"MEDIEVAL AGE. Races in the Same Latitudes Had ae "Siar Visions of Puture Punishment. From the earliest ages, the ques-| which consiste tioh of & future pynishment for- "the wicked has absorbed ~ mia Daryin found many races without , any conception of/a good God, but} none without an idea of a punish- ing devil. Tt is te be especially noted, as an interesting fact, that alf races in the same parallels of latitude, no matter how far they may be sepa- rated, have similar ideas of a he!l and the punishment inflicted there. This' is no doubt due to the fact that, as extremé heat and cold are the most elemental forms of physi- cal suffering inflicted by nature, each race invests its 'particular place of punishment with a form of temperature most painful to it; thus, in all torrid ieee vaiass where j the blazing sun makes life well nigh unbearable, the people, invariably have a hell of fre; while in the fri- gid climes of the north all forms of hell embrace, as a fundamental. torture, an excessive degree of coki. ; The earliest authentic conception of a place of future punishment is found in the ancient Egyptian Per- m-hru or Book of the Déad, doubt- less the oldest book in the world. Herein is described the journey of the -doomed man to perdition. Snakes, horrid ghosts pee nameless terrors beset his path--and he fonnd considerably more of them when. he got. there. To these dis- Comforts' Were added hlazing suns of fire and sandy deserts-- Bugbears of the Egyptian. In the old Assyrian hell the spir- its of the wicked dead flitted about in the dimness of the underworld and ate dust; those who broke through the ranks of the guarding dragons came back to earth as -blood- sucking, death-dealing vam- pires. he penal hell of the Hindoos " one of the oe known. Over i presided Ya she subdver, 8 rmodser with' hide th -and hide- bot ite sar in the terrors of beth the others, Also, besides the fire and ice, there were fu . to convince the sinner of his evil ways, frigid serpents with fiery tusks, which gt the flesh from the bones: of the wicked, while pale-adders, bloody eagles and foul beasts with goring horns of iron lent varicty to the torments. The de »scriptions of -hell-in the Koran of the Mohammedans do not leave much of consolation for the Mussulman. - "Flemeless shall envelep: them, and smokeless flame," says one chapter... Another not fies the evil-doer-that 'they shall' be dragged into hell by their fore'ocks and their feet, and ments of fire.' Among barbarians and savages the devil is- generally the chief deity. As was aptly put te a mis- sienary by a Maori chief of New Zealand, "Why should we strive by; prayers and sacrifices - to please your . God, who, you say, is all good ? If he is really all good' he will do us no harm. It is the evil one who is ever secking to do us hurt, and him we must endeavor to appeace. Therefore, we offer sac- cificeé to him.' The Negroes of Guinea have little belicf in a state of fu- ture punishment. Some of them. who live on the seacoast, however, believe that the consciously wicked suffer hereafter a continual state of drowning. If they are still more consciously wieked they are '"turn- ed into white men and go beyond the sea. rr The -Férmosans -beliéve that the wicked Are vast into pits of mire,, bottom)pss and_ with devils all the way down. Strange to 'say, the have no fire in them. The aa Hawlions believed that the souls f the-departed descended into an ; pi acer "ef ice .amd darkness Fe yenomous contig eed ee especially -- _Tavenous a there shall be gut out for them gar-| 1 This field- kitchen, the invention of the Russian cavalry captain. Marinitsch, claims to be superior in sispeta. » For' this purpose the corps are supplied with field-kitchens. Each of these, intended for the use of a compaiy, weighs about 2,500 pounds, includ- ing the food, and, theoretically, is usualiy wanted. The type of kit- chen differs but little in the case of }other all the armies. . . . There is no pos- sibility of using euch a kitehen on mountainous. broken ground, That superfluous stops during. the march |ries may be aveided, the kitchen is. of: ten stored in some depot at the rear! a 1 3S +} Phree ofthe army, where it may remain months. . itchen only on is not od. because of its re is a transport- but this, again, good because of its small size jent. fer twenty-five men) and number of horses and men re- The field-kitehen in- vented by Captain Marinitsch 'is transportable on wheels or byspack- pomies or pack-mules. With its ie it weighs about 350 pounds. horses serve each kitchen; one carries the cauldron, while the "-- and poles are carried hy two s. Under other conditions the kitchen. will be carried by -- two, horses in the manner shown im the drawing, while the third horsé car- the w evice can also fen reeres with ease in other ways, aecordin g to necessity. Each eaul- Ever-Ready Hot Rations Amid the Snows, dron holds 18 quarts, but cauldrons may be made large enough to take 270 quarts._In the case of this larger cauldron, ihe kitchen is usually carried by two horses as shown, and weighs, sptcat ey but with wheels, about.480 po The cauldron can be heated with any fuck at hand, is adjusted in from seven to eight minutes, is very strong, and has very simple mech- anism. Amongst its virtues are the}; facts that it is easily transported in mountainous di grow and across cooking is possible while the kkit- chen is moving, either on its w or carried by horses; it takes but little room when ya are biyou- acked.; no special pack-saddies are required ; ; it can Be used by troops. oF all 'kinds. ~--Ilustrated Lendon News. winged its way to eternity it en- countered two rocks, upon one of which if must. needs rest. The | choice was determined by the mor- ality of the life im. the flesh. If it 'pested upon the lefthand. rock jt was: vion, a atate analogous te the Nir- instantly translated to Po, or obli-}' OUR IMPERIAL PILGRIMAGE MEMBERS OF BRITISH PARLIA- MENT TOUR THE EMPIRE. vana of ihe Os Oriental belief. if, ee realy ea row earthly. 10 'however, deeds, the a aot ous, writhing body, the very sight f whe dige from. the e ancien lirwely" with boiling ij as an ays dental torturé. Early Buddhism; With its' 45,000,- 000 followers, had a hell wherein the wicked' soul was spread prone upon a bed of blazing embers, with Tedclothes oe skme material, When the soul grew "hungry it was regaled with bails of redhot iron. The Buddhists of Ching and Cey- lon were content with no less than a multiplicity of hells, six of which were reserved for the peculiarly icked, presumably those sinning against thé holy rites. In the Zoroastrian religion, the doomed souls were condémned to sit forever in a cold, dark lane, played over by numberless slimy -orpions. Fature Punishurent, as viewed in thé classic ages, was most vague; neither Greek nor Ro- man, it would seem, had any very definite ideas on the subject. Of course, there was Hades s--the place of sightlessness or darkness, which was located somewhere beneath. Tartarus was another place, equal- ly vague, except as to its locality-- for Hesiod, olde st of Greek poets, placed "it at 27,000,009 parsang (about two- thirds of a mile) below the earth. One had to cross a river 'to get there. It is noticeable, by the way, that all hells, éxcept the Christian, have a river in front -of them. This Tartarus appears to have been a sort of penitentiary re- served for the punishment of those who had offended against the gods ; mete ordinary sinners had no place there. The hell of the ancjent Hebrevs was somewhat extersive, "Thé Land of- Egypt,' says Gedaliah, ancient wise man of that race; "is 400 square miles--that is, one " gix? tieth the size of the earth. The}: earth is one-sixtieth the size of the Garden of Eden; and the Garden of Eden but. one-sixtieth the size of gehenna,"' or hell, The cabshsts held that this extensive tract lay far to the nerth, and here ledgéd devils and the souls of departed sinters, with earthquakes and thun- dergtarnmis. There are five difforent - yarieties of fire in géhenna, accord- ing fo the- Talmud, each nicely | adapted to thé particiilar kik of) wickedness affected by the Sintiet! while om-eafth, Fer those who had led ppt: see evil lites there were prov Two Giatt Angels; stationed at the ojiposite coricrs of gelieuna, who perpetually tossed the selils of the hapless one to atid fro, like the pibelier arid eateher ih a baseball gave, Fortanatels, the nj bear-hell, ; trees and 'cliffs, flotindeting through presided over by a. abusewania y ty ten nt : eternity, ng} hi on' butterflies and poi, an equiva- |} legt of our buckwheat cake, The wicked went to the domain of Milu, where their only focd was lizards, and where they were ever preyént- ed from sleepin by hs wild and lawless gamés a Milu's "subjects, the devils. To one who knows the Kanaka's love for eating and sleep- ing the torture of Milu's realrh is apprrent. : In most of the islands of the Pa- cific, however, hell is not reserved for the wicked, in our sense éf the word--that is, thé thief, the mur- derer, the slanderer and the selfish man. All these finally reach a State of happiness. But a 16st un- mistakably eternal hell is~provided for those guilty of the only = sin known to them--timidity and cow- ardice. According to the best authoriti¢s the aboriginal Indian of Améri¢a is generally without any belief in any form of future punishment for sin. The happy hunting grounds aré re- served for the brave. As to where the wicked go they ate silent. The Ojibways, however, believe that the | souls of the wicked follow a wide path to the west and enter a long ledge after crogsing a deep and | narrow river on a huge snake. Here | they. are forever haunted by the ghosts of those things, animate aad inanimate, which they wronged in life. The Old Laplewders believed in a hell of show and ice. f Laplanders of the very extreme north, while denying themselves any future life; believed that the souls of bears went t6 a sort of where they weré forever tortured by packs. of ravening hounds. The Hottentots are wholly with- out any belief in a hereafter, bit they make up for this by réndering their earthly existence miserable through the 'continual intervention of countless mischievous devils. The Basutos believe. that the sels of the wicked. flutter forever blindly throitgh the jungles of the earth, knocking their heads against swirling rivers and dank, dark swamps and suffering such other Cashalties and hardships as would hatutally besét a sightless flyitig | ! Creature. The hell of 'the New Giiinea na- tive G8 n womanless region Wherein the soul of the thfortunate wicked: Hiatt wanders forever in vain search of » mate, Ant unigue idea of the. fakure state was that ofthe ancient Peru- vinns, dockyard, states The London Globe, You ght Aigo As the disembodied . soul deg c ' guided ES sie bea enter a. DOCK HEWN poe OF Rock: Government Institution, at Sydney, } New South Wales. A peculiar feature of the' New South Wales Government dock on Cockatoo Island, in Sydney harbor, is that it is hewn' out of @ solid rock. "Historically this island' is of F interest as it was the site of a large prison in the days when British éonvicts were transported to Aus- tralia. There are now & number of offices} in the old prison building and the] old barred windows and iron-door- ed cellg are still in evidénee. : The formation of the island was originally quite unsuitable for a és the solid rock rose sheer from the water to a height of from sixty to seventy feet. By using convict labor, howsbee: thé rock was gradually cut bak, first to permit the building of-prav- ing docks and later to make room for building slips and shops near water level. The work has been contmued wh- til af presént two- thirds of t@ to- tal area of thirty-three acres has been brought to a practically um- form level of about fifteen» feet above high tide: "Light Equal te Suh. Dr. Herbert E. Ives, a seiedta: of Philadelphia, who has been at work for a nuiibér of years at the research laboratories of the city's gas plant, announces that he has finaty produced alight whieh équal in everyway to sunshine. Dr. Ives has designed a powerhil ins | candescent lamp. with a speci mantle, which is so placed in a cabinet he has designed that its fays are immadiately beneath a re- éctor. This 1s made of metal, and | 5P the: light - is --foreed downward through a series of delicately Golor- ed screens, so arranged that the average rays which ate aot found in the vorth fight arid the effect. it issaid, is that of} is are eliminated} ; Hisar Greenwood: Tells of eenwood in London: Aanwori. Erin to' the Fore. effseue. numbered fifteen and re- présented both Houses of Parlia- mént and ery party in the Com- Mons ¢xc€pt the Irish. I begged Mr. Redmond' to send a delegate, Lbut he «aid 'Until Home Rule is| ldw, no Irish member-leayes these shores !"" This was disappointing, but the Irish leader was adamant on this point, though wholly sym- ppietic with the objects of the vis- 3 v orhe Rt.. Hon. Thomas Lough, however,-the member for Islington, and a thoroughbred Inshman, kept Erin Well to the front. "Our ~ chairman, thimself extremely popular. ever: al delegates were accompanied by their wives, and so the party was a 'very large one, with a mountain of lugga ee. "We-left Liverpool on July 16th; after having been prusicinelly 'blessed by the Lord Mayor. Our 'Youte was Canada, the Fiji Islands, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. Mrs. Hamar Greenwood and I, however, came home frora Ansttalia via Colombo, and spént ten most interesting days in Cey- on. Affection aud Loyalty. "Only at Honolulu were the party 'out from under' the British flag, and Honolulu was once, and, in my opinion, ought still, to be part of the British Empire. "Everywhere we -were received with the greatest rdiality and spitality. 'You ask me what Sy tiny out- jetanding impression_ of the tour? That is not so easy to answer. Many things impressed me deeply. Speakin however, not only -for myself, but for the party in gen- eral, I:should: say we were most struck by the loyalty of the Domin- ins to the Old Country. This feel- -. perhaps, was ndt so pro- hnounced in Canada, where you get a. mixed population, . and loyalty a perfect harmony of light sitnilar in every way to the rays of the sink Bi Se ee fraaliie 'Ohce more, Mullie, ¥ --' 'For Hee ---- bed ope fdr -a little craft tory be &aid to'run in streaks, but twas most noticeable in Austral- . to "oa very deep and eotio: » and ere ac te that is British is best, the British jonas o British though some friction is inevitable. battleship, or British "machinery. The House of Commons is often abused for isan purposes, but I can assure you' that everywhere we went we found it still venerated: as. the greatest legislative assembly in the world. Their Naval. Defence. "The: Fiji Islands, once the home: 'of' cannibalism, are splendidly pa- triotic.. "They have offered to pay peewee one: and: ime 4 per eent. of ] "The navel Satie bulks. large ly in Australasia. Until you. have been there you cannot unde the reality of the Australasians' fear of a Chinese' or Japanese inva- Fion. At this moment Australia and New Zealand are spending about as much per head on naval-defenceas we are at-home. There is a strong feeling that Australasia should have her own Navy, in. case the entire British Fleet: should. become, in- volved in a European naval arma- geddon, and so leave _ Australasia wnprotected. "Yes, they have compulsory mili- tary. training for youths through- out Australasia, and, so far as I could judge, it is working very well, "Phe Labor Party in Australia interested me very much. It in- cludes men of all eee sip ml | Sional and busimese men, and ev employers and landlords. Where Women Vote. Yes, women have the vote in hastratis and New Zealand. Does it make much difference? I think not. I was told that only a small percentage of women used it. I was informed, however, that wo- men were quick to oppose any poli- tician who had a 'past,' while-fn New Zealand they actively support the t "To return to impressions, I think we were all greatly struck by the vastness of the Dominions. You can get no true idea of distances from figures and maps. "Then there was the most impres- sive fact of growth in the Empire' 8 population.,-Do you know that in a generation or two there wiil prob- ably be more Britishers in the 'Outer Empire' than at. home? Surely now is the time to strerg- then thé affections of the kinsmen abroad for their Mother Country. "Onev lesson of the tour is un- mistakable--the growing millions of our overseas-countrymen are de- termined to remain members' of the Imperial family,.but on terms of equality, and not one hair-breadth below the equality line. But they feel that. the " powers-that-be at home are sometimes unaware of els strength of the Imperial sentiment outside Great Britain, are oi- ten chilly in their ai towar the aspirations of those away from home: Chapter 'the Pirst. "Until politicians haye a better knowledge of the Empire there will always be a lack of sympathy to- stricts, over woody'i to wards, and an crea ae under- ' have to carry out this work, | previous attempts been made of Mr. H. J. Ryan, resident magis-:. trate of the Delta division; who is eached point 70 miles up the Kiko River. ¢ plan was, on reaching the Strickland River; te construct rafte and float down that river for 300 pease Sos difficult, and all food has be carried The last expedition found the na- tives very hostile. Not much is known of the imhabitante, except that they are light skinned and sturdy people of the mountaineer type. They livé at an altitude of some 6,000 feet, wear long cloaks, are armed with bows and 'arrows, and carry wooden shields. Whether they are cannibals is uncertain, but the last expedition found abundant evidence that they cut off the hands of *their enemies, smoked then: wore them' it rows 'round their ne¢ Further details have.also been re- ceived of the Massey r governe ment yoo which: has been working ene'. uaknown région are the Fly. ver, in: Papum Letters. which left; New Guinea im October show that the leader of. the: expedition himself was- een launch: with cruised in thie Purari 'delta, # perfect maze_of waterways. large- ly uncharted. 0 Spa vessels le then added: te ition, the object of wine ee was to locate centres of population and te. estab- 'lish government pests. An important discovery was mada of an extensive Jake, and the ex« pedition came into touch with the natives, who were found tebe very wild, ipa encountered were telling on the party, and the voyage back to-Daru is described in letters just received as a "perfect nightmare."' Pe: OLD NEW ZEALAND F@REST. Discovery of Well Preserved Woods Thousands of Years Ago. A remarkable discovery has re- N/ cently been disclosed in Auckland, where the railway department, in making a site at Newmarket for new engine sheds, has had gangs. of men digging away a portion of the hillside sometwenty feet thick, and have come on a twelve foot seam of lignite, which represents a prim- eval forest which Ravrighed several thousand years ago. The deposit is of the consistency of cheese or yellow soap, and can- not be shattered by dynamite or displaced by picks, the mea having to get rid of it very. slowly by dig- ging with, wet Specir! Gas of haut gum and com. plete logs df well preserved kauri and other woods have been found in the lignite, and it is assumed by geologists that the whole is tho remnant of a very ancient forest which was overwhelmed by one of the voleanic disturbances whith de- luged New Zealand thousands of years. before the country. was in- habited. The Long Run is Unpopular. 'Honesty always wins in the 2 long run. 'Ves, | know; but a man is likely to be regarded as an old fogéy or a bre if he doesn® t take rt cut nowadays.' 'Migh Cost 'ot Living. Clerk--Here's a book just out:, "How to Bee Europe on Two Dol-: larg a Day." Married Man--Hah! What I want, is a book on "How to Exist at; Home on Two Dollars a Day."' ci atererincenesee If a man is too lazy to stand u and tell the eae ss apt to about it- the 5