the British When the capitulation of Montreal | of 1760 was confirmed there were in: Canada about 40,000-French descend- ants. Later came another 40,000, the Loyalists from the revolted Colon- ies. But these were scattered in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and what later became Ontario. Both races had to work for exterision through what was practically virgin forest. How they did it is a tale too vast and too heroic to be fully' told in a newspaper article. Yet what were the commercial 'and other conditions in the years just pre- ceding Confederation? It was re- marked that the united Provinces flourished in all except politics. Trade had begin to grow with a rapidity which it has rarely been surpassed even since. Coming of the Settlers "During the quarter of # céntury that elapsed between 1842 and 1867, the crucial period of national develop- ment," remarks Bourinot, "an indus- trious population flowed steadily into the country, the original population e more self-reliant and pursue their vocations with renewed energy, and. confide increased on all sides in the abilit? of the Provinces to hold their own (against the competition of a wonderfully enterprising neighbor. es, towns and villages were built up with a rapidity not exceeded on the other side of the (American) er. In those days Ontario be- came the noble Province that she now y virtue of the capacity of her people for self-government, the ener; er industrial classes, the fertility of her soil, and the superiority of her CANADA BEFORE CONFEDERATION . "The Growth of the Colony Under the Union Jack Until It Ac-, quired the Proud Status of a "Dominion" in realized how important the Inter- The Flag ea pet One-Fifth of tl Empire. ee <= ve inion. The terms on which New Brunswick and Nova Scotia came into thecompact showed that they had colonial Railway would be. Its sub- sequent history, whatever one may say of collective versus private own- miles, including the fine bridge at Montreal, which for the first time linked up the American systems with Canadian lines. As in steam railroads, so on sea. The Cunard line of steamships was inaugurated b Jova Scotian, Samuel Cunard, who had been a suc- cessful builder of wooden ships in the Maritime Provinces. .At the sugges- tion of Hon. Joseph Howe he tendered and secured the mail contract for the transatlantic passage. His vessel, the Britannia, started the first steam mail service from Liverpool on July 4, 840. In the same period the development of shipping on the Great Lakes took > 1870 there was a good steam river service from Niagara to all readers of William Dean Howells know. In fact, in travel the coming of Confederation synchronized with the going of the old stage coach and all it meant. Spread of Education Then still more important was the emancipation which free primary edu- cation brought. Climate"--a summary of conditions written over twenty years ago, whose phasized to-day. The Maritime Industry er | practicall y the world's turning point) in this. exactitude in every detail is only em-| ihe Britain, France, Germany and' tory, taly publics That Flies Over ' The Union Jack, Symbolizing Three Centuries of History, Combines the Crosses of St. George, St. Andrew and St. Patrick. The flag under which the British army is fighting is not the Red En- sign of the mercantile marine, nor yet the white ensign of the British navy, but the Union Jack, that we see "can- toned" (to borrow a word from the language of heraldry) on the upper corner nearest the staff of the red ensign with which we are most famil- ia: r. . As befits perhaps the most vener- able flag among the nations of the world, a flag which has left its im- print on the American Stars and Stripes and on the flags of the British Dominions and colonies, the Union Jack has a long and complicated his- The year 1870 i8|tory, Other nations have "scrapped" their former emblems, and set up new It was about that year that) ones during the changes of their his- of the Human Race and the World. controls water powers ca the Eastern Townships an served, BONDS MAY BE NessitT, THooms Mercantile Trust Bldg. 222 St. James Street A Vital Necessity . In Peace or War e operations of Water-Power and Public Ut ecessity to Th panies are a vital n the welfare of Canada, and are as essen as in war. THE SOUTHERN C. LIMITED--a Water-Power and supplies Hight and power to over 45 municipalities in These are twa.of our reasons 6% BONDS OF THE SOUTHERN CANADA POWER COMPANY, eda vas erin we are offering with a bonus us of common 8 participating in the future suc a for special circular, and map showing territory PURCHASED OM MONTELY PAYMENT FLAN Investment Bankere iiity Com. and social tial in times of peace' ANADA POWER COMPANY, ~ & Publ of 100,000 H ic Utility Co .P. development, 4 vicinity. for recommending the investors an opportunity of cess of the Company. rmom Us on & COMPANY Limited ed." -In each arm we see the two crosses lying side by side and proper- ly of equal widths. In the opposite arm the white becomes red and the red becomes white. This is what is meant by counter-changing. When the two crosses were thus placed side by side, the red cross of St. Patrick fell on the blue field and it became necessary to resort to another fifbria- British North The Charlottetown Conference met tion to avoid color on color. Hence the, ue. i described as follows: "| Azure: The Saltires of St. Andrew | and St. Patrick, quarterly per saltire, The Union Jack, on the con- in Europe, with several of the | trary, can trace its descent to those: United States and some of the Re- |dim times when knights rode in the of South America adopted | jigts; when the Cross of St. George | Geo i Maritime industry of the low- free and compulsory education for all.' stood red against a white field, and ovinces," the same genial chron-. Indeed it has been claimed that Nova flew victorious among the arrows of icler-historian continues, "was devel-| Scotia, thanks to Sir Charles Tupper, Agincourt; when the flag of Britain oped most encouragingly, and Nova led the civilized world in this parti-' met the "Bright St. Andrew's Cross" Scotia built up a commercial marine not equalled by that of any New Eng- land State. The total population of the Provinces «of British North America, now comprised within the Confederation of 1867, had increased from a million and a half In 1840 to three millions and a quarter in 1861-- the ratio of increase in those years having been greater than at any previous or later period of Canadian history." There had been sipee the forties a flood of immigratlonaryfr Pas Scottish settlers had sent back good reports and personal influence in a clannish race did as much then as Provincial propaganda later. In Ire- land there were economic conditions after the potato famine of 1848, which benefited the Canadian Provinces, as the Irish settlements in Montreal, St. John and Halifax attest. About the sixties the larger English influx be- gan, when artisans rather than farm- ers came in to the growing eastern cities. Perhaps it is not often enough re- cognized how closely the date of Con- federation coincided with that of the blossom-time of railways in the Dom- 'eular. A system was begun there in | 1864. Ontario's record under Eger- ton Ryerson is everywhere acknowl- . edged | ot be over-estimated in the twenty | years before 1867 was the facilitating | of trade through the fine banking system in Canada. By means of a facile paper currency and a sane me- thod of credit, this gave an impetus to trade in the middle of the last' cen- tury to which no tribute is too high t 7 Lely anaoleu oedial banker! then to avoid many of their errors, so that, combined with the stability which Canada enjoyed as a part of the British Empire, there was estab- lished a confidence which soon invited investment of money within the Prov- inces. hif has not ceased to-day, and it is possible that after the war experience will still more be that "trade follows the flag." All this may be "as a thrice told tale," but its recapitulation can only tend to fuller consideration at this time of what it was that went to the making of the twentieth century Canada, with which we are all con- cerned. The First of July. This is a great anniversary day in the history of Canada, one of the most brilliant members of the British Em- ire, Canada is a bulwark of free- om, and her sons have fought with magnificent coursge in this great war. Their deeds of valor on the Vimy Ridge, and many another battlefield, are now a matter.of history. ey have shown the might of Canada and the strength of the British Empire, When the Old Country was assailed in its defence of freedom, the great Dominions were the first to make com- mon cause with the Old Country, and together they have shown that there is more in the might and the muster of the British Empire than ever its enemies reckone This day is also a day sacred to the commemoration of those who died untimely far from their homes in the great Dominion, the men who fell tortured by poison gas holding the line at Ypres, the men who stormed and held the crest of Vimy Ridge, and were lost in victory. By their deeds Canada has won' an honor which glorifies and sanctifies the triumphs of peace. So the deepest note in our Dominion Day celebration is the Farmers who shi direct to us get than fi g their be woo} Obs tty armers who eel tore, the hi dealers a code tted the same day wool is cL, Ship us your wool y: ibe more iee9 ph yi : assured of a square deal " H. V. ANDREWS 13 CHURCH S8T., TORONTO Whose sons to-day thunder of the war for freedom, The glad music of the Doxology is a hymn in honor of sacrifice. Our joyful thanksgiving for Canada's marvellous achievement in the use and govern- ment of her great territory has deeper and nobler significance in the commemoration of those of her sons who have given up their rich inherit- ance and life itself for their loyalty and their faith in liberty. t | | CANADA -- 1867--1918 Wild trackless land, where trod the usKy Untutored those short years ago, to-day Stands forth our fair Domain, and with a place And name revered and honored far away. Thou country of broad acres, whose idea . ' Of Liberty and Justice days gone y e Fulfilled that promise. So the dream is real sT To-day. And hearts are proud to do or die. The way was lengthy, and the path ow ' But with that faith of Home, and trust in God : The way was clear'd, and smiles shone through the tears. So stands to-day our monument of pride. Broad smiling land that sweeps from sea to ee . a, are standing side y side , On blood-stained fielda to do or die for thee. --Robert Partridge. a "His Dominton shall be also from Another national factor which can-| untrod, a And bloody storms oft mark'd that , of Scotland in mortal combat. | To Canadians and to the rest of the world, who know nothing and care less about the venerable precedents jand stern dictates of the ancient |school of heraldry, the Union Jack 'teaches a particular lesson, namely, |that flags are not the creations of | color-loving committees and fanciful | artists, but that they all have definite i origins, and every detail has a mean- } a 4 ing, if you: can understand thei on te Mo Britain , . Rete So here is the story of the Union 'Jack, containing in its carefully | modulated stripings the whole history lof a united Britain. It is a story of heraldic terms and details, but if you read it, you will know how to hang the flag from your house, and what is more, you will not reverse it, nor yet hang it upside down as a signal 'of distress. The first "Union Jack" was adopted in 1606 soon after the union of Eng- land and Scotland under James I. (4 Jac. 1), and the "Jack" is supposed to be a corruption of Jac., which was the common abbreviation for Jacobus or James. The Union Jack combined the ancient flag of England, the red | | | 'cross of St. George on a white field, : with the ancient flag of Scotland, the white cross of St. Andrew on a field. The two flags were combined by putting the cross of St. George ! with a white edge, or fimbriation as ® the heralds call it, representing the i white field of the old English flag oyer the old Scotch flag. The rules of heraldry applicable to as to coats of arms di color on color or metal on metal. white represented silver, and in a for- mal description of the flag is termed "argent." Consequently the fimbria- tion not only preserved a portion of the ancient white field for the red ; cross to repose in, but avolded the | heraldic solecism of placing a red eross on a blue field. The first Union | Jack was azure, a saltire argent, sur- -mounted by a cross of St. George 'fimbriated of the second (argent), The Cross of St. Patrick The union of Great Britain and Ire. land (1801) Introduced a third cross into the Union Jack--the red cross of St. Patrick, which was a saltire, like the cross of St. Andrew. These two crosses were combined, an arrange- ment which the heralds described as "quarterly per saltire, counterchang- | | j l apnante ert SLD counterchanged, argent and gules; the latter fimbriated of the second; surmounted by the Cross of St. rge of the third, fimbriated as the last. Other British Flags The Union Jack has a top and a bottom. The cross of St. Andrew, came in before the cross of St. Pat- rick and takes precedence. Conse-; quently the broader white stripe, rep-| resenting the cross of St. Andrey, | should be uppermost next the staff. | The red flag with the Union Jack in the corner which we see flying at the sterns of steamships is known as, the "Red Ensign." It is the flag ap- propriated to fhe use of the mercan-| tile marine. The British flag, the flag, b- | la ; hei | used by the ata ee eel posed by J. A. Macdonald, seconded Ai at opted bi . Se eer ce ec buildings, ised by the British navy. It is a white flag with the red cross of St. George and the Union Jack occupies the upper canton next the staff. Thus-in Flanders to-day the British' soldier, if he is from Old England,! sees floating above him the cross of | St. George, as the Scotchman sees the. cross of St. Andrew, as the Irishman' sees the cross of that venerable saint. who banished the snake from his na- tive heath. Outgrowths of the Union Jack The influence of the Union Jack! 'has spread far beyond the British sles. It is safe to say that it has, jleft its trace on every Anglo-Saxon 'emblem. The American flag, after 'all, is nothing but the Red Ensign, the red striped with white, the crosses of (the Union Jack removed from. the | ii t \ | t ue! canton, and stars substituted on the, swmmarized here. blue field to represent the union of} ithe States. Australia, Canada, andj |New Zealand, ali of them bear the! | Union Jack or part of it cantoned on! 'their emblems. The flags of the thir- jteen American colonies, the anti-; € containing the cross of St. George or: anid to tie in the lother parts of the Union Jack. e i pictures in the U. S. grammar school | {history books to the contrary, the flag |that the Americans carried at the bat- |tle of Bunker Hill had on it the cross 'of St. George, with, as the heralds. |say, the pine tree of Massachusetts, for "difference." Many is the time, that British emblem, its component) parts, and its descendants have clash- ed on the field of battle, but to-day the Union Jsck has reached a unique stage in i's jmistory. For the first time every Union Jack in the world has joined in a common alliance against a common enemy. The crosses of the Union Jack have finally united against the Black Eagle, which Glad-| stone might have justly called "the negation of God." The "Dominion" of Canada. It was only after much discussion f the question and after changing their minds more than once, that the Fathers of Confederation decided to call the union they formed a Do- minion. Sir John Macdonald was in favors of calling it a Kingdom, sa The fa and Empire. some of the drafts of the bill which finally issued from the Imperial Par- Hament as the British. North America Act it is previded that the baer be authorized to declare by prgclamation that the provinces in quesfion "shall form and be one united dominion:un- der the name of the Kingdom of nad Canada. "Dominion" "was the term finally adopted, not because it was alto, because it was less To some satisfactory, open to misunderstanding. minds the name om mi the one sea e other, and from the age unto world's end,"--Psalm 72, "But i gest the idea of separatlon. the name "Kingdom" suggested too soaring an ambition, the term "Dom- inion" seemed rather humble. In fifty-one years Canada has made it a term of dignity, one that the daughter States of Britain throughout the Em- pire have been proud to adopt. e@ self-governing communities of Greater Britain are now all "Dominions." That term of distinction differentiates them from the "colonies." New Zealand formally ado the name' "Domin- jon." The Colonial Offi was reorganized some years ago a a Dominions branch was established, It was in London, England, thatthe Fathers of ederation met in 1867 -- 1 years ago--in a roo Wisarinater Palace ts we ts now in its club capacity bited by Canadians of the C.E.F. ere on September 1; 1864. All the invit- ed Provinces sent delegates, but the oldest colony in the Empire, New-) k-| | | | t might be said that the conference | was one of "bonne entente of detail. Mr. A. H. U. Colquhoun) remarks in his book, "The Fathers of | nConfederation,": "The Charlottetown Conférence was an essential part of the proceedings which culminated at Quebec. The ground had been broken. The leaders in the various Provinces had formed ties of intimacy and friendship, and favorably impressed each other. It was, however, in the Quebec Conference that the working plan of the union was framed. The confer- ence began 'ts sessions on October. 10. There were thirty-three representa-- tives present. of Confederation. > After sitting for | fourteen days they agreed on a set of | seventy-two resolutions which were to be submitted to their respective Legis- tures The first, which was pro- "That the best interests and the present and future prosperity of British North America will be promoted by a Federal union under the Crown of Great Brit- ain, provided such union can be effected on principles just to the several Provinces." An Historic Gathering It was a momentous gathering in the old building in Quebec, now de- molished. The thirty-three were in deep earnest about their work. Their sessions were held in secret. At the time a good deal of rumor ran around as to what went on in the chamber, but the facts have since become pret- ty well known. The gossipy, charm- ing records will remain one 0: most interesting parts of Canadian literature. But they cannot even be The resolutions were the essential outcome. A great many views have been ex- pressed about the act which has come to almost universally known as the Constitution of Canada. Dr. Bernard Flint, the lerk to the Canadian flags as well} : : Il! quarian will tell you, are all of them, id not permit | outgrowths of the British emblem, ' cS ee a ache mcoghoer ine of Canada can only be unwritten laws which make up the British Constitu- tion. Prof. J. E. C.. Muaroe, pro- | fessor of law at Owens College, Man- | ckester, looking at the British North America Act with the which distance gives, summed up the effort, not of the Quebec Conference only, but of the subsequent confer- ences tnd consultations with Colonial | Office officials in London, as follows: | "A study °. the anadian constitution offers a special field for 'the inquirer. It is a successful ef- fort to solve the problem of uniting distinct States or Provinces under a central government. While the merely a central government, but a government which, within the limits, laid down, should be! supreme, the Canadian Provinces had to organize a union, subject to a supreme Execu- tive, Legislature and Judicature, all of which already existed. he executive supremacy of the Queen, the legislative power of the Imperial Parliament, and the judicial functions of the Privy Counci# remainec unaf- These are the Fathers | the @ impartiality | CANADA'S CONSTITUTION IN THE MAKING At the Westminster Conference, Held in London, fn December, 1866, the Idea of Union Took Shape in The America Act. fected by the union, and.this to some extent simplified the work." The London Conference It was in London that the act was finally shaped. The Westminster Conference at ndon in December, 1866, comprised of delegates from the Canadas, New " more than| Brunswick and Nova Scotia, drafted | the British North America act from the resolutions adopted at Quebec in October, 1864 e British Govern- ment was now a thorough convert to the idea of the union, and Cartier was { able to tell the people of Montreal a |few months afterwards how loyally ithe delegates had been supported. "It is a great source--I will not say of pride--but a great source of en- couragement," he said, "to the public | men who then took part in that great ischeme, that it was adopted by the | English Parliament, without, I may | say, a word of cars, nr | "Provincial Rights" Battle To understand clearly what has be- come known as the "Provincial rights" fight, it is well to recall that one of the impelling causes of the Confedera- ive movement was e fear at "State" right would run wild asi ed it had in the United § In the constitution of the t States the powers not specifical } ly de- legated to the Federal Government at Washington are within the jurisdic- tion of each State. The contrary was the effect of the Canadian con- stitution. Any powers not specifical- ly given to Provinces are reserved to the Dominion Government. this has resulted not merely slow evolution of Provincial 'ments, Provincial courts of law an |other departments, and how the ap- | parent duplication of some of this 'work had to go on under the Domin- {fon control cannot now be told. It iis a long story of the gradual fitting | of two sets of machinery to each oth- er. In the end, though the process is 'not yet finished, it can be said there 'has been evolved a facile and work- 'able scheme. Under it Canada has grown in strength and prosperity. In all this complexity one thin stands out. It is the high standar 'of the Canadian Judiciary. o the 'Judges of the land has time after 'time fallen the decision of saying | what the Fathers of Confederation aimed at in a loose phrase. sult, where there was so little light {to guide, has"been such that Canada 'may well be proud of the intelligence, 'the independence and the integrity of 'her lawyers. | In the strictly political arena there have been odd developments, some of them far other than those anticipat- led, but which do not seem in working 'to be attaining dissimilar ends than those sought. For instance,' in the United States the power of the Senate grew at the expense of the House of Representatives. In Canada almost the contrary.took place; the Senate dwindled in influence and in public estimation as the House of Commons ! | American States had to create not, exten Conditions, however, are so tactful- ly observed on the one side, and con- trol so mildly exercised on the other, that, instead of causing friction, the actual limitations have become a bond of sentiment and obligation; they form that unuttered something which gives the apt link of love to Kipling's Jines: ' "Daughter am I in my mother's house, But mistress in my own." WAS A MEMORABLE DAY June 14th 77 Years Ago Parliament of Canada Met in Kingston June 14th was a memorable day in the history of Canada and King- ston, for it was on this day, 1841, just 17 years ago, that the sitting of the first Parliament of Canada was held in the small' frame building next to St. Paul's Church, Queen st., King- ston. In this building, which is stil intact and occupied, the members of the Parliament of Canada went into aay bach the Dominion of Oanada, session to carry. on the business of Canada, then in its infancy. The speech from the throne was delivered by his Excellency, Lord Sydenham, Governor-General of Canada, an after this event the Gazette du Canada ublished, its first extra in Kingston, The guard of honor to the Governor- General was furnished by the 14th Regiment. SMOME TUCKE TES ORINOCO FORM CIGARE TT' CUT FINE >