eae 8 * j PUNISHING THE SOLDIER THE WAY "CRIME" IS DEALT WITH IN THE ARMY. Many Faults and Crimes for Which He is Compelled to Pay the Penalty. A soldier, when he joins the Brit- ish army takes an oath that he will serve his King and country for a certain number of years. Under this agreement, therefore, he never gets the "sack," unless a very seri- ous crime, or a long priod of bad soldiering causes him to be dis- charged, says Loadon Answers. Now, Thomas Atkins, being un- der a strict discipline which punish- es every fault, is by no means in- fallible, and so commits himself by many faults and crimes. These oan come under two headings--viz., minor and serious offences, each of which have their separate punish- ment. "LOSING HIS NAME."' Minor offences are the mistakes which are made in the daily rou- tine, such as clothing, agcoutre- ments, ete., dirty or badly cleansed for inspection or parade, faults at drill, or, as might be if on guard or picket, by omitting to salute an of- ficer ; by walking in a slovenly man- ner whilst doing sentry-go, or by not handling his rifle in a smart and proper manner. Short ab- fences up to about an hour also comes under this heading. These minor offences Tommie calls '"'losing his name," and he has to appear before his company officer at "Orders" to answer for them. The company officer, or captain of a& company, is vested with the pow- er to punish a man, and he can award any punishment up to seven days' C.B. (confinement to bar- tacks). The men who have "lost their names" are paraded at "Orders."' The officer reads out the offence against each man, listens carefully to the defence, and then awards whatever punishment he thinks is merited, T. A. AS CHARWOMAN. It it is considered that the man is not entirely at fault, the offence is| either crossed out, or the man is admonished. Otherwise he is awarded one or two fatigues, drills (in some corps extra parades), or O.B (days to barracks), all accord ing to the seriousness of the of- fence. Punishment is generally paid in, the afternoon on what are called} 5) "nunishment parades," and this is when the extra parades, grills, and C. B. men pay their punishment. Extra parades are paid in. march. ing order, and after inspection the man is dismissed. Drills are paid by an hour's drill, or by marching round the barrack-square for one hour with the C.B. men. These are sometimes converted into fatigues to suit the exigences of the mo- ment. ; Fatigues are paid by Tommy do- ing charwoman in the different parts of barracks--scrubbing floors, blackleading, cleaning windows, washing pots and utensils, or peel- ing potatoes for his more fortunate comrades' dinner. THE.C. B. MAN. "Days to barracks'? is a more serious punishment. It is carried out in marching order, and con- sists of marching round the bar- rack-square in quick time only, and not of istructiona! drill. In mount- ed units two hours' drill per day is the penalty, and in dismounted units four hours' drill per day. Each drill has not to exceed one hour at a time. The C, B. men have also to be ready to answer their names every time the bugler blows "Defaulters' call," which is about once every hour, and they are employed on fatigue duties to the fullest practicable extent, with. a view to relieving well-conducted soldiers therefrom. The C.B. man is not allowed out of barracks, ex- cept on duty, during his period of punishment, and is only allowed in the wet carteen for his pint of beer for one hour in the evening. The serious offences are long ab- sences, desertion, irregular enlist- ment, drunkenness, insubordina- tion, and the charge which covers all sias---"Conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discip- line."? For these the soldier is pun- ished by his commanding officer, who can award C.B. or detention up to TWENTY-EIGHT DAYS, or remand him to be tried by court- martial. As C.B., or confinement to barracks, has already been ex- plained, only detention need 'be gone into. All the great military centres in the United Kingdom have their de- tention barracks for the reception of soldiers under punishment. These barracks are separated and walled in, in a similar manner to a civil prison. There the soldier lives and works under a strict discipline. Hig food is graduated according to the length of time he has to undergo detention... He does the ordinary drill parades that he would do with his battalion, but in addition he does a kit inspection and marching order daily. ae During his period of detention he receives no pay, and is con- fined toa cell, which must be kept scrupulously clean. If he shirks any of these duties he is put into a punishment cell, which means bread and water and solitary confinement. PAYING THE PRICE. He can earn remission of his sen- tence by good conduct, and very few fail to take advantage of this privilege. There are only two offences by which a soldier is punished through his pocket, and these are absence and drunkenness, For absence he forfeits his pay automatically, a day's pay being forfeited for six hours' absence, and two days' pay for twelve hours, provided the lat- ter breaks into two days. For lon- ger periods a day's pay is forfeit- ed for each day er part of a day absent. ' Drunkenness is punished by a scale of fines. For the first offence there is no fine; the second, 2s. Gd. ; the third, if over six months since the previous offence, 5s.; if under six months, but over three, 7s. 6d., and if under three months, 10s; These fines and forfeitures of pay are inflicted in addition to any pun- ishment which may be awarded by the commanding or company officer. eens A NIGHT'S REST. A Traveller's Experience in the South African Wilderness. For overcoming a wakeful tend- ency at night some people advise the resolute banishing from the mind of all consciousness of disturb- ing things, such, for example, as sounds. Mr. Stanley P. Hyatt, in his "Diary of a Soldier of For: tune," does not say whether this plan was useful on an occasion when he, with some Mashona fol- lowers, was marching through the South African wilderness; but to those wishing to test tnoroughly their nerves, he recommends spend- ing the night in a certain spot in Rhodesia, which he discovered, but the knowledge of which he says he will not selfishly keep to himself. We got to the Schelm Water after sundown, and camped down right away; and we went to sleep early. | But we did not sleep long. | About nine o'clock an indescrib- ; able noise rose from the nearest of | the kopjes, the barking of scores of jbaboons mingled with a savage ;growling. A couple of leopards had |tried their luck among the Mash- onas' cousins, and had failed. The result was that the leopards came along to us, not seeking sym- pathy, but a meal. We did not see jthem, but we heard them in the spruit, and began to heave flaming brands as a hint that we were not at home. For an hour or two they lremained within a few hundred /yards ; then we heard them no more. About eleven o'clock a hyena came along, a brute with a pecul- iarly offensive voice. He made | circuit of the camp six times, yell- |ing as he went; but on tne seventh round a charge of shot gave him an ugly shock, and although, in all probability, he was merely stung, he found he had important business elsewhere. Once more we lay down to sleep. It must have been an hour or so later when the next alarm came. The lion that caused it was at least a mile away, travelling along the crest of the ridge we hal crossed; but when he roared, the whole party sat up in its blankets rather sud- denly. Not that we were troubling about that noisy lion; he would not come our way. It was his silent partner, to whom he was driving the game, that was worrying us, for, aecord- ing tothe direction of the wind, that same partner should be some- where in our neighborhood. He, or as it turned out to be, she arrived before long, with her family, and took up a position about fifteen yards from us, just be- hind a little knoll. IJ have not the slightest idea what her object' was. She stayed there till an hour before dawn, growling occasionally. We could hear her cubs suckling and quarreling among themselves; but she never made any move in our direction, nor did we in hers, I know a mah in a book, or even a sportman from home, would have shot the lot--possibly with only dis- charge of his breath; but we were out hunting rubber, not lions; moreover, the night, besides being dark, was misty. So we got right down into our blankets, and hoped that if any of our niggers had to go, it would be the cook boy, who had recently spilt half our slender stock of tea. In the end the lioness went, hav- jing done no harm to anything but our nerves. But the list of visitors was not yet complete. A leopard, probably the same one as before had a walk around us at safe distance, purring out blessings on us; three hyenas took up their position among the ruins of -- the huts, and told us something possibly how glad they were to see us; and then, just as dawn was breaking, we heard a pack of wild dogs pulling |down a buck at the bottom of the vlei. ' That day, I must admit, I did welcome the smiling dawn, and so, I think, did all our party. mas om . SHARKS AND SURE BATHING DANGERS oF nae SAL JAN SEASIDES RESORTS. -- Mixed Bathing at Sydney--Proper Dress for New Zealand Beaches. Heats vary. Ht is not hot in Dur- ban till the Zulu rickshaw man is too warm to prance between the shafts, and goes aiong with you at a.jog. When that degree of heat arrives you wouldn't change places with him for a rubber mine. Ade- laide, the capital of South Austra- lia, has a breathless, white, star- ing simmer heat that last for weeks at atime. It hurts the cyesignt, as successive teams of English crick- eters have found out to their cost, but is o-aerwise not unhealthy. One of the most uncomfortable places in the world on a really hot day is Melbourne. The sun blazes with an intolerable glare, and the "brickfielders" (a scorching north wind) sweeps along the city's wide streets thick with dust and the smoke of the distance bush fires it has brought down from the country, 'from whence velocity of a hurricane that morn- ing. The smoke gets into your eyes and make them smart, and the dust and other refuse make your clothes filthy and get down your throat, into your ears, your nostrils, everywhere, London heat, writes Arthur J. Rees in the London Evening Stand- ard, resembles the heat of Auck- land, New Zea'a>d's most northern city. It is humid, close, sticky, op- pressive ard above all, dense. But Auckland has what London hasn' --a beautiful harbor that makes you cool to look at it. The Maoris call the Auckland harbor Wai-te- mata, which means "GLITTERING WATIRS °' and the sparkling blue of that vol- cano guarded bay holds you its ] v- er while you are in Auckland--and ever afterward. It 's t'e evlor of forget-me-not, and vou never do forget it. You see the harbor from ali parts of the city--from some spots the whole dazzling sheet of | forget-me-not blue spreads out be- fore you, at cthers just a patch of rippling violet glancing shyly up at you as you turn the scrner of one of Auckland's winding streets. will not praise Aucklaid harker t Sydney people if you area wise traveller--but it lacks the entranc- ing blue and the ligats and shades of the Harbor of Glittering Waters. And Auckland's harbor is still Na- ture's own--a fifty mile gulf whese cliffs and headlands are wrapped in a grand and gracious sclitude. No advertisements exhoct7.nr you tu re gulate your liver by the use <«f somebody's pills stave ab you from the great, sea worn revks; no rich Jews have built hideously inartistic villas on the grey voleaaze bills that watch the east. Both these things have been allowed to come to pass in Sydney's beautiful harbor--such sacrilege ! The subject of heat brings us na- turally to the subje:t of bathing. The Australians, particularly those living near the coast, are a bath- ing people. The en'ldren take to the water esr'y and stav in late. An Australian boy will spend thea whole of a long summer dav in the baths, with alternate «p'ashing and sand. sprawling spells. - All State schools have swimning clubs for boys and girls, from the young- est classes up, where the children are taught to swim by wo: d teach- ers. : THE SCHOOLS have a series of interclab swim- ming matches during the summer, when rivalry is keen and excellent swimming results. As a natural consequence of this svlendid sys- tem most of the Australian boys and girls in the large cities can swim well and drowning fatalities are rapidly declining. Peaurepaire, the world's champion swimmer to- day, learned his swimming aS a member of thé Albert Park (Mel- bourne) State school swimming elub and only four vears or a slender stripling of 14 carried off all the schoo! championships. Thev bave plentv of sea haths around Melbourne but no surf bath- ing such as Sydney people revel in erent bav. Port Phillip, is la-dlocke?, so there dre no. breakers worth -mentiovine. | There is.also a ferther ohstacle in ithe shape 'of periodical invasions of 2) © sharks, which a calming effect "on the ithusiasm of those 'who advocate ithe charms of bathine in jthe open. Three or fonr miles from | Melbourne is the fashionable mar- ine suburb of St. Kilda. which has the finest swimming haths in Aus- tralia--half a dozen of them. Pathine by night under the electric lights is a vary favorite amusermont of the Melhonrne veovle here. For those hardier souls who prefer the embrace of "the reat Melhourne's the restrictions of ampicket fence-- even thouch the fence is sharknroof --there is Sandrincham Peach an Half Moon Bav, a few miles further plone the eoast. Here neonle have 'their hathine boxes and bathe in it whirled with the! Sydney harbor is beauttinl--you | the { $0 20, AR« have | en- | Inside the harbor he has to fend for | '¢8 where children had heen absent; sweet mother."? nntrammelled by "ers A SHARK IN THE OFFING. -- A man who was fond of bathing off Sandringham assured me once, when | asked him@if he wasn't frightened of sharks, that a shark would never tackle you in water if 'you splashed and kicked up a noise at its approach. I never tried the efficacy of the remedy myself; nor did he, for, on the first occasion on which he and a shark took the water together he was out and dressed and had bor- rowed a rifle before the shark saw him. Sharks would, however, find it a very difficult matter to seize a careful bather in Port Phillip waters owing tothe gradually shelw- ing beach and shallow water for some distance out. The proof of this is the few fatalities that have occured to bathers there from sharks. The casualty list in the deeper waters of Sydney harbor has been much heavier. But the great sight in the way of sea bathing in Australia is the summer surfing carnival at Sydney. It is a remarkable spectacle. If ever you go to Sydney do not miss a visit to Manly or Bondi or Coogee --the three places all within an hour's access of Sydney---where the isurfers hold high revel and make 'the seascape glad with their mer- ;riment. I have seen people bathe 'from various lands in many tides, hut I have never seen anything that resembled the joyous abandon, @race and gayety of Sydney surf | bathing. | Picture a beautiful stretch of the | Pacific Ocean breaking in with a great swell on a white beach. Then people bath, the stretch of ocean and the beach, with thousands, yes THOUSANDS OF BATHERS of both sexes, young for the most 'part, clad in light and airy bathing 'costumes that give full play to un- covered limbs, either in the water or going in, or basking in the sands be- neath a golden Australian sun, all |laughing, chattering, singing and enjoying life to the uttermost. Young people of both sexes--a dozen or more together--go down to | the water hand in hand to swim out | to meet the breakers. Mother | Grundy is banished from these sea ' revels, which are conducted with a 'harmless unconvention and inno- 'cent freedom from artificial sex re- strain charming to see and good: | to participate in. Everybody is wel- | come to the open sea, and if you! | bump into your lady neighbor as) 'you are swept back to shore on the! | breakers she accepts your apologies | as laughingly as you tender them. | | Nor are introductions necessary if | you wish to enter into conversation. Something of the freedom of the sea! takes possession of you for the! moment. | The sport has more than a spark | of danger, but that seems to add to its. attractiveness for Sydney peo-/| ple. In surf bathing you swim out | to the advancing billow and dive} into it just as it breaks--to be swept ashore with a bewildering ecstatic rush amid the boom of the surf. But if you are caught in the power- | ful retreating undertow you will be | swept out to sea, no matter how! strong a swimmer you may be. If} _ that happens, as it frequently does, | the only thing is to lie still and try | and float, and wait till a member of | |the life saving club--there are al-| | ways several on duty--is paid out to | you on a life line. Often the victim of the undercur- 'rent is carried away too fast to be | rescued and the Sydney evening 'papers dismiss the tragedy in a few lines headed "Another Fatality at Surf Bathing." But the APPALLING LIST OF DEATHS every séason is no deterrent to the devotees of surf bathing. They go joyously on with-their surf, in no wise checked by the thought that they are playing with death. From their point of view the sport is worth the risk. Sydney surfing is marked by some 'peculiar features of its own. There is the cult of getting brown, for in- stance. The surfer who can dis- play a skin of dark golden brown is a king of his kind. Young men put in a lot of time lying about in the scantiest bathing attire letting the sun dye, or tan, their bodies the re- quisite tint. They deplore the slow- iness of the process, and greatly | envy the fortunate youth who has | night job of some sort which per- mits him to lie about the beach all day--getting brown. They bewail the golden hours they have to waste in work, and the moment they are free from the cares of office they | dart by tram out to their beloved Bondi to get a little browner be- fore the sun sets, | -Sharks do not bother the surfer | 'much, The shark in the open sea | prefers to let the deadly undertow | sweep his evening meal out to him. | i | | 1 | 'himself. That is why there are so many more shark accidents inside the harbor than in the surf. They surf bathe a bit in New Zea- land, but not the same way. The New Zealander takes life different- rly to the Australian, and mixed ,bathing is only tolerated there 'under severe restrictions. Both ,sexes have to wear a hideous neck- to ankle bathing gown which swathes you like an Arctic explor- winter's outfit and makes graceful surf bathing impossible. _Publie feeling is still somewhat ° ; | AGAINST MIXED SURFING | in New Zealand, but it is indulged in to some extent at Lyall Bay, a {his spare time. 'sent to friends in. other 'gin and ginger ale?' ers, and at Brighton, a suburb of Christchurch, the capital of the Centerbury wool kings in the South Island. See eee When I was in New Zealand last year a few of us used to go out of a morning to Island Bay, a beauti- ful wind blown piece of sea a few miles from Wellington, on the shores of Cook's strait, from whose towering green headland on a clear day you can see the summit of the South Island cliffs turn from pearly white to pink and back to white again through some prismatic effect of sun and ocean, and have some fair surf bathing from a lit- tle baby rock-surrounded beach there. With the arrogance of our human kind we got to think that nature had designed this superb desolate stretch of narrow beach and thundering ocean specially for ourselves, but one morning when a great southerly gale was sending the breakers galloping in from the ocean in great style (you could see them racing like huge crested- whales from the sky line) we got an unpleasant surprise. The subsiding gale must have rag- ed out in the deep ®Witn such force as to shift things from the bottom and we found the shallows squirm- ing with all sorts of nasty slimy things from the oceanbed ; the wat- ers were alive with wriggling masses of repulsive blind eels with protruding teeth and squelchy bod- ies which were' being slowly driven ashore. We discovered their presence through one of our party diving head first into a pulpy mass of them and coming hurriedly ashore festooned like a Medusa. LS HELPING YOUNG PEOPLE. Good Work Done by the Children's Aid Societies of Ontario. Some of the cases dealt with by the agents of Children's Aid Socie- ties not only furnish . interesting reading, but also give some idea of the splendid work that is being done | for young people in all parts of our Province. Here are a few -ex- tracts: Boy of ten was taken by his father to a number of saloons, the mother being dead and no one to look after the little fellow properly. The fath- er was charged with drunkness, and arrangements were made for the boy to board with a respectable family at father's expense. A lad frequently charged with stealing was reported by the par- ents, who asked that some punish- ment be given without arrest or publicity. This was judiciously ad- minstered by the agent in the form of a spanking, and the boy promis- ed to be good hereafter. A girl of seventeen, who was drinking at a hotel with young men, was taken in charge and sent to a sheltering home. Moving pictures. shows, bar rooms, stations, etc., were fre- quently visited to prevent children loitering around. Three newsboys were sent home because of their tender age. Quite a number of children were reported to be absent from school, and it was found that the assessors did not furnish the clerk of the municipality with a list of children between the ages of eight and four- teen, as required by law. Truancy work is done by a policeman in It was considertd desirable to have this work done by someone more particularly interest- ed in children, and that the duties required one person's whole time, Another agent reports, among other things, having stopped several tobacconists from selling cigarettes to young boys. A girl of twelve was waiting on tables in a restaurant, mother dead and she was living with an aant. School attendance was _ insisted upon. As a result of a Friendly visit and advice some neglected children were provided with Jothiag and sent to school. Six boys were arrested for stea!- ing, having organized themselves into a gang for-that purpose. Par- ents were required to attend court and to give guarantees for future good behavior. Two of the principal offenders were placed under the guardianship of the Society and districts under supervision, Several boys. under school age, were found working in a factory and the manager was summoned to court. He agreed not to employ such lads in future, and parents promised to let them return to school, ; Decided improvements was re- norted in the eases of several famil- from school, untidy in anpnearance | and loitering on the streets. ke A DANGEROUS DRINK. Judge Ben B. Lindsey, the noted reformer of Denver, was lunching one day--it was very warm -- when a politician paused beside his table. "Judge," said the politician, 'TI see you're drinkin' bot eawfee. That's a heatin' drink." "Yes," said Judge Lindsey. "Oh, yes. In this weather you want iced drinks, judge--sharp, iced drinks. Did you ever try iced "No,"? said the judge, smiling, 'the oren with a wary eve oven for. strip of black voleanic beach near! "but I've tried several fellows who the appearance of the doxgal fin of , Wellington, with fairly good break-' have." ' BS TE SCRIRES }out number." BIBLICAL ALLUSIONS TO NA- TURAL HISTORY. -- Variety in the Land of Palestine. The habits of birds as compared with those of wild beasts cause the former to be more noticed in any country than the latter, but this rule seems not to obtain among the writers of Scripture. Mammals as far more largely in their eyes than all other kind of creatures put to- gether. - Roughly speaking, there are a hundred animals mentioned in the Bible, ranging from the ape to the coral, from the lion to the louse, and of these, writes Canon J. W. Hersley in the Treasury, thirty-eight are mammals, and the frequency of their meation and the evidence given of close attention to their habits show the relative importance attached to them. Apart from references to birds generally we have in Scripture only mention of the bittern, the fowl, the cormorant, the crane, the cuckoo, the dove; the eagle, the vulture, the glede (or buzzard), the hawk, the heron, the lapwing, the nightjar, the osprey, the os- trich, the owl, the partridge, the peacock, the pelican, the pigeon, the quail, the raven, the sparrow, the stork, the swallow and the swan. Yet there are few lands, perhaps none of the small size of Palestine, in which birds are more numerous and in greater variety, especially at SOME TIMES OF THE YEAR. This is largely from the fact that the fauna and flora of the sea coast and for some way inland are Medi- terranean in character. Coming, however, to the Psalms, we find that apart from the gener- al mention of fowls or birds of the air only the dove, the sparrow, the swallow, the stork, the pelican, the hawk, the raven and the eagle are mentioned, Fish are only mentioned once, in the summary of the plagues of Egypt, in Psalm ev., 29: "He turned their waters into blood, and slew their fish." The absence of Scrip- tural allusions to any definite kind of fish is remarkable, since the memory of the Nile and the lakes and canals of Egypt, which teem with fish; the important fishery of the Lake of Galilee, the supplies from the Mediterranean to the fish market at Jerusalem and the neces- sity to discriminate between kind and kind and to reject all that were without apparent scales» or fins would have made the names of several kinds to be expected. As Mr. Hart says in his "Seripture Natural History,' "the Greeks have left us upward of 400 names for fishes, but the Hebrews not one," Coming down to the lower ranks of creation, bees inevitably at- tracted attention as THE PROVIDER OF HONEY, mainly 'wild'? or gathered from the cliffs, but also as derived from hives which now are made of clay tubes piled into a pyramid. In Psalms xix., 10, the judgments of the Lord are said to be "Sweeter than honey and the droppings of honeyeombs," and in Psalms ]xxxi., 17, the usual source of the supply is indicated "with honey out of the rock would I satisfy thee." In Psalms cxix., 103, the image of sweetness recurs, "How sweet are Thy words unto my taste! yea, sweeter than honey unto my mouth.'? In Psalms xxii., Ixviii., and xevii. there is a reference to the melting of wax before the fire, and only as a poetical simile here and in Micah i., 4, is wax men- tioned in the Bible. The word "bee," however, only comes in Psalms exviit., 12, and in three out of the four times we find it in Serip- ture the image is that drawn from the annoyance of a swarm of angry bees attacking man, as here, "they came about me like bees." Snails, as would be expected by any conchologist who found from a geological nap that a great part of the Holy Land belonged to the chalk and limestone formations, abound in many parts. We found one beautifully marked variety of a common helix-in. multitudes on the hill 'above Nazareth, and others whiten the desert even with their number, becoming whiter and with thicker shells where the heat is greatost.. The only reference, how: ever, ha the Psalter is to the SLIME LEFT BY THE SNAIL, and still more by the slug, as it crawls, which gives the appearance of wasting of substance. So in Psalms lviii., 8: "(Let them be) like a snail melting, as it goeth along." Locusts could™not fail to impress any dweller in the East, and so in Psalms ixxvili,, 47, 'and cv.,. 34, both recounting the plagues of Egype, we have, "He gave also their increase unto the caterpillar and their labor unto the locust," and "He spake, and the locust came, and the young locust with- Here we may note that as the early translators knew grasshoppers better than locusts they used the former word, Birds are Numerous and in Great used in sacrifice or for food bulk | GREAT. STRE NEW ZEALAND | = THEORE, awe ORES They Pass au Pr Come into Collis There is in London, EF the evening of his life to lishment of what he beli 'an epoch making astron covery; "Prof, A.<W. Chrischurch, ;for more than thirty y working on his theory, an already gained for it a ambunt of recognitio scientific men. Sooke It is well known that som: dred millions stars can be graphed in the Milky Wa stars are of all ages, young, m and old. According to Prof. erton the suns are trave two great streams in opposite tions. They attract each they pass and frequently come collisioa, "generally a partial pact or grazing collision When such a grazing co curs the parts coming into coalesce and form a new the same approach one an hundreds of miles a sé graze does not stop them," it alters their course. The co ed third body possesses man, derful properties; it spins, its its atoms and it is abnormally h tain, therefore it explodes. | Thus a graze of suns prod three bodies, two revolving to suns or variable stars and a 1 explosively hot body, which i temporary star. This star ap suddenly, expands for a time a finally dissipated into atomic Thee atoms in their turn hay life history, varied and comp Prof. Bickerton believes that tl light atoms escape and form vast ensphering shells, the atoms actual- ly flying away into the empty part of space, there to lay the foun tions of other cosmic systems Solar impact then, accordi Prof. Bickerton, is the key to tl mystery of creation. The basic ide of this theory it the formation of | third body, which he maintains been missed by the astronomers. Talking of his theory he says: -- "My theory shows the schem creation as a whole as one t infinite and immortal, without evid- ence of a beginning or promise | an end. <A cyclic scheme which % whole is deathless, bir : flawless; but. within. tk cosmic systems such as universe are born, come to m and decay. ca 'Suns and planets are born, th planet dies and becomes but cind- er of its former self, and then bursts out into efflorescence of vegetable and animal life. This is its matu ity ; then comes its decay. "And so of every sun, plane organization in the univ whether organic or inorganic; have the same system of prog and development throughout. being travelling through eternity the wings of light would see a petual restlessness but no m permanent change than a sea does as it watches the wave cha of the ocean," : atu Oo : : POLYGAMY DYING OUT Turks Find It Too Expensive Have More Than One Wil - There exists in Europe a mis taken notion that almost every m ried Turk has several wives, that he is at liberty to marry as many time: as he likes, and that it is for hi just as easy to divorce a wife as" change an overcoat. Now poly: gamy is Turkey is the exceptio and not the rule, the majorit the Osmanlis having only one In the metropolis itself poly does not amount to five per cop is rarely met with in | ' centres of the Ottoman empire, save _ among the richest and most power--- ful functionaries, and even the plurality of wives is an except The legal number of wives is Only the padishah and khalif are al- lowed to have more, being a per beyond and above limitation restrictions of that kind. The phet, Mahommed had seven w and Ali, the fourth in the suece: of the Khalifate had nine, One*of the chief causes of plurality of wives being go" among the Turks is that, prophet and koran permit t ful worshippers of Tslam to m four times, they also provide ¢ injunctions of a religious an eal nature, which every | has to adhere to if h want to be excommunie jthe fold of orthodox Isl hus, a Turk who is desirous « tracting a second marriage is bou by an explicit law to provide for} new life companion a se} dwelling place in evcry re siinilar to that of his first wif an equal number of slaves, ser and eunuchs. 'This is done ne for. the sake of the prir equity, so highly pronouns Mahommedan matrimonial - ships, but chiefly in order excite jealousy and rivalry same principle must be oh the third and fourth marris