Fk a ae Pepe Mae ee hee ey _——— Tron Cogs of Lancashire DDR AMP lectn terete ore HERE is something remark- able, says the Christian Sci- ence Monitor, in the Lanca- shire clog when it has the streets to itself, and this was evi- denced in no small degree only lately before hours of labor were shorten- ed, say- about 5.45 a.m. There is nothing more indicative of the solid _j¢haracter of the Lancashire people than the sturdiness and the self- denial of the clattering crowd who earn their breakfast before they cat it. In alj] the Lancashire marmufactur- ‘ing towns, one sound more than ary other betokens the opening of a working day. From five o'clock on- ward, as the men and women turn , out for the mills, the pavements ring with a sharp metallic clatter. {[t is the clang of many ironshod clogs. #And in the evening, when tne mills are-“‘loosing,” the streets again re- sound to the music of what Webster d as an “overshoe with a thick sole of leather or wood for wet weather.’” “Into Lunnon aw’ll walk wi' mi clogs on mi feet,’ says sume boaster in a ballad. None but a Lancashire man would have so spoken, for the clog is a institution of the mull foik. Yorkshire, it is true, has borrowed the idea from her neighbor, but still the clog is endeared by an inti- mate association with all that marks the Lancashire breed. To ua lover of old things it is sad to be told that the clog is dying out. There are those who say that before many years it will pe as obsolete as tbe crinoline, though there have oeen threats of a réturn of the latter in a mixture of feminine foibles and fancies. Happily these are croakers’ pro- phecies. Many generations tou come will doubtless hear, as we do now, the familiar noise awakening a thousand homely thoughts and mem- ories. And yet in many parts of Lanca- shire the clog is losing ground be- fore its victorious enemy, the boot, Time was when clogs were generally worn} boots were an expensive Ini- ury, only to be indulged in, if at all, on the Sabbath. Nowadays, boots have become cheaper in comparison with clogs, and the honest clog suf- fers from modern competition. An- other~-potent factor is the superior respectability of the boot, which con- fers an elegance on its vearer un- known to the demonstrative clog. But the old cloggers do not de spair for they say that the clog is peculiarly suited to the conditions of mill life. It will stand the wear and Pua” ne tear of flagged floors, and it is not —~ruined by heat and -grease as-is the delicate boot. People wear it because their fathers did be them, which is, perhaps, the most hopeful consid- . @fation. It is believed that the clog was first introduced into Lancashire when the Flemish weavers came to Bolton in the year 1337, thus estab- lishing the clog as well as the cotton trade of Lancashire. Like his brother, the shoemaker, the clogger figures in literature as a ripe philosopher and critics of his kind. He is Lancashire in essence. He is wise and he gives generously of his wisdom to all comers. His lit- tle shop is hung with rows of finish- ed one which make the customer bow his head. hind the counter— if he - in good business—there will be three or four journeymen busy cutting and stitching the uppers. More often the clogger is master and workman in one. The place is like the old-fashioned cobbler’s shop, which existed before the boot factories had come into be- ing. The clogger of to-day works with the same tools as did the ear- Hest cloggers. His is one of the grad- ually diminishing number of hand industries. Machinery has been tried for shaping the wooden soles, but it cannot supplant the delicate skill of the craftsmar There is more variation in the shape of clogs than is generally imagined. Customers are measured for them, as they are for boots, and niceties of form are carefully follow- in curving the sole here are the garden clog, the Wellington clog, the dancing clog, the laundry clog, imitation Dutch sabots, the Blucher clog, the washing clog, and many others. The finished soles pass into the shop, where the top leather is firmly fastened and the fron rim nailed on In working-class Lancashire al- most every one stamps cheerfully about in clogs. There are clogs in the shop windows with a tiny rim of iron, hardly bigger than a doll‘’s shoes. would seem that the wearers love | the sound of the clanking iron, for if the iron comes off the heel they run to the-clogger’s without delay. These mill girls enjoy ° ‘the clickety clack of their heeis,”’ as one clogger* put it. The biggest expression of the clog- iger’s art is the “Sunday clog.” This piece of decoration often bears an laborate pattern on the front. Some- itimes there is a’ streak of red paint along the sole to give it a dashing appearance, and as 2 finishing touch there may ‘be three small pearl but- a stitched in a rakish row on the Beligoland as Bird Sanctuary. It is practically agreed that the of Hel late German It | | Proof That They Do Not Die Whon the Body Does.“ Never was there a niore con- _vineing proof of the recently discov- ered fact that the cells of the body do not die when the body dies, but live on, how long no ohe yet knows, than that contained in aff article by Dr. Albert H. Bbeling, of the Rocke- feller Instituté for Medical Research, in the Journal of Experimental Medicine. In this article Dr. Ebe- ling describes his experiences with a piece of the heart of an unhatched chicken. This was cut out by Dr. Alexis Carrel on January 17, 1912. To-day it is still alive. Needless to say, the embryo chick from which it was cut has turned to dust long ago. The fragment is a bit of connective —— Festal only is it alive, but it has been wing all these seven years, The on cells have been forming new ones, taking the material for this purpose from the medium in which they have been kept. This medium is a clot formed by mixing the blood plasma of adult chickens with an ex- tract of chick embryo in equal parts. The latter is obtained by washing seven or eight day old embryos in Ringers’ solution, chopping them up fine, centrifuging for ten minutes and drawing off the super-natant fluid. The fragments of heart are kept in glasses filled with this fluid and carefully covered. They are left un- disturbed for forty-eight hours and then a fragment is transferred to a black glass, in which it is cut with a cataract knife into two or three pieces as nearly equal as possible. Each of these pieces is washed in Ringer’s solution and placed in a glass with fresh medium, there to grow undisturbed for another forty- eight hours when they are ready for examination. This process has been repeated 1,390 times, and the latest strains are still growing-—in fact, they are growing more rapidly than when first the piece was taken. During the first year the growth was slow and irregular. When the strain was twenty-eight months old the frag- ments of tissue which showed the maximum speed in growth increased fifteen times their area in forty-eight hours. The seven-year-old strain may sometimes become forty times larger than the original fragments in forty- eight hours. This is probably due to the fact that as time went on the doctors have improved the medium and are now using one that exactly suits the connective tissue of the heart. The speed of growth can be watch- ed under the microscope, and Dr. EbeNneg’s article is accompanied by some splendid photographic enlarge- ments. One of these shows a piece of the tissue magnified 240 times, photograpbed on April 25, 1919, af- ter forty-eight hours growth. It shows a mass of living cells of con- nective tissue, each with its nucleus showing as a dark spo Australia’s Big Irrigation Scheme. Thirty thousand acres of land will be submerged by the construction of a@ mammoth dam in southeastern Australia, the object of which is to form a great irrigation reservoir. Work has started on the structure, which will be located on the Murray river a short distance below the con- fluence of Mitta Mitta Creek with that river. It is estimated that the project will cost $8,000,000 to com- plete. Approximately 43,560,000,- 000 cubic feet of water will be im- pound The total length of the dam will be 3,601 feet. This will comprise three séctions: An earthen dam, 2,700 feet long; a concrete speedway, 740 feet long, and-an outlet works of the same material, 161 feet long. At some points the dam will be near- ly 100 feet in height. The foundation will extend down to a stratum of granite, 34 feet below the surface of the earth. Only a comparatively small por- tion of the dam will be situated in the river bed proper, as the greater part will extend across an alluvial fiat on the left bank of the stream. In constructing the earthen dam, a concrete coreg wall will be built, saa covered with stone to reinforce the dirt embankment. Thirty-one slypice gates will be installed in the spillway section. Water turbines, placed in the dam will furnish power to oper- ate these. The outlet works will be pierced by eight 6-f{oot pipes, equip- ped with valves and capable of dis- charging 8,000 cubic feet of water a second under a 29-foot head —Popu- lar Mechanics. Trains Driven by Air. Many people believe that the only way railway trains will be driven in the future will be by means of elec- tricity, but if the new system now being tried on the Italian state railway is as cheap as experts pre- dict it will be then our railways will be driven by air! By this new system air is com- pressed into big central tanks, from which it is distributed to special air fuel stations along the railway line by means-of strong pipes. At these air fuel stations locomotives will be able to stop and refill their owa tanks with compressed air. It is said that the building of air tanks along the railway and the laying of pipes will be nothing. like so costly as electrification, which requires not only a third of track, but means altering the engines. With compressed air the modern steam-engine requires very little al- teration, and so the enormous ex- pense of a complete new set of en- gines would be done away with. The fuel is easy enough to get! Moreover, it is absolutely clean, and this will be one of the necessary qualities of any motive power of the future A Patented Swing. A recenfty patented swing for | young children terminates in a fabric ketwith holes through which a 1 zane's legs are thrust to permit ft to kick the device about or walk as ‘i HINESE women seemed to have had very good. taste for- fancy work even in very early timés. Before they knew what laces were they began to make them, though not so fine and beauti- ful as those of to-day. The kind that they nade was the embroidery lace. Narrow strips of satins or silk from one-fourth of an inch to three.or four inches wide, were first woven, then different designs of flowersy fruits or ifisects were embroidered with var- ious colored silk threads or gold- plated or silver-plated threads. The finished laces were very much like the silk embroidery laces of to-day, which come from England and France, only that they -were not very brilliant in color owing to the lack of different shades of color at that time. As every other thing progressed so did the art of lace-making. Finer and fancier ones appeared, the best known of which were the Mei-zz and Mu-li laces, named after their designs. The best were not found in the market places but in the homes of indivi- duals. It is said that a girl after her tenth birthday should start on her work of making lace and other em- broideries in order to get ready. for her wedding garments; such activi- ties were stopped at the coming in of foreign laces. To-day they are kept &8 curios. Later as glass beads were intro-' duced into the country, the making of bead-lace began. The beads were cither round or oval-shaped. They were strung into different geometric | designs. The round beads were made into very fine designs much as the bead-lace of to-day. As the time de- manded the designs and forms of laces varied, until the foreign silk Taces came into fashion and put a siop to all other kinds. Imitations of those silk-laces were attempted, but owing to the lack of proper machin- ery and varieties of patterns they could not compete in popularity with the imported ones. For quite a time the home-made laces were out of fashion. About twenty-five years ago in the, city of Chefoo in Shantung a girls’ schoo! was established by a foreign missionary. It was in this little School that the art of hand-made lace | was first taught to the Chinese by foreigners, which has now become an important industry in China. The lace thus made is the so-called “Che- foo” lace. It is found that the great- est amount now is not made in Che- foo, but in a district called Chi Hsia Hsien, thirty-five miles from Chefoo. Here the torchon silk laces were first made, but it did not prove a suecess for its consumption was rather small in that city. A British missionary in 1895 giab- lished the first institution forg making. From this time on th industry became important. on addition to the silk lace which was made of entirely Chinese silk, the thread lace was also introduced in 1904. The thread, beth cotton and Iinen, and the patterns come exclu- sively from England and France, Besides the above mentioned ones there are the cluny, the filet, the erochet, the point venice, and the Swatow laces. The finest of the laces comes from Ching Chou in the Tsinan district in Shantung. Chi Hsia is still a great centre, yielding fully fifty per cent. of the laces of the places. Shang- hai and Swatow are now gradually coming into competition. The cluny and torchon laces are made by fastening the designs on a cushion especially made for the pur- pose, and using the same method as the making of bobbin lace by hand, “These two kinds have found a great market in Australia and America. The filet lace is made by using a mot which is spread over a frame. Pattern is embroidered with a eats: The thread used comes mostly from England, yarn forty is most used for the purpose. Filet lace has been in- troduced only about seven years ago, but it is welcomed greatly. The net for the rough kind of the lace is! largely made in Kiangpeh, a district ! east Of the Whangpoo river, though some of the schools are still making | it, yet their quantity is comparatively small. Crochet appeared two years earlier than the filet. It is made with th 00 kind of ‘lace is the Fil d’Irdande Bril- lande, a French thread, which is gen- erally called by the local manufac- turer, “Shiny thread,’ owing to its bright silvery lustre. Point venice is another kind e— by using a needle in much the same way as the | filet lace, only that Fil d'‘Irlamde Brillande should be used instead of the ordinary thread. The so-called Swatow lace is manufactured in Swatow. As yet no factories can be found for lace-making anywhere in China | though the lace industry is rapidly progressing. It has been found that the practice of supplying thread to some small exporting firms, but it has not proved a success owing to the dif- ficulty of importing foreign threads. The usual way now employed is for brokers to furnish the nets and the patterns to the manufacturer to have the lace made at a certain amount and then to sell the finished lace to the exporters. Usually on embrotd- ering a piece of fine net, size about four feet long and a foot and a half wide, the worker receives a dollar and the thr As the quality of the -lace. The quality of the lace depends up- on its cleanliness, eas, evenness of pattern, firmness and its workman- ship, and also the kinds of thread with which it is made. The new and fancier patterns qreatly promote the | pop the lace since the = or quires real skill J wabeay can fail'to observe... _. We Sondtantiy: is the twentieth cen out long ago.” Yet th @ person in the country F cent his pet belief—that mfortune follows or that a k cat brings good tuck, for example. Hence, too, the aniver- sal Sg paging of wearing mascots “‘for ck These; however, are not very ser- ious beliefs, being merely personal fads. Superstition of a deeper rooted and more unpleasant type is still common in the more, backward ru- ral areas, however. Only a few weeks ago an old dame in the Fen country was boycotted by the whole country- side because she had the reputation of being a witch and of throwing spells over people’s children, stock and crops. No one would go near ber or let her have food or clothing, and she nearly starved to death. he cold, legal atmosphere of the courts would: be thought unfavorable to belief in withcraft, and yet a farm- er—by no means an ignorant man— rstood. up the other day in Norfolk court and formed the bench that someone had bewitched his cows. He ell by “this ary; guper- stition and all that at of th thing eee. i stooping oxyer‘a baby or spilling salt, { ‘one who is most welcome: is the one. who has. un- musical talent... our child can have est” asset you could be- stow, Call at the fachory and get prices. KARN-MORRIS PIANO & ORGAN 00. LIMITED. é : Manufacturers of Pipe Organs Reed organs Morris & Player pianos, cured the e spe red-hot poker into his churn, when the evil spirit vanished in a bright flame. best thread for this! to the selling | price it varies greatly according to | stood a chance of being tried (and burnt) for witchcraft, and cases solemnly brought into court and tried on a similar charge. | ni) | are even known where animals were | { A tough old cock at Basle, in Swit- | \ | zerland, was accused of laying eggs— a most serious offence, as such eggs were used only for making witches’ | ointment. The unhappy bird was hal- ed before the justice, and one of the eggs produced as proof of guilt. In the face of such evidence the raos- ter’s case was hopeless. He was con- victed and hé and his miraculous eggs solemnly burnt at the stake in the town square. A sow and six young pigs were ac- cused of witchcraft towards a child, and were brought, protesting loudly, before the ‘‘beak."” Amid great sen- sation, the sow was found guilty and publicly executed, but the porkers were acquitted on the ground of ex- — youth. As late as 1740, a was accused of possessing a “devil, ”" and, after a long hearing, was found guilty and condemned to death. “Rats and mice and such small deer’’ have been summoned on numerous occasions, but almost in- variably failed to put in an appear- ance at court. In the fifteenth century, the peas- ants of a village in the south of France took legal proceedings against a plague of locusts which trespassed on their fields and devoured their crops. As the case was still being fought nearly half a century later, the modern gardener can sympa- thize with the unlucky plaintiffs, but would probably prefer the more “up= to-date application of lime or mus- tard. ; Another action was brought against a pest of leeches swarming in the ponds and streams of another country ‘district of France. The judge issued a decree against the leeches trespass- ing further on the disputed territor- ies, but history is silent as to whe- ther the injunction was obeyed or ighored, with resultant punishment for contempt of court. Animals have even been admitted as witnesses in the courts. It used to be considered no offence to kill a burglar trying to break into a house, ere arose the difficulty that one man living alone might ask another to his house, and then murder him, pretending that he was a robber. To domestic animal, such as a cat or a dog, present at the time might bear witness. If the animal, on being questioned, satisfied the court that his master had acted in good faith, the killing was held to be justified. There are not many instances of,ac- quit What Happened at Kut. Speaking at Newport, England, at ,a@ fete organized by the Comrades of jthe Great War, Gen. Sir Charles | Townsend said that he wished he could live long enough to see what | history would have to say about the defence of Kut. He was ordered to go forward’ with a handful of men. Instead of having 13,000 men at his disposal he should have had 113,000. He had warned the authorities of what might happen if he was asked to go on with only a limited number iof effectives, but after having given ‘the warning his duty was done. Any orders he received afterward had to be carried out. With a sufficient num- | ber of men he could have guaranteed ;hot only to take Bagdad, but also to hold it. The Turkish army could ‘have beef thrown into the river. He very nearly accomplished that as it , but under the circumstances ‘which hampered him, if Bagdad had been taken it would have had to be evacuated the next day. He had found almost as many enemies when he came home as he had beaten in the field. He decided to halt at.that place | (Kut) to give the Government time to send out more troops from over- seas, but without the necessary num- ber of troops he was forced to sur- ,render. Owing to starvation men |were dying at the rate of 26 a wad |dying of hunger, but at the sam time, he remarked proudly: “tdi dia not surrender even then until I was ordered to do so, and told that no .relief could be sent to me." Old English. and Middle English. The “Old on _— as gen- —w understood, ended about 1100- 1150, the “Middle Seaian” oe riod | about 1500, when the period of Mod- ern ish” The term “Old (|English,” in use, applies jvameety to —_ obsolete forms of the ancenee e “Early English” jis often coed -Middle Fens or for “Middle and Karly Modern English.” Years agozany old crone who was cross i with the neighbors }1 getver this, it was decided that any. a NOTICE TO EVERYBODY ! ALBERT IZEN WILL PAY CASH for Beer and Whiskey Bottles, Rags, Rubbers, Newspapers and Magazines, Iron and Scrap Metals ot all kinds. Highest market prices also paid for Furs, Beef and Horse Hides, Wool and Poultry. PHONE 65, LISTOWEL mA Special Sale - OF - Genuine Castile: ‘Soap 10c Per Cake or 3 for 25c oe | CENTRAL Livingstone’s : STRATFORD, ONT. The Druggist Phone 59. Winter Term, from Jan. 5th best Commercial School. W, give thorough courses and hav experienced instructors in Com- mercial, Shorthand, and Tele- graphy departments. We as- sist graduates to positions. Write for our free Catalogue. It may interest you. D. A. McLACHLAN, (Principal.) — Western Ontario's largest and 4 . e e . Electric Wiring and e Plumbing If you purpose doing any electric wiring or piumbing, be sure first to get an esti- mate from me. All Work Guaranteed. Your Order Appreciated. Carl Ross Main St. Next to Zurbrigg’s. - y vaguely for “Early” W. A. BRITTON Embalmer and Funeral + Director Graduate Canadian Embalming School ones: Store 90. Residence 224. Day and Night Calls Promptly Attended to ROSS LIMITED Residence Wallace Stréet MANUVACTUKERS Three Doors South \ Bstadlished 1885 Lutheran Ch \ LONDON - - ORT. H.E. Jermyn, Inkerman St) One Door East of Methodist | #7) Church Phone 225 =