” 46 lever Before In the History of the World Have So: Many People ~ Been Driven From a Single Coun- | ;. try at One Time — Plight Is Unique and ‘Whole Families Are Destitute. EVER is a a word.” Yet it is probably true that never has the world known a story quite like that of the Russian refugees and ies now scattered through all the mations of the earth. The numbers involved, the confusion which sur- rounds their lives and conceals the fate of their friends and families, the uncertainties which threaten their future, make their unique among the many tragedies of the war's aftermath. A writer in the New York Herald reminds us that other refugees dur- ing the war were usually driven back in their own countries, among their Own people. To most of the people of the smaller nations who were ‘> @riven out of their lands by con- querors, victory has finally returned to thelr homes. Terrible as have been their hardships and tremendous as have been the difficulties of re- establishing their lives, these: refu- gees have a habitation and @ coun- try. Only the political refugees from Bolshevist Russia face the fact that their country is in the hands of kins- en hostile to them,_and that they a@re outcast and without a homeland to which to. return The numbers of th refugees from Russia, according to Thea source <a tp wigs g are betwe il- and a half and two million. “fhe arent majority of these people are in desperate need, separated from their Native Jand and people, cast away in strange surroundings, without legal _ status, deprived of all means of exist- ‘ence and of the normal protection of their own government. Approximate estimates of the numbers of Russian exiles in some of = countries run about as follow eaten Ki OTe BAW & & Hin eieve 300,000 EMP ROY ss ci ws eee Ws eas -- 200,000 France .........6. o-ee-. 150,000 POUR wo snvcesvecsce +++. 100,000 AusBtria—..........- seseee 50,000 DIA cs ts eavtwecs P 50, ae Lemnos and Cyprus ...... 25,00 TRUE ope eye os wae Ore wes 35008 Btaly cca sie vais vee ace ee HE - 20,000 Esthonia Riese Tea « ‘ 17,000 England ..... Soetoro 15,000 FOOER oe oe eee we ees HN Hs 2,000 Africa (Egypt and Tuns) .. 10,000 ae sid ONS BiaucaME Be ie Sie 7,000 Hungary .............- : 5,000 Saetno-Swvaidie «bw ows = % 5,000 Switzerland ............. 4,000 Lithuania ............ Aree 3,000 Rumania . ........... 08 2,500 Greece ...............0. 2,550 Scandinavian countries .... 5,000 In addition, there are Russian refugee colonies, » bers unestimat- ed, in China and apan and America. The gexiles from the present re- gime in Russia are of all classes There are Russian sol- army, who were sent to France in the first Year of the European war, and about 10,000 of whom are reported still there. There are men who were in the prison camps of Germany, Aus- tria, Bulgaria and Turkey. There are representatives and members of special missions of the former im- Perial and provisional governments of Russia, who have lost their status and are unable to return home. And there is the great flood of expro- Priated land-owners, political oppon- ents of the Bolshevists, former offi- eials, journalists, teachers, officers, military men who have taken part in the vasious campaigns against the | Soviet Government, and others forc- ed out by the sheer difficulty of mak- ing a living within Russia, and the women and children who have been driven forth in the ebb and flow of elvil war. Constantinople is said to be turned into a half-Russian city. Some re- Plight * committee, has had an especially favorable start. There have been many stories ‘of e expedients to which these Rus- refugees have been forced in the effort to maintain themselves— stories of people of former titles and wealth working in hotels and as chauffeurs, singing and dancing in restaurants and theatres, and. serv- ing as ‘tutors and governesses and interpreters and translators. These stories are “generally not exagger- ated. Claude Monet. Claude Monet, the octogenarian — and one of the last surviving the impressionists’ aac, delights to recall the days when he “used to be so happy and so Poor.” He would then receive 100 frances for a painting; now a com- mission isn’t much that doesn’t bring hima $10,000. Injurious to Trade. A man with a large bundle of sporting papérs went into a fried fish shop the other day, and asked the proprietor how much he would give him for them. “Nothin’,” snapped the owner of the shop. ‘‘You can take them away. I don’t want the likes of them in this establishment.” “Going to retire, Bill?” sneered the disappointed owner of the Papers “Retired be blowed!"’ snorted Bill. “It's a matter of business, that’s all. It don’t pay me to wrap up fish in sporting papers. My customers read them “Well, and what then? Are yo afraid ow 8 be backing the tips?” “That’s just what I am afraid of,@ was the reply. ‘‘They eat their bit o’ fish, read the tips, backs ‘em the next time they come out, and drop their money. Then they have to go without their grub, and my fish is left on my hands. One Better. Museum Attendant—"That book, sir, was -once owned by Julius Cesar.” American Tourist — “Pshaw! That's nothing. Why, in one of-our museums we have the lead pencil that Noah used to check off the ani- mals as they came out of the ark.” RAUNTING FOR MICROBES. It Has Become an Exciting Pastime With Scientists. A suggestion of the romance cf science underlies the announcement that the London School of Tropical Medicine is to send an expedition to investigate filaries+—ae disease which produces elephantiasis—in British Guiana and the West Indies.” Wonderful are the methods and results of medical research applied to tropical and other diseases. On what lines is this beneficent work carried out? The basis of medi- cal research is generaliy observation —the careful noting of patients’ symptoms—and then follow anatomi- cal, chemical, microscopical, and other studies. Sometimes, however, a problem is approached from several points sim- ultaneously, and one discovery leads to another with amazing continuity. curious instance is connected with the X-ray. When it was demon- strated that the bones of the hand can be made visible, somebody hit upon the idea of incorporating bis- muth (opaque to the rays) with a meal, so that the passage of foo through the stomach and intestines could be watched This method of investigation was adopted, and the results have been so important that they are still un- der discussion in medical journals. Such Png ig may range over many years. In 1840 typhus fever was distinguished from typhoid fev- er, but it was not until 1884 that a special bacillus was found and asso- ciated with typhoid. The story, how- ever, did not end there. In 1896 it was established that typhoid, Instead of being a single disease, consists of three diseases cdused by three dif- ferent micro-erganisms, and ulti- ao impr saps prints is that in. them fly be seen details dificult to sees oa by the m pe only. By the latest improvement micro- photography, the image of the nose of a blow-fly can be enlarged till it fills a whole plate (8% x 6%). Microscopic examination is going on continuously with a view to solv- ing the problems of cancer. A com- mon operation § is ced a thin slice wth, mounting it, and then piselate it un- nal the microscope. The whole pro- is somewhat complicated, Broek at times it is carried through while a patient is being operated upon, so that the surgeom may know how much of the growth it is neces- sary to remove. Measles, mumps, searlet fever— these ther common diseases await full investigation. Even whoo ing cough is as great, though not as serious, a problem as influensa, the precise cause of which is a mys- ery. . New probleme, too, crop up from time to time. The recently-discovered vitamines—to take only a single in- stance—are known to be important constituents of certain foods, but there knowledge ends, and conjec- ture, with its -well-nigh infinite scope, begins. An Artist’s Bank Account. The laxity of men of genius In mat- ters of finance is illustrated by many ages anecdotes, but the following tory about the a-tist James A. Mc- Neill Whistler is especially interest- ing for the absolute ignorance of the Man concerning his own ban oy | Count_had been running a long time, the creditor said, and patience. The @mount was eighteen pounds. Whistler sought aid and ad- vice of an acquaintance who lived in the neighborhood. He explained that he hati a small balance in the bank, the amount of which he could not remember, but he was certain that it was not enough to cover the amount of the bill. He gave his friend a note and asked him to stop at the bank on his way to busin and find out how much the deposit lacked of eighteen pounds; then he should make up the amount by way of a temporary loan, so that Whis- tler could draw a cheque for the amount due. The friend agreed, vis- ited the bank and caused the clerk he was out of to examine Whistler’s account. After a minute’s search the clerk submitted a2 memorandum, which showed that James A. McNeill Whis- tler had to his credit a balance of six thousand pounds. SMALLER BRITISH PRISONS. Number of Convicts Greatly Decreas- ed In Recent Years. The number of British convicts received into local or convict prisons has fallen sinee the beginning of the century from 167,000 to 35,000 a year. In addition, owing to the opera- tion of the Criminal Justice, Adminis- tration Act of 1914, which allows time for the payment of fines, the number of persons committed to prison for short sentences has de- creased from 109,015 in 1910 to 8,093 last year. This represents a Saving of several millions at the | Present standard of prices. Even on the basis of the present reduced prison population, the cost of British prisons during the coming year will be over one and a half mil- lion pounds. Of this £886.000 Is allotted to the pay and allowsnces of officers.’ The expense of feeding pria- oners, at an estimated cost of: £18 108. 3d. per head for the year, amounts to £249,000. Housewives may take comfort in the fact that the Government, in their estimate, are allowing for a considerable reduction in the cost of living. The Prison Commissioners believe that cleanliness is next to godliness; £10,450 is to be spent on soap and scouring and cleaning articles. At one time a number of persons who were mentally deficient were Lord Leverhulme J. E. Ganong All the men-whose names ap head of gigantic businesses which have been con- sistent users of Newspaper Advertising. , Thomas Edison ' Lord Shaughnessy m. Wrigley Sir Herbert Holt , Marshal Field 3 Sir John Eaton John Wanamaker _ Sir Joseph Flavelle Henry Ford. Sir Woodman Burbidge P. C. Larkin : Sir Joseph Beecham Hon. Frederic Nicolls Sir Thomas Lipton H. C. Cox ‘ J. H. Gundy Herbert Cowan J. Pierpont Morgan James Ryrie . Patrick Burns ear aboye are at the Their judgment will. commend itself t6 each nan who is: resolved to build his business to the point of ultimate achievement. the war the average vaiue of the labor of working prisoners was £13 7s. 1d. a year. Convict labor is | now worth £15 1s. a year. The British nation is growing better educated and more self-respecting, | and the policy of preventing crime and reclaiming young offenders by means of the Borstal system is re- ducing the number of persuns cum- mitted to prison. t “Mystery’* of Tobacco. An early 18th century MS. of the House of Lords, which has just been published in vclume form, an account of the way in which English tobacco manufacturers pre- and used in Russia more than 200 years ago. It seems that Nathaniel Gould and others had made a con- tract with the Tsar of Muscovy in into his dominions, and sent over “Peter Marshall and his wife, vers- ‘ed in the cutting and rolling of to- | bacco, together with instruments and | materials necessary {entered into contracts with the tsar’s officers to supply large quan- tities of tobacco and to sond “As | many persons skilled in the spinning of tobacco as the tsar should require ; by which means his subjects would i become equally skilled in that mys- ; tery with any of her majesty’s sub- | jects, dealers in tobacco.” The Eng- jHsh tobacco manufacturers petition- ;ed Queen Anne, and that redoubt- able monarch nipped the scheme in I the bud. It was ordered ‘that the “said persons were to be conveyed out of Muscovy, and the engines to be broken immediately.” And so the “mystery” was not disclosed. contains | vented their secrets getting known | 1698 to import quantities of tobacco | thereunto.” | | Other merchants of London had also | | MAIN STREET OF EUROPE. | Danube Enables Lan Land-Locked Na- tions to Reach the Sea. When the river steamers spread |their black banners of smoke along j the Danube the commerce of Central | Europe is thriving. This thermome- jter of business conditions has been closely watched by experts and they report the throng on the Main street of Europe is gradually thickening. Fussy little boats puff busily up and down, keeping out of the paths of i | , the big steamers that plough their’ lordly way ‘business , thoroughfare. Economically the Danube is to the land-locked nations of Europe what the Mediterranean is to the coun- along this _tries of Southern Europe. @nce the |" ‘northern frontier of the Roman Em- pire; later the path for conquering hordes of Huns, Slavs and Magyars, new the commercial artery of Cen- tral Europe, the Danube may claim to be the most important river of Europe, though it is exceeded by the Volga in length Human activity attains extremes ; along the Danube's course, even |; more marked than the contrast along bizarre Broadway, New York. Its waters see the revels and destitution of Vienna and flow by flat rocks on which Hungarian women pound their clothes with wooden mallets and bear them away in tubs on their heads. They pass mills like those of Montreal, used vessels like those on the St, rence, and turn’ the wheels of boat-horas water mills to which peasants bring grain in primi- kept in place by wooden pins. The river halves Budapest and courses by busy Belgrade, where it receives the waters of the Save. It tive ox-carts, with even the wheel= | It resumes a wild, torrential aspect again when it pierces the Kazan de- file and the Iron Gates. It receives nearly as many tributaries as there are days in the year and drains an area almost equivalent ‘o that of | Egypt Along the steep right bank of the Kazan defile can be traced a road built by Trajan early in the second century. Not until recent!, has the construction of a modern road made the defile passable upon ei her bank. Recognition, of the international importance of the Danube was attest- ed by placing it unde> a commis- sion in 1856, and further provisions regarding it are contained in subse- quent treaties, including that of Versailles in 1919. Must Keep Quiet. Curate (referring to a siightly in- toxicated passenger) — “Conductor, do you allow drunken men on toese cars?” Conductor (in a whisper) -—— ‘ft will be all right, sur, ik suu rt get noisy.” eee. a « > ita on See NARS ae ane ept in prison. Nowadays the men- |® ATS ETITE ———----- | Carries barges on which families live BEWARE age Lo iia oe i ep Aaa ae - oo | tal condition of prisone-:s is investi- as they do on canal boats. Grim cas-;|; ~ one oe ay eke Torker cxpital ‘n | what about typhus? It was gated carefully, and in Birmingham Holiday Time- bree Fao a — tiny cottages ot Wags sand practically without re- practically neglected till the priva- a medical officer devotes the whole . Scania ee oF Dan be possesses gources. tions produced by the war made it of his time to the study of offenders Freedom from all aches and § y Danube posses ATIONS Russian scientists and literary men a danger to Europe, when medical mental characteristics. As a resuit pains assured by variety almost as infinite. Rising in | EMIT. ‘{n considerable numbers are in exile explorers set to work again, with the |# Dumber of prisoners have been F the Black Forest, some of its waters in nearly all the capitals of Europe. result that they know now that it | dealt with under the Mental Def- Templeton’s aien uerarcuns air sold ' i anism which | Clency Act. . Cc a stream o e ne basin. | ak’ x ling wt pete Mg rate. apr “through the pores of an | _ There is an attempt to improve the | Rhe _ pees 3 Guatier Gah Gace ce teen, |e nothing; to do with their scientific _ unglazed porcelain filter. labor output in prisons, end at the | pees them in your home, a ee et +" pany _— or literary abilities, which they often Perhaps the most fascinating side | Present time only one inmate in | ‘faye them on your vacation ! na bs = e - i ria cern n | Merits of eannot utilize successfully without ; of medical research is that which | very thirty-three is’compelled to} or Bheumatiom, Neuralgia In Ht mio laf S motwiets | a , ie a fluent knowledge of the language | consists of examinations under the | Pick oakum. Convicts do productive | Headache, Train Sickness, Etc. me ak’ 2 Plains it sprawls wide, re- | MINARD'S of the country in which, they are. ; Microscope. Objects, as seen through | yore either in manufacture or on $1.00 at your druggist’s. ceiving mead important branches, (hey have formed so- called / “Aca- | | the eye-piece, are enlarged from ten | farms, or in domestic service. Before Sold by J. A. Stuart. remnant of a prehistoric inland sea. _ ANIMENT S “BRINGING UP FATHER” | . BY GOLLY - 1 Wish 1 wuz — OID YOU PUT || || CERTAINLY WELL* THEN IF YOU ' LIVIN AT THE NORTH POLE cen ee ind OOT THE CAT (oo- DON'T BELIEVE ME - i WHERE THE NIGHTS ARE AGGIE ! PUT HER OUT SIK MONTHS LONG- ore NGS): Gy. IW) Va cy YOUR SELF - ”~