5 ae aan a sem | SUNS were 12-inch, of which she OF BRITISH FLEET | siet:27¢, moontet, on, nine snips, ti ae ° ' i8 against 286 British 12-inch : mounted on fifty-four ships. ' suppress the activities of the enemy's - GREAT EFFICIENCY. "Vheavy ordnance Germany had nothing AMERICAN TRIBUTE TO WHAT mare ore 110 guns of 11-inch Loran e British preponderance in weight Tip OING. of metal was simply stupendous. Ses alas a ae there was only one thing ee Rei ¢ German navy to do in presence o: What the Germans Have Been Pre- such a disadvantage. "To come out vented From Doing and What and fight would be to court certain Ships Have Been Sunk. destruction; so almost the_entire fleet, not only of capital ships, but a ma- flere is a splendid appreciation of jority of the small cruisers and de- the contribution of the British navy 'StToyers, were hastily withdrawn into to the cause of the allies in the great the shelter of the Kiel Canal or into Those who have grumbled at &val harbors where they were pro- war. awe characteristic thorough- the seeming inactivity of the fleet tected with t will have their eyes opened as_ they, SS by means of booms, mine fields, read this article, which appeared as and powerful land fortifications. A the leading editorial in a recent issue few vessels were caught too far from of the New York Sun. It was pub-| home to reach security; their doings lished prior to the sinking of the for a brief period fill the brilliant Royal Edward and the recent naval, Pase of German maritime history in battle in the Baltic. _|the war to date. A few squadrons of : oe !German ships have also operated in There 'are numerous ways in which the Baltic, but their work has no place a great navy can support and aid the in this article, except to explain that cause of its country in war. It can, it was unpreventable by the British protect the movement of troops by, because the German Government has sea and occasionally co-operate with Tendered access to that inland sea im- them. It can guard its own seaports possible by mining the waters of the against attack and its coasts from in- international straits between Denmark vasion. It can render the seas of the 2"d Sweden, while Denmark guards world measurably safe for the com- by guns and mines the neutrality of merce of its own country and it can the channels which lie wholly within destroy the commerce of the enemy. her territory. It is here proper to say These are the possibilities and the, that no reproach to German courage high duties of a great war flect. It, °F. German seamanship is involved in will be observed that we have not. this withdrawal of the fleets to safe specified among them the obligation COVer- Any other course would have to seck out, fight, and destroy the heen sheer insanity. Safe and ready enemy's fleet. This, in modern war,' to take advantage of Jany accident, is purely a means to an end--the end they are still a potential force in the being the execution of the four ob-| WT of considerable importance. An Unrealized Hope. jects above recited. In this the canon! a wart i "4 hat of. of sea warfare differs from that o | 'The German hope at the outset, of course, was to reduce the British su- the land. An army must fight. It: must seek contact with the enemy's pevionty by surptise attacks. Ad- 'miral von Tirpitz has expressly fa- forces and must put forth all its en- ergies to defeat and destroy them. It -- ; is only in this way that war can vored this | program. It was hoped be carried to a decision. On the con-. that the British might be taken un- trary, the naval power of one bel- ores and that by daring torpedo ligerent may be fully exerted with-. ee i. ships might be out a battle. If it can effectively ty comme shies of wusity op cones i pened that the sudden peril of war found England at a most favorable moment. The entire naval force had aggerated risk to foree an encounter recently, been assembled ae eee under a serious handicap, but it is | eon, te : ee i been a 2 i? obliged by all considerations of Wise | eK Pi a t's sthead or sul dom and prudence to place its own) "4 Ite dienden Lh 7 'io sal iid safety above al! craving for glory and : a ae yj manne. | taken place when the departure of the | anil . Austrian Minister from Belgrade on What British Have Done. July 25 revealed the crisis in Euro- Let us apply these general prin-/ pean affairs. On the 26th, Sunday, tiples in considerng the activities of the Admiralty ordered the ships of the British navy in the present war.! the first line to keep together, and [ts participancy has not only averted |.on the 29th these set sail for a secret the destruction of foreign trade of, destination, where they were joined in France but has hindered Germany a few days by the ships of the second from cutting her off from Corsica and'and third lines, while swarms of navy without an engagement the pur- pose of its existence is fulfilled and it is not only justified in avoiding ex- her Mediterranean possessions. In-! lighter craft combed the waters of the deed, the invasion of the country by North Sea and the Channel ready to an expeditionary army under the' give the alarm upon the emergence of. guns of the German dreadnoughts any German fleet or squadron or; would have been well within the field | single vessel, large or small, and bring of possibility, taking the French bat-! down upon it a force strong enough to! tle line in the rear and thus forcing a sink it or drive it back to port. sudden termination of the contest.! The secret of the battle fleet's des- | The British fleet rendered such an tination has been well guarded. Con-| exploit impossible through the irre- jectures that the rendezvous is in| sistable static power with which it do- northern waters has been confirmed, turning the enemy's rear by the oc-!| . | | minated the seas of the world. But oddly by the Archbishop of York in|! in addition to the salvation of France an account which he has written for! the British navy realized for its own the London Times of a ten days' visit | country all the benefits indicated in of A | our opening paragraph. In phase of the war been felt. Its activity has been tire- the-winter, according to the Arch-| less in all parts of the world, but bishop, the entire fleet kept cruising | behind that activity the supreme po-| through all extremes of weather. In| tency has always resided in the great, the long summer days it still holds | main line-of-battle fleet, which has) its grim vigil. What harbors it uses | never 'fired a shot. Through this, | in case of need, whence or how it re-| Britain has all but completely com-' ceives its supplies of coal and food, | manded the maritime situation every-| whether it has incurred any losses | where and at every moment. | by storm or misfortune, are matters | |unknown outside the narrowest of-; pein ; | ficial circle. The single incident of} This supremacy was due not only the Audacious being damaged by a to the great intrinsic superiority of mine reached the world by accident. the British navy, but also to its ex- Even now no English reference book traordinary readiness when the war acknowledges it. In all probability broke out. At that time, according to the strength of the fleet has been in, the best available figures, the relative creased by some nine super-Dread- strength of the hostile fleets were as noughts, armed with 16.6-inch guns. shown in the following figures: | These ships were nearing completion | when the war broke cut. But on this every paid to the ships. Superiority and Readiness. Ger- Aus- -- -- Britaln. many. tria. | point, also, the Admiralty maintains "Saitieunios oo... 24 16 3 | profound silence and the censorship Cruisers)... 00.11! 10 5 enforces an equal reticence on the Pre-Dreadnoughts-- ress Pattleships . ...... 40 20 12 Pp . A Armored cruisers... 34 9 3 Has Absolute Sway. ruisers Under - - Whatever its vicissitudes, the fleet, royers . 120 ip | Under Admiral Sir John Rushworth Torpeda boats 80 «058 Jellicoe, controls the destinies of the Submarines ., ........ 30 war at sea with absolute sway. It has The Austrian force was more than not fought; it does not seek a battle; offset by the French fleet concen-; but it is ready to fight if anything ap- trated in the Mediterranean, so that. pears to fight it. If it could reach the the comparison virtually stands as be-, German ships, it would attack them. tween Britain and Germany, although: But the work is done without fighting. it is true that a couple of first class | Simultaneously with the concentration British cruisers were stationed, and, of the main fleet, minor squadrons have remained beyond the Straits of| were sent out to sweep the waters Gibraltar. On the face of the figures, | about the British Islands free of en- the odds stood 34 to 21 in favor of! emy warships and enemy traders. The England in the first line of battle. In British vessels in the Mediterranean, the second, it was 40 to 20 or 74 to 29, co-operating with the French, cleared according to how the armored cruisers, the great trade and military routes are regarded. The superiority is;to the Far East. Orders went forth equally marked in all the minor clas- | by cables and wireless to the ends ses, one commerce raiding | of a sending scores of cruis- cruisers, wherein Germany with 33, erg and destroyers hither and thither, comes fairly close to England with Fd | mening prizes of such termini v But the odds against Germany were | sels as they could find and causing all even greater n the mere roster of | the rest to intern in home or foreign es-| means of a m To the left is a soldier of the Allies begoggled. and muzzled against of equipment not unlike that anecicnt Chinese warriors originally used in "al In the centre and on the right are two bombers, or ull cap worn in action as late each wearing the steel carry Te INCLUDES ARMS _ _LIKE THOSE OF ANCIENT WARRIORS German as the seventeenth century. * poison gas, wearing a specics opposing © "stink-pot" and hand grenade filingers, The palr also and grenades, slung at the waist, and wear stecl breast plates. cally abortive and were punished by- the destruction of German warships venturing into the North Sea. The great overseas Empire of Great Brit- ain enjoyed entire immunity from at- tack, whereas British cruisers seized: some German colonies : iso) ing others rendered their capture easy. Movements of troops from India, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada to European battlefields were made safe and sure. Transfers af sol- diers amounting by this time unques- tionably to more than a million men have been effected between England and the Continent, absolutely without loss. The army has been kept sup- plied with all its needs in the field-- so far as transportation goes--with- out the slightest loss at sea. Finally, the great enterprise of cupation of Constantinople, which supervened upon Turkey's entrance into the war, could not even have spiritual ministration which he) heen undertaken without mastery of | raph All through the the seas at large and a powerful, local : its influence has short grey days and weary nights of! striking force of warships. The mas-| tery of the seas is wholly England's contribution to the work. She also furnishes in ships and soldiers a great share of the fleet and army engaged in the immediate operations. The fate of the attempt is still undecided, but hardly uncertain. That the British investment in war- ships has been vindicated as to its wisdom by the war is demonstrated by the irresistible logic of events. os. ARMORED CAR LIKE TURTLE. Original Ideas as to Protection From Gun Fire. A novel type of armored car has been designed by a resident of Lowell, Mass., which contains some very orig- inal ideas as to protection from rifle and gun fire. The car is shaped ex- actly like a turtle, the upper and low- er shell being joined at a distance of about sixteen inches above the ground. The wheels are almost entirely cov- ered by the armor. The latter is com- posed of steel shells, curved to repre- sent a turtle's back, the inventor claiming that such construction ren- ders the persons in the car immune from rifle and machine gun fire, as the bullets are deflected into the air. Loopholes for firing, a periscope for steering, emergency doors in the rear and on both sides, & powerful motor under the driver's seat and a quick- ring gun mounted on a revolving base--these are all parts of the design. he For Bayonet Practice. English recruits are being taught how to skillfully use the bayoriet by ical device consist- ing of a wooden frame, from which several thickly woven straw balls are Dreadnoughts would:imply. More Powerful Guns. The gunfire of all the British battle- ships w&s much more powerful than had eight guns of the same calibre. ports. At the same time, the sea- borne commerce of England and her allies was, and has continued to be, ied on in security to an extent be- i thstanding. England remained safe from inva- sion. The few naval raids attempted ,on her coasts were rendered. practi- threaded. ese balls may be drop- ped in rapid succession by means of a spring. As each ball falls the sol- dier tries to pierce it with a bayonet, working hastily so as to stab each one in turn. Besides training the fighting man to use the weapon quickly and KING ALBERT'S SISTER A NURSE PERSONALLY SERVING THE WOUNDED BELGIANS. ---- High Praise Attributed to Duchess of ! Vendome by an American Writer. Ruth Wright Kauffman, an Amer- ican writer, gives the following des- cription of Duchess of Vendome, sister | of the King of the Belgians, who is. serving her country as a nurse: ' | The eyes of ancient kings were on jus in the grand salon at Belmont, 'while her Royal Highness, Henriette, | Duchess of Vendome and Princess of . Belgium, the sister of King Albert, told me simply, and as woman to i woman, of the sufferings of her peo- ple. . ' "We are poor!" said the Duchess of Vendome. "All our money, every- thing, is in Brussels! send a letter to the friends of my childhood, nor may they write to me. If a letter slips through it is by mere chance!" There was a sweet, rising inflection in her use of my langage, and a pleasant lack of emphasis. Each syl- lable féll precisely into its place, and each phrase had a rythmic swing--I might better say a rythmic sing. It was her large, blue eyes that gave emphasis, steady and true, reflecting the tortures of Belgium; more than once they held tears. "Our beautiful bourgeoisie were so happy!"--I wish I could produce the intonation with all its charm. 'You remember our beautiful beourgeoisie, ;and how the restaurants and the cafes | were crowded in Brussels, and how glad you were when you passed by to see everyone enjoying himseif after his day's work? Our bourgeoisie has vanished; many must even ask for their food and clothing!" ~ Her Royal Highness is a splendid, large woman, the kind ones likes to think of as of the race of queers and kings. There is something very mo- therly and tender about her, perhaps because she is herself the mother of four children. One feels instinctively that she is cool-headed and capable and that she.would not let-her hand tremble if she held a glass of water to a dying soldier's lips. Helps the Dying. She has done more than that for her dying solgiers. With her own hands she hag: nursed themBack front the door Po apse to the gate-of life: endome and under I may not even |}: do with the executive side of the St. Charles and St. Jean Hospitals, but there, too, she has taken charge in- dividually of several interesting cases. Dieudonne Capalle, for instance, was a sergeant of the Second Regi- ment of Belgian Carabiniers, a brave fellow who fought from Liege to Louvain with heroism. He had an ugly wound in the shoulder and in the arm. At first he was nursed at Calais and was later sent to Cannes to the hospital St. Charles, where he had his left arm amputated and lay at the edge of death for weeks. The Duchess of Vendome nursed him during this time. As it was pic- turesquely put, "he was her wounded." When she is at Neuilly-sur-Seine she goes each morning to the hospi- tal and performs regular nurse's du- ties from 9 o'clock until noon in the hospital ward. Busy Every Minute. Not pied in thought of herself; it is her duty to her country and her love of her people. and if she is not doing manual labor for the ill and wounded, she is sitting on committees- and gathering together sheets and blan- sets, underwear, shirts, condensed milk, preserved meat, anything and everything for the destitute. "There are weeks," said her lady-in- waiting, 'when we have not a penny, and they write for food. We have had to ask the Chamber of Commerce of London to send for us, and they have been most generous; sometimes we have had to borrow for as long as three weeks. When food is asked for, it must be sent, and immediately, or the people starve." "My brother does not think of him- self," said the Duchess of Vendome. "But," she added, "the soldiers at the front are well enough, compared with some others. They do not lack, and they are kept courageous 'because they know thew are doing something fine and heroic. It is for the wounded and the civilians that I am most dis- tressed, especially for the poor little babies. : "At my villa St. Jean Hospital at Cannes I so very much need fifteen more beds for the wounded, and I have no means to get them. The French Government provides 2 shill- ings a day for each of the wounded, but that is not enough. To instal a bed for one month costs 60 francs from an individual. That is $12. "We ask," wrote the Princess, tak- ing the pencil with which I' made a few notes from my hand, "for linen, sheets, towels, and money." wh. Dyers Depressed by Some Colors. The word "blues," a mental depres- sion that makes the acquaintance of most of us at some time or another, is supposed to have originated from the well-authorized belief that persons who work in indigo dyeing establish- ments are subject to melancholy. Paracelsus, an author of the sixteenth century, asserts that blue dyes are in- jurious to the health and spirits. An- other accredited origin of the word devives it from the German blei, or ways been held to typify melancholy. r 2 iter Ce ee ar ote z |? ag : ae |THE EVACUATION WAS PRE-ARRANGED WHAT RUSSIA'S MILITARY oR-| GAN SAYS. Giving Up Poland Was Part of the Russian General Staff's" Plans. -The evacuation of Poland was de- cided upon by Russia in 1910, declares the Russky Invalid, the Russian iili- tary organ, ina di ion of the general staff's before-the-war plans for the defence of the western frontier. "Before the war," says the Journal, "Russia anticipated that in the event of war Austria and Germany, because of their rapid means of mobilization and immense technical resources, would turn their attention first of all against Russia. To _ frustrate this plan it was decided in 1910 that the Russian territory jutting into Ger- many and the fortified places west of Brest-Litovsk should not be organiz- ed for a state of war. The region further east was chosen for the con- centration of the Russian forces. Depth an Advantage. "It would have been dangerous ta attribute too great an importance to and to have held on the Narew and Vistula, with their fortified towns. It is better to take 'advantage of the depth of our theatre of war to draw the German armies far from their base and to force them to exhaust themselves. To this end it was necessary to sacrifice the Polish sali- ent. Three months have elapsed since the Russian army started ta put this plan into execution. Constant marching, fighting and _ privations weaken the enemy. There are already evidences that the moral force of the German army is weakening in its at- tack, and prisoners confirm that this weakening is not only, moral, but physical. : "This war will be decided by the armies in battle, and it is of no im- portance where this battle will take place. Thus our retreat assures us victory, for our' armies are only now beginning to develop, while an abundance of munitions of war awaits us in the near future, thanks to the mobilization of the national industry, and to the orders placed abroad, whereas for the moment the enemy is in a favorable position in this regard. Not Wasting Garrisons. "A glance backward shows that at the beginning of the war the Germans threw the mass of their army against France. This leap forward on their peste J : a a moment of her day is occu- part had happy results for us, for we , advanced into enemy territory notably 'in Galicia; now the tables are turn- jed. However, it is impossible to 'hamper the liberty of movement of |the Russian army in any particular 'region or on any particular frontier, 'and it would be impracticable to waste garrisons in defending fortified towns which are none too safe, as the Aus- trians did in Przemysl. That is why, examining, after a year of war, the map of the Russian front, we see the necessity for the living Russian rmies to mancuvre and deploy on their base line. This would be the most useful object to aim at especial- ly in view of the situation which has prevailed since the month of April. Wearing Out the Enemy. "At the present time we have against us nearly all the German cavalry, nearly all the Austrian army and more than half of the total Ger- man forces--about, 70 divisions--and the enemy artillery has numerous | guns of all calibres. The Russian' jarmy is offering a heroic resistance; jit is not only standing up under the most hellish fire, but it. is inflicting countless losses upon the enemy, 'and wearing him out, notwithstand-. ing his technical perfection. We are getting-nearer to our supplies of am- ;munition, by means of which we will ; correct our lines and throw back the jenemy. If only for this reason we 'ean say that the evacuation of War- ! saw, the line of the Vistula-Ivangorod- Novo-Georgievsk will make certain that. the Russian offensive this time will be definite and irresistible. "Russia has the most definite plans for the issue of the campaign, while maintaining at the same time the firm resolution to wage this fight te a victorious end." Be Rie Dumas Foresaw German Peril. There remains a story by Alexander Dumas which has not been translated into English. Now a translation is to be published by Stanley Paul, under the title, "The Prussian Terror." The story was originally published in' France before the war of 1870, with the. title "La Terreur Prussienne a! Frankfort." Dumas' object was to! awaken France to her danger from the rise of Prussian militarism. When the Prussians terrorized the "free", city of Frankfort, after beating the Austrians at Sadowa, he went there! to collect his material. & { a. Words resemble sunbeams -- the' moro they are condemned the deeper, they burn. Another disagreeable thing about the weather--people are always want- ing to talk about it. ; A man seldom knows doesn't want until after vit ' what he acquires