= CANADA AND FINANCE OF WAR The Dominion's Trade Balances. , Special Correspondence of the Daily News, Toronto. No. 4. For many years before the war broke out, Great Britain was produc- ing each year much more than she consumed, and was lending the sur- plus to other countries, A great deal of it came to-Canada year by year. We borrowed it to provide for our capital expenditure 'in equipping this country so as to make it more pro- ductive and able to support a larger population. Now the situation i changed. Great Britain can lend us no more money for the time being, because the whole of her surplus is not sufficient to meet her own needs and those of our Allies, for the carry- ing on of this war. On e other hand, we do not for the moment need to borrow. ' A Great Surplus. Our present equipment is adequate, to say the least, for our immediate needs, and though there may be some public works on which we should like to spend money, and on which we should be justified in spending money in times of peace, hardly any of them are absolutely necessary, or that we cannot do without them for two or three years longer. At the same time, owing to this great capital expendi- ture in the past, we have in this coun- try a great productive capacity. We can produce far more than we need for our own.current consumption, that is, if we are willing to exercise ecory omy in public and private. ~Thus, if we choose, we can command a large surplus which, used in the proper way, will constitute an almost inval- uable addition to that stock of "silver bullets" on which the result of the war depends. A Favorable Balance. A study of the Canadian trade bal- ances for the past three years will show that this is the case. It was said above that imports were paid for by exports, and vice versa. If a coun- try imports more than it exports, it | generally means that it is getting into debt; that is, that it is paying for part of its imports in paper. That has been the case of Canada for the past few years. We were importing a great deal more than we exported; at the same time we were borrowing a great deal, and were paying for much of our imports with paper, in the shape of bonds and other obliga- tions. As long as this was the case obviously we were not in a position to send supplies abroad on credit, be- cause the balance 6f trade was against us, and ,wé only kept it straight by borrowing. We had to wipe off the unfavorable balance be- fore we could think of exporting on credit. But that has now been done. Imports and Exports. For the year ending June goth, | 1913, Canadian imports were valued | at $684,000,000 (ex¢luding bullion and | foreign goods in transit). Canadian exports for the same year (making | the same exclusions) were valued at $863,000,000. The difference, that is, | the balance of trade against Canada, was $321,000,000 For the year ending June 30th, 1914, Canadian imports were $579,- 000,000, and Canadian exports were $424,000,000. In this year the balance of trade against Canada was reduced to $155,000,000. For the year ending June 30th, 1915, Canadian imports were $426,- 000,000, and Canadian exports were $447,000,000. The balance of trade | was in favor of Canada by $21,000,- That is to say that eleven months after the war began we had mant aged to decrease our imports and to increase our exports so as to p down the whole of the trade balance against us, and to establish a balance | in our favor. A Striking Change. But these figures do not show the full extent of the change, because for | the first half of the period, our trade was partly paralyzed, through the disturbance caused by the war. Dur- ing the last few months the figures are much more strikingly in our fa- | vor. For the three months ending} June 30th, 1913, our imports were | $167,000,000 and our exports $84,000,- 000; that is, there was a balance of $83,000,000 against us. For the same three months in 1914, our imports were $128,000,000, and our exports $76,000,000; that is, there was a bal- ance of $52,000,000 against us. For the same three 'months this year our imports were $98,000,000, and our ex- ports $114,000,000. That i is, there was a balance of $16,000,000 in our favor. As compared with the same quarter last year, an unfavorable balance of $52,000,000 was turned into a favor- able balance of $16,000,000--a differ- ence of $68,000,000 for the quarter, or st the rate of $272,000,000 a year. Power to Lend. It is evident from these figures that the situation which has prevailed for S80 many years has been reversed, and that by consuming less and producing more, we ara how able to export more than we import. If we progress in the same ratio from now on--and there is no reason why we should not do so, if we exéccise strict economy our national consumntion--we should be able during the forthcom- ing twelve months 'to export at least '$200,000,000 more than we import. The whole of this surplus Wwe can use, if we wish, for the service of the war, not by giving it, but by lending it, through the method of furnishing sup- plies to Great Britain and our Allies on credit. That will be just as effec- tive help, for the purpose of ending the war, as giving the supplies for nothing. American Borrowings. There is another factor which must be mentioned, as it affects the ques- tion of trade balances. Canada has to pay out abroad, every year, interest on the money she has borrowed in the past. The interest so payable is esti- matetl at $125,000,000 yearly. There- fore, it would seem that it is not suffi- cient for Canada to export as much as she imports in order to balance her accounts. She must export to the value of $125,000,000 in addition, in order to pay her interest. If her an- nual exports exceed her annual im- ports by that amount she would be surplus. 'That calculation, however, would proceed on the assumption that Canada had entirely stopped borrowing from abroad. That is not the actual state of the case, because, apart from any sums borrowed by the Govern- ment in Great Britain, Canada has been borrowing on a considerable scale in the United States since the war began. In 1915, up to the end of July, we are said to have raised $106,000,000 in the United States, counting only public issues. This is at the rate of more than $125,000,000 a year. Assuming that this rate of borrowing in the United States con- tinues--and there is no reason why it should not--what we borrow from that country will be sufficient to bal- ance the interest which we owe on account of our foreign debt, and the whole surplus of our exports over our imports will be available, as stated above, to lend to the Allies. eA PIONEER PRESERVING. How It May Be Done Without the Use of Sugar, A request made some weeks ago for the recipes used by the pioneer for |preserving fruit without sugar has | brought me replies from all parts of |the Dominion. Although the methods differ slightly in detail they are prac- tically the same, writes Peter McArthur. Of course many of our grandmothers dried their fruit, but their methods have already been des- cri n the press this season, and are so simple that they should be within the capacity of any housewife who can boil water without burning it. Here is a recipe for preserving black- berries and plums that is guaranteed to keep them fresh for any reasonab! length of time. "Take a deep s?on. ercck, one that holds five or six gallons, and fill it that are too ripe. board or with a weight on it, preferably a good paying her way but would have np| ple | More important ships, ™ POLISH WOMEN DIG TRENCHES FOR GERMANS *. ates 3 : Above is a reproduction of a ans are making Polish women top for them. hotograph taken near Warsaw, which shows how the Ger- ' assemblage, of fighting ships, stretching into the misty horizon or standing out against the green back- ground of the harbor, was the blue uniforms of the crews and an occa- sional signa. lag fluttering from the halyard. Jellicoe Orders Fleet to Sea. While on board the flagship of | Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, a message 'was brought to the commander-in- Dread-| chief, who called a secretary and | spoke briefly to him. Word was pass- led arotnd that the whole fleet had | been ordered to weigh anchor and pro- jcc eed to sea. Guests on board a de- In the course of his visit to the) stroyer at the mouth of the harbor British battle fleet recently, Frederick | watched that unprecedented proces- Palmer, after boarding all of the! sion of naval power make its exit, led witnessed 8 | by graceful light cruisers and flotil- magnificent spectacle--that of the| jas of destroyers. whole force putting to sea. "But. are not German. submarines Officers on Vice Admiral Sir, ne noha was asked. Beatty's flagship, the Lion, : ~ received the roughest 'handling"in bat-) 4), SEES BRITAIN'S GREAT ARMADA THE DESTROYERS WERE AL- MOST INNUMERABLE. A Correspondent Watches nought After Dreadnought Leave Harbor. are always re,".an ote vegtiod, put the a ull | pure food specialist. tle of any British capital ship now and then fill the crock to overflowing afloat, told of the difficulty they had with hard water. Be sure that the| to Persuade the young commander to' weight is heavy enough to keep the descend at the opening of the action! plums under the water or they will. on January 24 from the bridge where | spoil. There will be a scum formed he had an unhampered vision, to the 'on top of the crock which must be re armored protection of the conning ;moved before using the fruit which |tower. They gave an exciting ac- fey hot apace sean --e = "at th put UP. | count of the success of destroyers in Rhubarb cut {1, lengths to fit the crock | foiling all efforts of submarines to | will keep the same way. | | Another correspondent writes: wy | reach the crippled Lion as she was 'have canned tomatoes, apples, rhubarb | being towed home at five knots an jand plums without sugar and have had | | hour after sinking the German cruiser good success. After the fruit has | Bluecher. been cleaned and prepared in the us- The places in which the Lion was ual way fiil the jars as full as possible, hit during the North Sea battle were shaking the fruit down and packing not discernible in some instances, ow- it tightly, then place rubbers and tops ing to reconstruction of the section on tightly; put as many jars as will 'where the shells burst. In other cases fill the bottom of a wash boiler, with a board and heavy welght over them the location was evident, patches hav- over the injured to hold them down. Pour in as much, ing been placed cold water as will cover the tops of Plates. A very small percentage of the jars and boil twenty minutes af- the German shells hit, at the 18,000- jter the water has come to a_ boil. | yard range of the early stage of the | Plums may take a little longer. They battle, officers say, but the screams will be delicious and not spoiled as of passing salvos and the crack of most fruit is that is put away with too thei 1 ae P much suger." eir own guns caused an inconceiv- Here is another recipe that is able tumult to sound in the ears of probably sivieht though I would not; those stationed on the bridge. care to use it without consulting a) The Tiger, sister battle cruiser of "Pick the fruit the Lion, had fewer scars to show as {from the stalks and put {nto bottles or a result of the North Sea battle. Add one drachm of alum to four; Scars on Queen Elizabeth. of boiling water and let . i _On the Queen Elizabeth the smooth stone which is easily cleaned, it Fill the bottles | only thea into a copper of cold water and danelles which were visible were a heat to 175 degrees. Then tie them | section of new planks on deck, where over with a bladder and seal them." 9 shell penetrated, and a dent from a' That would probably preserve the) fruit, but the very mention of alum puckers my mouth, and I doubt it |fruit put up in this way would be re- |\Mshed. However, the housewives who) The Inflexible, the flagship in the Falkland Islands battle, suffered less | | think sugar is too dear to use this sea-| injury there than at the Dardanelles, ' son need not be without fruit. Several) where she was struck by a nfine an to whom I have shown these recipes | was under heavy fire from shore. A say they are going to try them any-| piece of the mine is kept in the ward way for it would be a luxury to have | yo9m as a souvenir, and all the ships fresh blackberries and cream or fresh| which have been in action had frag- | plums in the winter time. ments of German shells set in mount-! x ings as mementoes. Officers referred | Sancing shot on one of her 15- inch | ee now how'to keep them off." | Cutting choppy waves and leaving foamy wakes the seemingly 'innumerable destroyers, attendant satellites of the great fighting ships, ran in and out at their superior speed, as busy as bees. The destroyers were ,always on the move, flotilla blinking its signals to flotilla. It seemed that if a line had been drawn between the stern and bow of any two battleships it would measure exactly the same distance as between any other two, so steadily were the intervals kept. The crews were out and the sight added impression to the fleet's gray armored might ere was the first dreadnought and others of all classes since her evolution of naval warfare up to the latest type, the Queen Elizabeth. Mighty Column Stems Endless. The head of the column was lost in the mist of approaching nightfall and black clouds from the funnels. Eight --sixteen--twenty dreadnoughts were counted as they went past with clock- work regularity, and out of other smoke clouds in the harbor more | dreadnoughts were coming before the King Edward VII. and other pre- dreadnought classes had their turn. The commander of the destroyer which the correspondent was aboard looked at his watch and said it was time to go, as he must take his ap- | pointed place in the fleet. At 30 knots an hour he cut across the bow of a battleship, taking his guests to the landing place. | rounded the headland the correspond- | ent had a last glimpse of that seem- i free from the harbor, on its way on /an unknown errand in the North Sea. | Its numbers and gun power were sug- | gestive of an Armageddon which over- 'whelmed the imagination, should it ever engage the ee fleet. ingly endless column of ships, still not | Britain's Share in the War. In an article on Britain's share in the war the Guerre Sociale says the | greatest stroke of luck which has be- | fallen France in the war is to have jhad Britain as an ally. What would have become of us, says the journal, even after the batile of the Marne, if the German fleet had driven us from the seas and had blockaded us--if Germany had been able to revictual erse}!f in America and elsewhere? --_ ritain goes to war, and immediately to the manner in which the necessity had been foreseen in British naval Two of a Kind. preparations for taking care of dam-| A lady selected some purchases in ages from battle, thus ensuring, a store, asking that they be kept for prompt repairs when any ship return- 'her until the next day. When she re- ed injured in action turned, she could not remember who "But we had few repairs to make, waited on her. After puzzling over and our energy and resources were| the matter she approached one and given to the rapid 'construction of | asked: new fighting units, which continueto| "Am I the woman who bought some increase our preponderance over the; embroidery here yesterday?" German fleet," one officer remarked. "Yes'm," replied the girl stolidly, The correspondent heard repeated' end turned to get it. and sympathetic references to the the German fleet is forced to its own territorial waters. Germany is block- aded and cut off from the whole world. She is cut off from the coun- tries which suppMed her with cotton, metals, and munitions of all sorts, from countries where reside one mil- Mon of her reservists who are unable to rejoin. Our army is re-inforced by an army which is being made up slow- ily. sacrifices and hardships of the army during the grilling year of war, while the battleships marked time in their long wait. "But if battle comes for us it will not last long," an officer said. "Every day's waiting only sharpens our eagerness." The only color visible in that vast Lefthandedness. Lefthandedness is inherited, often through several generations, Aiccord- ng to an English scientist who has in- watieuted 78 families, including more than 3,000 individuals. Lemonade and lime-water are the healthiest drinks in hot weather. WORK BEFORE BREAKFAST. How Successful Men Profited by the Up-With-the-Lark Theory. Few writers since Scott have turned out as many novels as S. R. Crockett, although he was rather a late literary starter, being thirty-three when his first novel "The Stickit Minister," was published. - Seeing that he died at the age of fifty-three, he had only twenty years of literary activity, yet in that time he wrote forty-five novels, many of them very bulky ones, too. For this colossal output he had to thank large- ly his habit of early rising, for his rule was to go to bed at ten and rise at four all the year round. Thus, he had often done four hours' work when most folk were just strag- gling down to breakfast. authorship of the Waverley novels was kept was the fact that nobody wine seemed to catch him working. He was a man chock-full of energy and always occupied. But as far as his intimates saw, he spent very little time at his desk. They did not know --what his wife knew--ihat the bulk cf his novel-writing was done before breakfast. Anthony Trollope was by nature a late riser and an indolent man; but he had a tremendously active con- science which upbraided him daily on the waste of his morning hours. So he paid his man specially to wake him at four o'clock and insist upon his ris- ing. If the man felt soft and yielded to Anthony's imprecations to let him lie at ease and finish his shimbers the pay stopped, on the principle of Chi- | nese doctors who are only paid when | their patients are in good health. He! then sets himself to write steadily be- fore going to his office, and formed a system of writing 250 words per quarter of an hour. Undoubtedly, the most famous early riser the world has known, as well as the most consistent, was John Wesley. For fifty years, and until he was over eighty, he rose regularly at four in the morning, and was generally in the saddle or in the pulpit--some times an improvised one in the open air--by five. He had generally preach- ed one sermon at least before eight o'clock, and on an average he preach- ed three times a day. In this connection a good story is ;told of that fine natural humorist and 'splendid preacher, Dr. W. As the destroyer' L. Watkin- son. Preaching in a strange town,! and staying overnight with a strict early riser, Dr. Watkinson came down late to breakfast and received a little reproof. "This is not the way your great founder, Wesley, would have done," said his host. "He left his bed very "Yes," said the doctor, in reply. "And, belleve me, if I had poor John Wesley's wife, so should J." . The point of the story turns on the well- known fact that Wesley married a termagant. wie. Cheque 240 Years Oldl. As far as has yet been ascertained, the oldest order cheque in existence was drawn on August 14, 1675, by Edmond Warcupp in favor of Samuel Howard and made payable by Tho- mas Fawles, a prominent goldsmith who, during the reign of Charles IL, carried on business "betweene the two Temple gates, Fleete streete with the sign of the Black Lion." a A Strong Reason. "One reason," said Uncle Eben, "why more advice doesn't git took is BEWARE OF THE _ TOOTH BRUSH, SCIENTISTS SAY IT IS A CAR-\ RIER OF DEADLY GERMS. _ a , They Advocate the Old Japanest Method of Using the Fore- ; finger. One by one our ee toms are going. Habits and things which we formerly thought oft as necessities are to-day re ed as useless and even dangerous. The latest custom attacked by $) Fa * , ad scientists leaves us aghast! They a' for banning the tooth-brush! Since our days of childhood we have) been taught to brush our . many schools fe held what is a "toothbrush drill." Fortunes hav6, been ot am the sale of powders" and paste Now we are told that Ra wh a4 thing is wrong. The toothbrus which we looked upon as = ernie? of cleanliness, carries among its brige, tles microbes and germs innumerable, Not only does it fail in its mission of cleaning our teeth, but it may go a ther, and leave behind it disease, Three Counts Against It, It sounds heretical, but the case against the toothbrush is backed by sound reasoning. Think of your own toothbrush. Of course, it is clean; you would indig- nantly deny any statement to the con- trary. But are you sure it is? You use it once or twice a day, and! then, after rinsing it well, leave it on| a handy shelf. But rinsing in either) hot or cold water won't kill the germs} which may have been collected from: your teeth or from the air. Nothing! short of boiling or thorough disinfec-' ing will accomplish that, and few peo< ple go to this extreme. In fact, you' can't boil the brush, and most disin-' fectants would soon render it useless, Another objection brought forward| against this, our standard of cleanli-| ness, is that the constant brushing. has an injurious wasting effect on the' neck of the teeth, near the gums. A third claim, and that most start- ling of all, is that, when all is said and done, it doesn't clean the teeth. Dental decay usually starts in the' tiny spaces between the teeth. It {s common knowledge that those people whose teeth do not really touch usual- ly have the best "ivories." The mere process of eating and drinking is, in their case, sufficient to clean the gaps ~ Pe was aX between the teeth. phenomenally early riser. ne of the thtnive that tient to the wonder: Two Standards of Cleantinass. if way in which- ~-of--his;- that the toothbrush sei not pee properly. It is more likely that the germs already on the toothbrush are carefully deposited there. There you have the case made out against the toothbrush; here is some evidence in support of it. Have you ever watched a surgeon cleaning a wound? Everything which he uged is disinfected or sterilized.' The cotton-wool is not left exposed to! the air, but is kept carefully covered.| All scissors, forceps, etc., are washed! in hot water, to which has been added| some strong disinfectant. There is| almost as great a difference between! our idea of cleanliness and surgical cleanliness as there is between the! former and our idea of dirt. ' And yet we will take a brush which has been left exposed to the air, often in a moist condition, and so particu- larly likely to collect and hold dust and germs, and after smearing it wit' a powder, -paste, or liquid, rub ar»: serub at. our teeth, often until ti gums bleed. It doesn't sound quite? logical, does it? Use Your Finger. Suppose you keep your brush cares, fully covered between the time of; using it. That simply means that it is never really dry, and most germs flourish in damp surroundings. No, argue as we will, those scien-! tists who condemn the toothbrush cer-| tainly have a strong case. Then what are we to do? To this | question the opponents of the tooth-] brush reply: ' Use the forefinger. This is emi- nently suited for cleaning and mas- saging the teeth and gums. It is the: old Japanese method of doing so. The; Japanese use salt and water, but we may, if we wish, still indulge in our favorite wash or powder. Then, to get between the teeth, we can employ dental floss, procurable, from any chemist. Run this between! the teeth, backward and forward. It' will clean the dangerous spaces, and| if you destroy the strands as they are! used, does not harbor disease germs.| The use of a good antiseptic mouth-| wash. each morning or evening, or both, is also strongly recommended by, the reformers. Newspapers Keep Out Cold. Newspapers are excellent things for keeping out the cold, and there is tha advantage that olftnes are as good as new. Put a four-page oe your waistcoat and try it. belt of newspaper is practical on ef fective if nothing better is handy, Most railway travelers know that, in the absence of a rug great comfort may be derived from a couple of news< dat de man givin' it don't seem so anxious to help as he is to pat his own self on de back an' show off how much | he knows." papers disposed across the knees, |And you may make most effectiv« temporary leggings out of new aie aA and a yard or two of stzIng.