' then one is inclined to ask for a con- THE PR BRESS OF THE DOMINION 'CANADA SINCE THE TIME OF € The fase aeglhiesaraat! of the r the Sixteenth Century Were Followed by W rs Making History and Immigrants to Build a Great Nation. three hundred fed, 'without proper housing or heat, 'and with death us more@and more ; tan but indissoluble union, whielt: we but take a moment now and to consider our interdependence develop into a nation whieh shall ¥ tal rank next to none other on In times of peace our agricul and commerce have made strides ¥ dreamed of, except, perhaps, by from scurvy as the, ;wise men whom we call Fathers id! portion of the majority. 'These are ' Confederation. Our soldiers a the first to whom we owe © remem- 'the seas have shown the great sp brance at ge moment of marking' hich rises to the supreme sacri confederatio when such is needed, and in the so Chie Champlain. jof the "_ ng faces look ou out w In the wake of Cartier comes Cham- US, not dimly, but fresh and glorifies plain the Good, the great explorer, by high courage that will carry 2 a who founded Quebec and laid its foun- 0% to the end in the things of dus) dations, and of whom the historian'nd democracy. Providence deer of Parkman tells us, speaking of his con-; that Canada should be made up nection with New. France, now our, ™any peoples. Our forefathers own Canada, "his life full of signifi- | history have worked to the enn cance is the true beginning of -- her 'out of this. Confederation plac coat eventful history." The story of this Promise.of the people upon: the ber grand man making an establishment ' Pact. It remains for all to remem t, among surroundings in such painful; that in union alone is our rea contrast to the luxurious civilization #94 anything that would tend to Bee of the country from which he came, | dissolution would be to work again : . «decrees, which for more than three and drawing even the Indians to him- cane ee have been every da¥ ge ipa the passing of the} ir throughsthe justice of his rule, is ae -- ave heen every soe vat asta ie the he 1S! one of the epochs upon which the read- | in the making toy and gratitude oe ssc lisa er of his country's story _ esto aye "|The soldiers of France who fought in| lca rH things of sterling and siN- those days when the ferocity of the! July 1--Dominion Diy--has, since a made fighting necessary, just the ferocity of the Hun in this | .the passing of the British North! *® ©°€% 7 T0 CONFEDERATION America Act been observed as a holi-|*°*" 1918, fought with 'the same dis-| 5 lik _,. {regard for self and with the same | pried ein tg many similar festivals,' bee avery as do their kin across the wa-, n Th f this per-' " ' unheeded by many more, and unless !i04, te che cae nt as join the el » IRST MOVE FOR UNION CAME reflection ds ziven econ: ne | cession, look out upon us with brave FROM NOVA SCOTIA. meaning of Dominion Day bids fair' 1 fo be lost in the piling up of other ayes: . The young. wits of Shere sin, | who drove to the governor's residence ! oe swift flowing of the::, the roughly made cart, drawn by Culminating in the sey OF HES flv. when th oxen; Marguerite Bourgeois who aa ust now. especially, when the war- taught the children of the Indian un-, lords are trying to batter our defence | 4... the shade of the wide- spreading" on every hand, and the needs of the 'maples, and the women primitive who defenders are clamoring assistance at in their hospital, nursed soldicr and every ear, there is little time for Te-| savage alike for the love of God and trospection and still less for rejoic- | humanity and to aid the struggling ing, yet with the coming of the day | oo} olony. Another group also claims our the spirits of true men and women: who once trod the soil of Cahada:even 'attention, that of the fearless mission- In 1867, and after ernments of the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick found that the only way to stamp their existence with the gerris ef nationhood was to unite for certain general purposes, while each at the same time should preserve its auto- nomy and individuality, says M. L. Hart in Toronto Sunday World. What the details of this compact were is not the purpose to narrate here. That the union, however, proved of value beyond price and was the corner- stone upon which rests the upbuilding of what in possibilities is the richest!" country on the face of the globe, is! recegnized on every hand, and the! -------- = Passing of, the British North America Act by the Impcrial Parliament. All Canada ean tell that the instru- ment of Confederation was the Brit- 'ish North America Act of 1867. Yet what of the causes which led to that act, the underlying need in the Cana- dian people for so radical and peace- " {aries, Breboeuf, the courtly and lion- ful a cha pie Aiea " sw ae ; ul a change as that act then seemed? seated Goad pie to have ear kaltement, "che gentle ss They care raaae Most of them, we " ang incessant demand to have | delicate, both equally strong in the . - i Ra ' see by the perspective which time has brought, were entirely causes within the confines of the present Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. The influence of the then separate settlements in Yova Scotia, New Brunswick an Prince Edward Island, while powerful enough when the movement had be- gun--and it is curious that the first practical move for a union should have come from Nova Scotia--was no of first importance. even say that the prime factor bringing about Confederation was the! absolute caste piritade that, a share in the commemoration of the things that. went to the making of lwish to bring the Christian faith to Pinuda into-e nation jthe Indian and both winning the . |erown of martyrdom in the carrying What is a Nation? 'out of their misSion. In the Iroquois There are people who will tell you j Who poured boiling liquid on the hea¢ that Canada even to-day is not a na- lo Breboeuf in mockery of baptism tion, and that it is a country without | 4nd afterwards ate his heart that they a history or literature. When such |Might imbibe some of his courage, we statements ure heard they come from have a not faraway type of atrocities those who are cither steeped in ignor- | committed by the"enemy to-day, anc ance or who are dead to even the | Something of the courage with which essential elements of patriotism. If these attacks were met has _ been a country that stretches from east to | evinced on many a field in France and west between the Atlantic and the Pa-| ae during the past three, years. cific, coed finds its ee boundary eniy where it is sto the ice Z an importance e of the participants could not of {ting along the Atlantic const and have foreseen. Goldwin Smith * said their extent, mountains "the grandeur | iforming new colonies. From out of it was "Deadlock." of which is comparable only with that 'this period come the men and wome ny Race Difficulties. of the Himalayas and the Alps, a! iwhose action centres about the inci-j country whose yet unexplored miner-| dent which we now refer to lightly as; At the bottom of the difliculty of als promise wealth eternal, and above | the "tea-party,"' over which, however, Sovernment since the cession of the and beyond all this a country wh ose | people refused to drink a frieniy cup,' French colony in 1763 was the differ- people are filled with content and! some setting up housekeeping on their ence of race, language, tradition and security in the thought of being an! own account, just where they stood Creed in well-defined areas of British independent confederacy and one of @/ snd others trecking hundreds of mites!North America. The factor of tradi- group that make up the units of the/to establish their lares and penates | Hon only has been eliminated greatest empire on the surface of the! anew in Canada. These are our Em- then. The Quebec Act of 1774 was world to-day--if this is not a nation, pire loyalists, the hardy men and wo-' followed by the large influx of British men who for what they regarded as a|#™migrants from the revolted colonies principle, gave up in many cases, home of New England. Complaints were at and possessions to begin life anew once made of the state of affairs in under the flag to which they then and;the Province of Quebec by the new- vincing definition to the contrary. To the making up of this great amalgamated unit we look through the glass of time and travelling through the power of its magic we cross the ocean to the little seaport of St. Malo in France. Here in the quaint old town---this was in 1534--we see an unusual stir, for it was well- known that a group of its sailors under the control of the intrepid Cartier were to brave the perils of unknown seas in the hope of discovering new lands. : lL Th le found -{sinilar to that they had had_ before any mre Ee hs chu, carat wack lmigrating. The constitutional act of homes in Ontario for the most part,| some not far from Toronto,- others 1791 was the result. about the beautiful Bay of Quinte and! The new constitution did not secure all helped to strengthen the nation of #/l it aimed at. Grave differences which they are so sterling a part. ,arose about revenue and supplies, and |# Plains of Abraham ja still graver line of division resulted ° . ; between the two races. The rebellion The scene changes and we have, of 1887-3 brought things to a climax Many scoffed, but others remembered another group. The steep and rocky | The constitution of Lower Canada was that they had heard of_a certain Col- | heights of Quebec are the objective 's suspended and Lord Durham sent out ambus who had sailed until he found;for which two armies contend. The | to adjust the relations and shores never before visited and peo- | thoughtful face of the immorta' al Wolfe iment of the two Provinces. ples unlike any known to them or the tises out of the shadows as he floats brated "report" resulted in the union countries about. And so Jacques down the St. Lawrence under cover of act of 1840, by which Upper and! Cartier, asking the blessing of heav en) on his enterprise, and with faith in it and himself, sailed away to his a, tiny, while the people from the shore | watched the departing sai] on the | small craft that gradually sank from! sight, and many thought it was lost; By and by we see the Highlanders as- : Gerever. cend the cliffs--the morning sun re-j . veals the soldiers of Montcalm and the Petiod between the years 18420 an soldiers of Wolfe facing one another | 1848. On February 5, 1841, Lord John n the now historic Heights of Abra- 'Russell had instructed the Pilger et am. Victory comes to the British, General to call to his councils "thos pis both brave commanders have fajl- | Persons who by their position and jen. The fortitude of each is recogniz- | Character have obtained the general ed by victorious and conquered alike, | Confidence and esteem of the inhabit- and is a joint milestone in the things |8nts of the Province," and only = tha led to confederation. A forecast OPPose the wishes of the Assembly-- f what women are doing to-day is Necessary proviso, one must pa the: turn of the glass, which shows the ,i? 3 distant colony in 1841---"when : gentle Ursulines knitting long steck- | 'the honor of the Crown or the inter- ings to protect the bare legs of the | est. of the Empire are deeply concern- 'men of the Highland régiments-from |e." This, however, was on the one ; the unaccustomed rigors' of the biting : 'side only tardily conceded, and on the i blasts and deep snows of Quebec. other demanded with bickerings. Con- "Arrival of Immigrants. itions. grew worse and worse. In '18 47 Lord Elgin was instructed to act} tribes which later helped to make his-| Now the glass turns more and more , "generally on the advice of the Execu-, tory for Canada. | rapidly, and we see thousands, which 'tive Council and to receive as mem How Cartier landed and erected the, soon roll up into millions, crossing the |; bers of that body those persons whol tall cross side by side with the banner | ocean and being transported to the far! might be pointed out to him as en- upon which the lilies of France rose, | west, where the prairie lands offer al-' titled to do so by their possessing the from their brilliant background, sig-, lurements in the shape of golden! confidence of the Assembly." Though nifying that he claimed the new coun- grain. ese people have come from departmental objections continued, the try in the name of God and his king,; Poland, Palestine, Russia, France,' instruction to Lord Elgin was plainly have all been limned by pen and brush. \Italy, Great Britain, Ireland--there' the attainment of full responsible gov- Just now we have but time to ac-|are Swedes, Ruthenians, Galicians and ernment. It coincided With the elec- knowledge that we remeniber' the in- those from the nation to the south _tion to office of Lafontaine and Bald- trepid sailor and the men who braved vot us, and everyone has had a share in' win, two of the champions of repre- the crue) winter underclothed, under- | abet this confederation of which we _ sentative rights. | problem as to what can be done so, mentary purposes. that he may get possession of the | Responsible Government Granted. heights. As he does so we hear him | repeat the prophetic words, "The| Responsible government was, how- paths of glory lead but to the grave.".ever delayed by a series of unfor- 'tunate incidents. Colonial officials iwere opposed to it for the whole Canada Discovered. | But we all remember that C ie and his crew were not lost. We re- call that after weeks of sailing with | nothing but the ocean and the little; blue sky to be seen, a little light in the distance heralded the presence of human beings. Then land came into' view, and dark-skinned men ran alo ong | the shore gazing in alarm at the curi-' ous white-faced beings who a vn of the water to meet them. The shor was the land in which we now live, | and the natives who gazed with awe con- hite-sailed ship--were | the first contingent of the Indian} and@iHe accepted on condition that feder- The cy it | e cynic ~~ Hin since have been always and consist-| Comers, they asked for a constitution! the night, lost in deep thought on the! lower Canada were fused for Parlia- | Early Call for Union. deration of the British Pro- Was no new idea when it: final- 'practical form. Tt had been in if, in an academic way, ever since ist migration of 1784. As 1791, Chief Justice . Williata | LOOKING TOWARDS THE - CENTENARY OF CANADA i Miecselioen @ulure Lica Was Gar Fair D Domain With its Majestic Waterways, its Untapped Mineral Resources, its Wealth of Field and Forest. Canada will be fifty-one years old} But Catiada is almost certainly des- on July 1, 1918. The question arises,'tined, not only to be the chief wheat- what will Canada be like when she growing country in the world, but also is ene hundred years old? says a'to be one of the chief manufacturing writer in Toronto Star Weekly. The 'countries as well. In no way has the answer to t query "lies on the! development of Canada been more ex- knées of the gods." But it is, at any! ' traordinary than in the growth ~ vga no extravagant stretch of fancy 'manufacturing industries. And o imagine that, by that time, Canada' should be noted that the value of one may well be both the most populous year's manufactured products in the and the most prosperous of the self-: principal industries is very nearly governing Dominions. |equal to the total amount of capitai It was Lord Strathcona who pro- invested in those industries. This mat- phesied that, by the end of the pre- 'ter brings one: to the second of the sent century, the population of the three prime factors for the contention Dominion would be 80,000,000. With! that Canada's prosperity is destined to Scottish caution, he probably named a!be boundless. That is the question of conservative figure. It is not fantas- | waterpower. Herein we are singular- tic, at all events, to believe that in | ly blessed. This couniry possesses the year 1967--the centenary of Con-'practically unlimited water power --- ederation---the inhabitants of this} j sufficient, it has been computed, to country will number well over 50,000,-,rum every machine working in the 000. at is a larger population than ; world to-day. that of the United Kingdom to-day. | Vast Natural Resources. And there are many reasons for | Thirdly, there is the fact that Can- thinking that the population of the ,4, jg directly in the highway of the dg ' ent, "then meeting jin - See grboste favored a feder- f all British colonies in North ore _This speech made sodeep an @ new Government in the following month, Galt was invited to a portfolio. | tation became a tenet in the Cabinet, in rprinciple at least. ~ In the following year Cartier, Galt and John Ross were sent to England sto seek an implement of federation, but as the other colonies in America were not ripe for the move, the emis- saries got little encouragement. Sev- "sigh events meanwhile had conspired to direct. public opinion. In 1856, the British House of Commons notified the Hudson Bay Company that their char- ter would expire in 1859 and they ap- pointed a committee to repert on the| United Kingdom is not likely to in- jew traffic between Western Ameri- Northwest Territories. A select com-|¢rease much in the future, not the 2 and Eastern Asia. It is to the mittee of the Canadian Assembly also | least of the said reasons being the 'cities with their faces turned to the undoubted fact that already it is too Pacific Ocean that this trade ia des- big for the country to support, and .tined to come in ever-increasing vol- that the British people, in ever-in- | ume, during the next half century. creasing numbers, are becoming con- Nor, in attempting to gauge, how- scious of the fact. jever inadequately, the possibilities Canada's Century. {ahead of this vast country, must The growth of the United States in} {mention be omitted of its mineral ithe last century was regarded as mora, 'resources. Canada possesses al] min- marvelous than that of any other erals and metals that are used. The the feeling of confidence in their own country of which the world holds re-' Mineral resources have been hardly strength which Canadian politic ans i¢ord. But, in more senses than one,! touched as yet. The greater part of gained in the struggle for responsible Canada may be said to have begun: the Dominion has never been proz- government. The outbreak of thel where the United States left off. In{ pected, and even in the older districts Civil War in*the United States has-! ithe early days of settling the United very little development work has been tened the precipitation. Its unifying} |States, the population of Great Bri- done effect through the menace to all things |tain----as of continental Europe--was In Ontario, we possess the, most British and the fear of a repetition of | considerably less than now, and the Valuable nickei deposits in the world. 1812 cannot be overestimated, though | emigration therefore immensely less:The amber mica deposits in Ontario fortunately for the celebration of he at the present time. Then the 4nd Quebec are very extensive,, and fifty-first anniversary of Confedera- sat to hear evidence. It was the first breath fromi the vast Golden West. Canada then boldly claimed the Paci- fic Ocean as its western boundary. About this time, too, the visit of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Ed- ward VII. had a marked influence in! turning thoughts to closer imperial re- lations. But more important still was | voyage to this continent was slow constitute the only large supplies at tion, what was hos stility then has be- ong arduous, Now it is quick andj thisymineral known to exist outside come active co-operation now. jeasy. Further, the United States had, Ceylon. Canada is third among the Party Rancour Strong. ino «well-settled neighboring country, silver-producing countries of the Yet politically things went from bad | Wherefrom to draw settlers. In 1914 world---in 1914 the silver produced to worse. Party had got wholly out of 'Canada drew over 100,000 settlers Was Of the value of over $15,000,000. hand. It became an obsession. Immi-. ftom the United States, and with the The total production of gold in Can- gration had given Upper Canada the population of that country increasing ada for the hte years since Con- majority of a quarter of a million in|i? density with almost incredible federation has been about $350,000,000 the population, but the representa: |p. as it is, American Lage oe in value. . "Re-, i tion into Canada 1 may certanly be ¢ Then there is the vast forest leaps perl -- of Canada---nearly 300,000,000 cres are covered with timber of consideration of the probable ; 'merchantable size, while the value of it growth of the Dominion during the © = year a forest peu is not far " question. It was in advocating eet Hon. George Brown excelled; There are the . Ree ee wuertone suspeaduatinns SS amar, growth of the United, --the total value of farm produ the last century--which Xclusive of field crops, came to century--must about $400,000,000 in a single year. During the! There is just one rock ahead--only one big ene, so far as T can see. There ch opposition was extreme. ada's The Taaate of parties was such that| lating to the from 1861 to 1864 there were three | States during elections and four changes of Govern-|Was that country's ment, but sti!l no order came out of have great significance, t he chaos into which things fell. The | first quarter of the nineteenth century war on the very frontier was critical, the immigration into the United needs to be eye pl care prispoerin aS and necessitated Lord Palmerston States. was of very slender propor-.'° immigration if we are to. make tions. In the year 1825 the immigrants great nation of this half continent. 'numbered only 10,000, F@r the ten. The war and its attendant cireum- 'years from 1831 to 1840, they number- stances have shown that it is the im- ed only about 560,000. In the: years migration from the British Isles M018 and 1914, on the other hand, the which, in a time of storm and stress like the present. when men and na- tions alike may best be known, can best be trusted to play the role of the good citizen. sending Imperial troops to Canada af- ter the Trent affair. Overtures were | made,in the Maritime Provinces, un- der stress of this extraordinary Cana- dian situation, It was intensified jn 1866 by the Fenian raid and threats.! Meanwhile, there was everywhere' a steadily growing body of public opin-. ion jn favor, first, of divorce of the' tion of the United States rose, as two Provinces, and then of their re- | did, to 35,000,000, it would not seem uniting in less closely-tied form under at all an extravagant estimate, hav- immigrants into Canada totalled over three-quarters of a million. So that if by the year 1869, the total popula- | it RESULTS OF CONF EDERATION. federation. This feeling had found | ing® regard to the tremendous differ-} expression in a big convention of "Re- 'ence in our favor as regards immigra- , Wonderful Progress. of the Dominion formers" in Upper Canada as far nel bee in the first quarters of our re- Since July 1st, 1867. as 1859. ctive centuries, to assume that by |: How has Confederation succeeded, Fs was no. such deep, 1969 the population of this country; cleavage§#f party in Nova Scotia, New | will number well over 50,006,000. The | eptéd th i ate Brunswick and Prince Edward Island,| population of Canada in 1910 was, it CORYATtAC TRO T80DIe, isolated, and dis | i tracted Colonies of 1864 into a nation they had numerous reasons to favor should be added, just about the same | early an lktge us Ravopeowith ok a federative plan. The common'as that of the United States in 1810--: : : : iiarrit si ground was that of fiscal strength ° sates 1M; ee onan Bink la the Hale . ie and mutual defence under the Crown. v The chief causes operating against . 1 EWR commerce. snd Senelie et sue '|federation, which we in this day of As regards commercial prosperity, | porting a 'population as large as that gh , ; ; ; jt is a fact of which it would be dif-' of the British Islands. Communica- quick and easy avEneportabien by Sek! Fi oult to overrate the significance, tion has been established from the ror prehending, wan lack of communica: ('22 the trade of Canada, with a pop-, Atlantic to the Pacific by three trans- ton, Quebse sie aeae Cduyther olf viulation of under 9,000,000, is already | continental railways. Railway mile- tro om Toronto than London is to- say. 'worth as much to the other nations age has been increased sixteen times : ; f the Unit- since C i " What could be said of St. John. N.B.. 'of the world as was that o e Unit- since Confederation. .The trade = r Halifax, from both of which their ed Statex at a time when the popula- Canada, which was a little over nea: built wooden cutters and schoon- | Un of that country was ever 59,-, millions at Confederation, was more 'ers could, under good winds, cross the 000,000. ; . . ; than a thousand millions an the year Atlantic in less time than if took to! of the many evidences of Canadu's | before the war, and nearly a billion run up the St, Lawrence to Montreal? ; extraordinary rapid growth and de- jane a half in 1916. When the Prairies = "velopment since the beginning of the! were united with Canada, their agri- and what has it done for us? It has Issue Feed at Last. )present century, only one er two of cultural production was negligible. These, then, in outline, were the 'the most striking need be mentioned | ; They are now recognized as among ~ conditions, which may be best sum- here. Comparing' the year 1914-- the' the greatest grain-producing regions med up in the words of Prof. Wrong: vear of the outbreak of war---with in the world, and they are only on the "Under the party system, Cabinets 1900--it may be noted that the amount thresho}d of a still more wonderful changed often . . and the Union'of freight carried by steam railways; development. At Confederation, Can- of the two Provinces gave no sta- the amount of life insurance in force; 'ada was regarded as unable to under- the amount of deposits in banks; and take even its own local defence. In the the external trade of the country; last four years, it has sent an army of were all alike, three times as great in four hundred thousand men across the 1914 as in 1900 'Atlantic to take part in a war in Eu- Three Prime Factors. 'rope. In this-respect it has far ex- There are three prime factors for ceeded the expectations of any of the the contention that Canada, by the framers of Confederation. None of year 1967, will be the most prosperous us can do more than guess at the pro- of the British self-governing nations. 'gress and achievements which may First, Canada will, by then, un- 'All the next fifty years. But the least doubtedly be the greatest wheat-grow- optimistic of Canadians may reason- ing country in the world, In 1915 ably hope that when the centenary of the yield of wheat was well over 300,- Confederation is celebrated, Canada 000,000 bushels, or more than four: 'will rank among the foremost nations times the yield in 1900. What propor- joe the world, | tion of the total area of the Domin-! ; spre atarreceorral ion may be suitable for the cultiv ation | | Aquilegias, antirrhinums, Canter- jof cereals is uncertain, but this much | bury bells, digitalis, wallflowers, gal- pro- at least we know--that, the area at j lardia, delphiniums, English daisy, In! present cultivated is only a very small | cowslips, hollyhocks, ete., can be-sown The land|in this way. Late in the summer the bility. The French and Engiish were sufficiently equal in strength to make the task of governing well nigh im- possible. In 1864 came the opportu- nity to change, when New Brunswick, | \Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Is- | land were considering a federal union. Canada suggested a wider plan. to in- clude herself, and in October, 1864, a conference was held at Quebec. The conference outlined a plan of federa- tion, which. with slight modifications, 'passed the Imperial Parliament ns the' 'British North America Act,' and on July 1, 1867, the- Dominign of Canada} came into existence." Ahead of Them All. Quebec leads all Canadian vinces in pulp,and paper making. 1916, 924,000 cords of pulp wood fractional part of the total. were cut by Quebec workmen, and of Canada is capable--easily capable| plants can he set out in their per- this huge log pile was_ worth almost | of producing enough wheat to feed thanent beds and given a light cover- ing of straw or strwy manure rs sonn as the ground freezes: $7,000,000. Ontario came second, every hungry mouth in the anise cut. Empire. Sere cords