner sut comes the packet of Woodbines. A call to duty at three or four o'clock on a Winter's morning without a bite o sup to keep out the nt caa oak be met by a "cig." ou go to the offices at the base al the sol- dier clerks are smoking. Next door ye will find the officers doing the sa -------- k____ BISHOP GOES INTO TRENCHES. Noble Figure Whose Courage Shells Cannot Daunt. The correspondent of the London Chronicle, writing from Northeast France, tells the following vivid 0 Dna of the noblest figures in French ecclesiastical circles at the present moment 's the Bishop of Ar- ras,\Mgr. Lobbedey, who, undaunt- ed by German shells, has minister- /ed to those of his flock who remain- ed in their cellars in the bombard- ed area and to the sick and wound- ed among the French troops. Since the tide of invasion ebbed, Arras has stood at the apex of the enemy's roughly drawn obtuse an- gled triangle. Sometimes the allies have been in possession, at other times the Germans, who stil! hold the hecatombs of chalk to the east of the city--natural entrenchments, from which they must be starved or smoked out. Their hidden batteries here play on Arras and its purlieus practical- ly every day. Not a single church remains. But the Bishop has lived under- ground, with a few scores of elderly members of-his congregation, who prefer to be buried under the ruins of their homes rather than go out into a new and strange world they know not. r, the bishop' 8p cape except 'th a few broken' windows, and here the prelate holds his services for the devoted few who fear only God. The Bishop goes into the trenches to administer the last rites, and 'comforts the wounded behind the lines and in the clearing hospitals quite careless of his own life. When an officer expostulated with him for exposing himself to the merciless German sniper (who re- spects neither soutane nor -Red Cross) he replied, '"My priesthood signifies complete sacrifice. For the sake of my people I gladly bear any suffering and privation.' hat Wwe might be able to have prac-|com panies, regiments and brigades that have been under fire without relief--in constant battle--for three | weeks. The significance of it seems to be apparent--man's. inventive facutties Foo not yet nee mpg sy Ai 8 it would be well r the world and its to-morrow if this could some accomplished before the guns abroad are silenced. Then, at least, the war would not be! died of shock in the hospital at the without its recompense. thought of an operation. + Rochester's fifteen banks held spa aa , . $175,785,254 on December 31st last FAILURE OF THE ZEPPELINS. | with loans of $117,858,958. ee | ee WAR GOAT CHEWED TOBACCO. in t city. A Boston probate judge refused the Hogan femlly the right to cal! themesives Hi Non- ria Peary ea owning Unit- ed States propert; rty, are to pay a tax Boston libraries kick at an order to disinfect every ing before re- issuing from catalogu Mrs. C. Biddle, a 2 Boston woman, Present They Are Crude and Ineffective. Placidly regarding the badly ex- haga reputation of the Zeppelins Story of "Nanny and Her Sad war machines, the Scientific Nes le World remarks, "We told you so."' Pate at the Battlefront. iat J through W aidemar Kemp- fert, of the Scientific American, they now protest that they never expected much of the ponderous air vessels. ese aerial monsters serve tolerably well as scouts, but when it comes to an actual attack At By no means the least interesting thing about the war is the part that animals are playing in it. The lat- est tale is of a goat--not one of the regimental ones whose presence' at the front has led to endless jokes tif about '"'butts" for the riflemen, but on .atee 'tenes, thes a stray white nanny with a lone p Ps, beard that came one night right 1 effect little. Here and there the irigibles have done some damage, mainly to non-combatants. They have ruined a few buildings in Ant- werp and killed some school chil- dren in country districts, but not much more. Except for their scout- | ing value the war would have run! its course without them just about | as it has with them. When the British troops were transported in unprotected vessels to Belgium a highly attractive mark was offered to the Zeppelins, but they did not take advantage of it. The troops were moved in perfect safety. To be sure it was done by night, bok the Zeppelins have searchlights which would have illu- minated the scene. They did not to the trenches in which a Fren regiment was squatting. A soldi: gave it a piece of biscuit and th animal jumped in beside him. For a while it lived with the men, one of whom christened the animal "The Matron" because it remi inded him of a nurse he had known---'t was so thin, sv refined in manner and so gentle. Nanny, however, bacco like any American country hotel chair-warmer. She had a healthy appetite, too, for bread, } tatoes and carrots, but she mere than paid for her keep. every day, she yielded a generous quan- tity of delicious creamy miik. But could ¢ Hew tO- for, > 3 interfere because for various rea- she was fond of her liberty, and one sons they could not. day, as she was returning to the ' trenches she fell a vietim to a Ger- No doubt these air vessels contain the promise of great things in the! Man bullet. The Frenchmen Were ereatiy future, but at present they are en erude and ineffective. Monstrous raged, and, at night, when the and awkward in shape, they still} "Bosches" stole out with the object are at the mercy of wind and wea-| of seizing "The Matron's" body. ther in flight, while 'they cannot be| they got a-warm reception. The Frenchmen sprang at them like tigers, and, before they could beat a retreat, a dozen Germans bit the dust. Nanny was taken back to the safely anchored without enormous containing sheds, a 'separate shed for each vessel. This requirement greatly limits their usefulness. Ap- parently it would be next to impos- nches .a jJlemniy in- sible to land troops froma Zeppelin| ferred. some distenoe' fram the in a hostile country. The perform- front even if it did not end in the : loss of the men, = almost cer- ---- a tainly wreck the airship. - For all the talk ay what Zep- Chinese Incubators. pelins might do, the Germans have Shantung is one "vf the leading put little dependence upon them, egg-producing provinces of China. The Kaiser'e troops have done %/ Chickens are for the' most part great deal of destruction in Bel- gium, but it has been by means of their huge guns on solid bases, not by raining down bombs from above. From present appearances there is no great reason to apprehend an invasion of England by airships. They may, as Waldemar Kempfert thinks, blow up a building here and hatched by a native provess of in- cubation consisting of placing eggs in earthenware jars, which are se, upon kongs, or beds built of brick: and clay, and within which slow fires, generally of coke or charcoal, are kept burning. The eggs area geveely turned from time to time. The kongs used are generally those: there, but they are not likely to which serve the family for beds. acomplish a great deal more. &