-ARUP'S GREAT. DOEKYAR ee THE PLANT AT KIEL NOW COV- ERS VIPTY-FIVE ACRES. vi << The Largest Naval Stations of Franeo and Great Britain are Equalled, he German navy affords a topical interest to the Germania dock- yards, where so many German war- ships have been constructed and from which so many more are likely to issue in the immediate future. Tt is situated near the old town of Kiel and at the bottom of that mag- nificent jnlet of the Baltic sea which helps to render Kiel possibly one of the most easily defended na- val stations in northern Europe, says the London Daily Mail. Curiously enough, it took its ori- gin at Berlin. In 1892 a man named Vgells had there a small foundry and workshop for 'little machines. He employed only ten men. His en- terprise prospered, however, and he devoted his attention to the manu- facture of boilers and other mach- ' inery for ships. When a regular ; plan was drawn up, after the last war with France, for the building of a navy, the firm of Egells became a limited company, and undertook to build ships of -all descriptions. In 1879 the dockyards of the North German Ship Construction Com- pany, created sixteen years previ- ously, were purchased and in- creased on an ambitious scale. From that date till 1902, when they wero taken over by the celebrated Krupp firm, they turned out seven vessels for the imperial navy, with- out reckoning torpedo boats for Germany, Brazil, Turkey and Spain, and a large number of mer- chant ships for various countries. The torpedo boat G-21, launched in 1885, attained a speed of eighteen knots, a record one in those days. The advent of the Krupp company x marked a still further advance. eee. Huge sums were immediately -spent 4 \ on a practically new plant, to which enormous additions have since been made, A LARGE STAFF. and hundreds of workmen were carefully trained, and a keen look- out was maintained for men with new ideas. At present the Ger- mania works may be classed among the most extensive and best equip- ped in existence. They cover al- most 55 acres. The building docks are eight in number. A ninth is projected for ships 225 meters long by 40 meters wide. Four of them are each in- closed in a sort of glass hall with an iron framework, so that work in them is not interrupted by cold or storms. The workshops for me- chanics, coppersmiths, turners, etc., the engineering and tinplate departments, the foundries, and so forth, all disposed one above the other and in long galleries, extend > : over 14,000 square meters. The electric lighting, by means of close upon 7,000 are and other lamps; the ventilating contrivances, and the fire brigade are among the best of their kind. Three thousand six hundred meters of narrow-gauge railway and 7,700 meters having the same gauge as the German rail- rozds run in all directions. Per- sons with a méchanical turn of mind may be interested to learn that no fewer than 150 steam cranes are scattered about all parts, and that two of these--one a swimming crane--are able to life a toad of 200 tons each. The whole place pre- sents a well-night bewildering mass of offices, workshops, furnaces, shafts, and immense sheds and gal- "ae leries whence thick clouds of smoke : are belched forth day and night. THE KRUPP COMPANY = is thorough in all it takes in hand. Be None understand better that the welfare of their workpeople is a val- uable asset. Hence, their arrange- ments for the health, comfort and amusement of their 7,500 hands keep pace with their other efforts. Two hundred and fifteen dwellings, con- taining from three to five rooms, are provided for the married men. Single ones may live in a roomy and commodious boarding-house built expressly for them. . All these erections form a colony ~ which comprises co-operative stores, two breakfast halls holding 1,100 persons, a bath-house with 45 shower baths and eight baths in sep- arate rooms, reading rooms, recrea- tion rooms, a gymnastic hall, and a library well stocked with books of all kinds. For the clerks and bet- _ ter paid employes 31 dwellings are supplied in and around Kiel. Attention has been given almost exclusively to warships since the company entered into possession. : From 1902 till the beginning of the ~ee ; present year they took orders for eight battle ships, five small cruis- -. ers, one artillery tender, 33 torpedo = boats and ten submarines from the 4 German government, in addition to ty others from Austria-Hungary, Rus- : sia, Turkey, Norway, Spain, China, Argentina and Brazil. Thus it is easy to see at a glance how greatly they have contributed to the raising of the German fleet. Moreover, a vast proportion of its units proceed from their stocks. , THE FATHERLAND mostly owes her submarine: flotilla to their initiative and energy. They were the sole firm in Germany to turn the new development to ac- count and to produce a satisfactory type of craft. Within less than a year since establishing themselves at Kiel they launched a seventeen- Seo ton submarine of such conspicuous os _ ability that it was at once secured by the Russian admiralty. Under .. the name of Forel it did such good The question of the increase of } ervice during the Russo-Japanese sonflict that three others of a simi- lar: t were ordered: from , Saint Petersburg. Austria - Hungary, Italy, and especially Norway, like- wise proved customers. ---- _ As with the submarine, so with the turbine. At first the German naval authorities were extremely reluctant to adopt it. A severe struggle had to be waged with an administration which, mainly organ- zed by soldiers at the outset, was apt to subordinate naval views to military ones and make light of the particular requirements of the sea forces. At length six torpedo-boats were fitted with turbines, and their success was unquestionable. One of them, the 194, with a forced speed of 36 knots, is still one of the fastest vessels in any fleet. When we remember that just over & generation ago Germany obtained most--and certainly the best--of her warships and cruisers in France and England, the strides made, in the Germania deckyards and the GIGANTIC BUILDING YARDS Pexisting at Hamburg, Bremen, Stettin, Dantzig, Elbing, and other places constitute a prodigious ad- yance, The wonder becomes even greater owing to the fact that, with exceedingly few exceptions, none but German labor and German ma- terial are employed. Ship construction, however, is liable to considerable fluctuations, which oecasion serious loss of mon- ey. Several years ago the Krupp company made provision for this by starting the manufacture of oi] mo- tors for use on shore and afloat. When the latter were yet in their tentative stage, the possibilities they offered were fully grasped. No money or pains were spared to im- prove them. They have been made for more than three years, and al- most invariably with the most gra- tifying results. Numbers of them have found their way into the im- perial navy. Nor should the achievements of the Germania works in the produc- tion of boilers be overlooked. In this respect they outstrip all their ions may be held regarding their exact value in comparison with those made in other countries. It is obvious, nevertheless, that they stand very high, since they are the only ones now in use in the German navy. i LARGEST DEPENDENCY. Mongolia Has an Area of 1,532,000 Square Miles. Mongolia is the largest and most thinly populated of the dependen- cies of China. Its area is 1,350,000 square miles, as against the 1,532,- 000 of China proper; its population is estimated at about 3,000,000, but has recently been rapidly increas- ing through Chinese immigration. It is bordered on the north by Si- beria, on the south by China pro- per, and on the east by Manchuria. The area of Outer Mongolia is about 1,000,000 square miles. It is parted from Inner Mongolia by the vast unexplored waste of the Des- ert of Gobi. Northwestern Mongolia is an im- mense tableland, well watered with numerous lakes. Its mountains are covered with cedar, larch, and pine. There is good pasture for cattle. The population consists of Mon- gols, those formidable nomads who centuries ago overran Europe, In- dia, China, and central Asia. They are kindred to the Turks. They are a vigorous people, usually living in tents on the uplands and plains and subsisting by breeding cattle. The Chinese are found in the towns, which are few and small. There is still a large caravan trade. In December the independence of the country was proclaimed, dated 'the first year of the White Pig, sixteenth of the winter month," and Chinese authorities were re- quired to withdraw from Outer Mongolia. At the same time Fussia unofficially demanded the right to construct a railway from Kiakhta to Urga, as the first stage in her long-projected line from Kiakhta to Pekin, and intimated her intention to rectify her Siberian frontier and take in the southern slopes of the mountains which have hitherto formed the boundary. The Mon- gols have never made any secret of their preference to Russian rule as against the domination of a Chinese Republic. A recent British explorer of Mon- golia, Mr. Douglas Carruthers, dis- covered in 1910 a hitherto-unknown race, of forest-dwellers, probably a remnant of the race which, before the coming of the Mongols, inhabi- ted this immense region. me WHIMSICAL U. S. LAWS. A lawyer has completed a list of laws for odd crimes in the different States, and among these laws are the following: In Rhode Island it is a breach of the law not to pro- vide good drinking water on all railroad trains; in Wisconsin a baker must serve three weeks in jail for sleeping in his bakery; in California, nurses are punished if they fail in the proper instance to notify the physician of certain phases of illness in their patients and in Ohio to water a bicycle path is an offence punishable by heavy fine and sometimes imprisonment. HIS ANSWER. Once upon a time a very coo] man called on his doctor and asked him for medical advice. "Take a tonic and dismiss from your mind all that tends, to worry you," said the doc- tor. Several months afterwards the patient received a bill from the doctor, asking him to remit three dollars, and answered it thus :-- 'Dear Doctor,--I have taken a tonic and your advice. Your bill tends to worry me, so I dismiss it from "my mind.' rivals in Germany. Varying opin-' SOME VIEWS 3 seat {THE TITANIC LEAVING PORT. .& 00 FOo'T,' ICEBERG SHIPS THAT NEVER: RETURN LLOYD'S OFFICIAL LIST OF VESSELS THAT VANISH. Thirty-three Left Port Last Year And Were Never Heard of Again. "On this day the ship went down, and all hands were lost but me." This is from Clark Russell. As an example of the perfect narrative style it is probably unequalled. But Lloyd's official record, with its simple announcement that during last year thirty-three ships were posted as missing, runs it close,"' says the London. Standard. The romantic suggestion of that bald statement is almost infinite. What desolation at home and suffering at sea must lie behind it one prefers not to dwell upon. We can dream instead of possible joyful returns to loved ones who had given up for ever their lost voyagers, or of fu- ture Enoch Ardens tapning at little windows in the night time over the bay. Or we can make pictures in our minds of lonely hulks tossing on the Sargasso Sea, or we can ima- gine the vanished ships driving through the "foam of perilous seas in fairy lands forlorn," and reach- ing safe landfall at last by the beaches of the Fortunate Isles. There, perhaps, all the lost sailors now lie in the sunshine, eating fruits and drinking strange drinks, while dark-eyed maidens sing them songs, in response to which they oblige with a chorus. Certainly the missing ships must all arrive some- where. The ancient world, with its definite edges, over which a ship sailing too far dropped off the earth altogether, has passed away, and we know that this round world must still contain all the lost ships. In this fact lie the romance, and the fascination of the problem. How much poorer the world would be without its Spanish galleons and its sunken treasure ships--not because of the treasure, but because. of the divers, and the secret charts drawn in blood, and the little public house with red blinds, where the mysteri- ous galt schemes darkly! It is to be hoped that the world will never give up its search for the unknown port of the lost ships. PORT OF LOST SHIPS. Last year added greatly to the tonnag? using that port. It is six years since s9 many ves¢e.s vanish- the number that went under sail were precisely equal. There were sixteen of each and also one petrol motor schooner--surely a strange companion for the Flying Dutch- man to find on her beam! Mostly they were small vessels that disap- peared--coasting schooners, little tramps and fishing smacks. The largest of the deep sea ships on the list of the missing was the steamer Cayo Largo of 2,225 tons. She set out during April with a load of coals from Swansea to Tampico, and was not sighted again, though two of her boats were found in a situation which suggested that she had foundered a short time after her departure. The smallest ship that went down was the tug Beau- vieu, which vanished between the Clyde and Lisbon. With a gross tonnage of forty-nine, she managed somehow to have a net tonnage of 'THE VIRGINIAN MAKING SAFE INVESTMENTS SEASONED TRUST AND WELL MANAGED LOAN COMPANY SHARES COOD. But Avoid the New Ones and Those Not Well Managed--Hydro-Electric Has Put Public Utility Shares Sadly Out of Favor--Navigation Shares Depend Large- ly on Good Fortune, a Thing Investors do Not Count on--What to do When Seeking Advice. The articles contributed by "Investor" are for the sole purpose of guiding pros- pective investors, and, if possible, of sav: ing them from losing money through placing it in "wild-cat" enterprises. The impartial and reliable character of the information may be relied upon. The writer of these articles and the publisher of this paper have no interests to serve in connection with this matter other than those of the reader. (By 'Investor") After bank stocks the Canadian inves- tor has a long list to choose from. So far, in the country's history, the well man- aged trust companies' and loan compan- ies' shares have been entirely satisfac- tory--far more so than bank shares--and very profitable; though sometimes of ra- ther narrow market. But the danger of making the mistake and buying shares in some of the ill-managed or new companies is great enough to make it scarcely wise to give these a prominent place. Public utility companies' shares were at one time prime favorites with the Cana- dian investor; but the competition of the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario has put these stocks out of favor. And, indeed, an investor was unfortunate who held shares in the smaller companies, such as the London Electric, in which compe- tition by the government has wiped out precisely nothing. The ketch Atlas, built in 1864, was the oldest sailing vessel that disappeared and _ the! oldest steamer was the Cap Spartel, | launched in 1883, which disappeared in April during a voyage from Swansea to Palermo. Twenty of the thirty-three ships lost were British --a mournful testimony to our pre- dominance on the seas of the world. Germany, France, Russia, Belgium and Denmark had each one missing ship. Norway had four. Greece two, and Brazil two. DERELICT'S LONELY VOYAGE. The ways in which ships vanish are many. Sailors will tell you how when far at sea in an almost com- plete calm they have watched a ves- sel a few miles away, and then, without warning, have suddenly missed it. Foundering undoubtedly aceounts for a large proportion of missing ships, burning at sea for others. Some of the vessels posted at Lloyd's may now be drifting on the long and lonely voyage of the derelict, and we have all heard strange stories of mutinies, seizures of vessels at sea by some of those on board, and a subsequent career under another name in illicit pur- suits. But since every ship has to come, to port some time and must then show papers of some sort, the opportunities the world offers for such adventures nowadays are sadly curtailed. Then there is the much- beloved theory of ships getting tan- gled in the weeds of the: Sargasso Sea and there sailing for ever round and round, The expedition of the Michael Sass, in 1910, direct- ed by Sir John Murray, and the Norwegian Government, with the special object of examining this strange tract of the ocean, has sent ed into the unknown within a that story the. way of co many other twelvemonth. Strangely enough, romances. We must look elsewhere | the number that steamed there and for the unknown port. > < NEw FOUNDLAND 2) ber JOHNS & _UCare RACE. ALIFARK : ors VIRGINIAN 170 mIkES AWAY 3 AT MIDNIGHT ; WHERE. ' APPROXIMATE TITANIC w YORK Kx POSITION CF STRUCK : : OLYMPIC ICEBERG ' AT | 1400 MILES f i : a MID-NIGHT FROM N-Y: ee AND AGouT 420 MILES ; Se : FROM Faiene 2 a Map showing where Titanic | Olympic and Virginian, first beats struck iceberg, and positions of (97 in 1904, 'ent investor it is decidedly not. about 90 per cent. of the shares' value. Before the Hydro-Electric entered Lon- don the stock of the London Eleciric Company sold as high as 134, in 1899, and Since then it has sold around 15, and it is doubtful if one could get much more for it. I know one widow unfortunate enough to have 25 shares, which cost her about $3,000.00, now worth but little more than $350. No doubt the march of progress justifies this; but we ean feel sorry for the victims--and not invest in public service shares ourselves. Railway shares--and of these we really haye but C. P. R. and its subsidiary, Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie-- owing to their being dealt in chiefly out- side Canada are too speculative--not from point of view of security, but because of their fluctuating market. C. P. R., for ex- ample, has moved down and un over 20 points each way since the fall, and "Soo" about the same, so that an investor --except one of the most hardened sort-- would be quite uneasy. Of course, the yield is low--just 4 per cent. on C. P. R-- while the prospect cf appreciation in the long run, say ten years, is high. These are features that should appeal only to the wealthy investor who alone can af- ford to sacrifice something in the way of safety and income for the sake of speculative possibilities. Lake navigation companies are proper- ly divided into two classes, the passenger and package freight boats, and the "hulk" freighters. During the past few years the bulk freighters, those that carry such cargoes as grain, coal and ore, which is dumped into the hold loose and trans- ported in the cheapest possible way. have done a very unremunerative business. There has been plenty of freight, but competition has been so keen that in some instances they have scarcely made ex- pense The passenger boats, on the con- trary. have been making new records for earnings each year. Shares in the ecom- panies controlling these vessels are not particularly attractive to the careful in- vestor, as so much depends on good for- tune. The loss of a boat, though covered by insurance, means heavy loss of earn- ing power until it is replaced, and so, unless one is in very close touch with the business these shares are on the whole not a desirable investment. "At times, however, investments in navigation stocks have been highly profitable, as witness the move in Niagara Navigation. This company, however, is a bftlliant excep- tion to the average. There is one class of share investment to which in most of the instances above given these criticisms do not apply. We took up some time ago the question of preference shares, and the _ preference shares in practically all of the classes of companies mentioned----where such shares exist--form very desirable investments, when chosen with the same care with {which one would choose a_ bond. We will next deal with industrial stocks. While industrials are no more, if as much, worthy of consideration than mose of the classes considered in this article, there have been so many e2seg where unwary investors have purchased them unwisely, and so many industrial companies have issued preferred shares of quite decided merit that they will be given an article to themselves. Ii will be gathered, from the foregoing that the writer does not consider com- mon shares a proper investment for those who cannot afford to take chances. One might go further and say that no one who is not in daily touch with market and general conditions should ever make stock investments, except on the most ex- pert disinterested advice. And when seek- ing advice give the expert the fullest in- formation as to what your object, is in seeking it. Too often a broker is asked if a certain stock is a '"'good buy," when for a speculator it is, and for a perman- If yoa can't trust your financial adviser with in- formation about yourself certainly don't trust him with your money. Get one you can trust. S Stas PIAS Ra? Se When a man has no good reason for doing a thing he has one good reason for letting it alone. You don't have to be an optimist to make light of other people's troubles. to receive wireless call for help. QURWEEKLYTORONTOLETTER INTERESTING GOSSIP FROM THE CAPITAL OF ONTARIO. The Movement Against Vice--Visit of the Duke of Connaught--CGambiing on Horse Racing, Etc., Ete. (We have arranged for a_weckly letter about Toronto affairs, which, we believe. will be of great interest to many of our readers.' These letters will be from the en of one of Canada's foremost journa ists, a man who haa coyered some of the world's greatest happenings and now vie cupies a leading position on one of the Toronto dailies.) The convening here of what is termed a World's Purity Conference calls at- tention to a striking development of the last two or three years. There are noe ofganized bodies for the suppression © the White Slave traffic, for the education of the young in questions of sex, for the suppression of the Social Byvil, and vari- ous allied matters. Anyone who has handled copy in a newspaper office will recall that up to two or three years ago a reference to these matters in the hews of the day was exceedingly rare, Now they are of daily occurrence. The change indicates thas a new movement of great proportions against an old form of vice has been inaugurated. One of the speakers at the recent con- vention complained that he had been de- ceived as to "Toronto the Good. ae said that on. the strength of a _ written giatement emanating trem the* Morality Department he had cited Toronto all over America as an illustration of a city, which did not tolerate the social evil. Now he found that statement was untrve, Another American speaker took a round out of the press. The tone of the news- papers, he said, was at iis lowest ebb. In this he was quickly corrected by a To- ronto clergyman, who said that whatever might be the ease in the United States, the criticism did not apply in Toronto. One reason why the.convention was not bigger and why it did not create a bigger stir is to be found in the fact that while the yast majority of Torontonians sym- pathize warmly with the ends aimed at, very few of them care to discuss the questions in public, and some even ques- tion the desirability of brass band me- thods in a campaign of this character. THE DUKE IS COMING. Society is making elaborate prepara- tions for the second visit of the Duke of Connaught to Toronto, which is scheduled to take place during the Woodbine race meeting in the last week of May. His Royal Highness is an enthusiastic patron of horse racing, and his attendance at the function this year is expected to make the event the most brilliant in the history of the Jockey Club. The entertainments which will accompany his visit are likely to be of a less public nature than on_ his first sojourn in Toronto last autumn. They will take the form of luncheons, dinners and small parties, in private houses and clubs. While society will rejoice at the pres- ence of his Royal Highness there will, in other quarters, be criticism of his lending his support to horse racing, with the pro- nounced gambling element +hat is asso- ciated with it. And it is just possible that before the visit is concluded this criticism may find open expression in formal language from more than one quarter. LOTS OF HORSE RACING. Apart from His Excellency's responsi- bility in the matter, it is interesting to note what a hold horse racing now bas established on this Province. With the chartering of two new racing associations this year, Ontario alone is likely to have = less than 112 days of racing, as fol- OWS: Woodbine, Toronto .... .... 14 days Dufferin Park, Toronto .... 14 days Hamilton. osssadenhcsis. pooch) oe ee Windsor .... . 14 days Fort Erie ...... 14 days Ottawa ie es is Thorncliffe, Toronto ..., ... 14 days London... iss. sh 44505 - 14 days The last two named, being newly organ- ized, may not be in shape to hold meets this year, but the other fixtures are cer- tainties, each track holding two weeks of seven days each, one in the first half of the season, the other in the second. No two tracks, with the exception of Duf- ferin, a half miler, which is a sort of a poor relation to the others, will be open at the same time, so that the horses and the whole paraphernalia will, at the con- clusion of one meet simply move on to the next. In sporting circles the circuit is knowp as the "Merry Go Round." TORONTO KEEN ON BETTING. There are probably few cities in North America where gambling on horse rac- ing has a stronger hold than in Toronto. This gambling is by no means confined to the few weeks each season when there is racing in Toronto, though no doubt it is fostered by these meets. There are several thousand men in Toronto who "follow the races' every day, the whole year found. Not only do they keep in close touch with the events on Canadian tracks, but they fellow the results all over the American continent. By strange con- trast with Canada there are only two or three states in the Commonwealth which permit gambling on racing, Kentucky and Maryland being the chief of these. Even California, which used' to furnish the winter circuit, has banished the pastime, so that now the enthusiast has to lay his winter bets on racing in far away Mexico. It is not merely an academic interest he takes on these far away events. He bets his good money on them, and hun- dreds of wagers are laid in Toronto every day, even all through the winter months. Despite the vigilance of the Jaw the fa- cilities are at hand for the betting. There is even a direct telegraph wire connected with all the tracks for furnishing speedy results, which even beats that of the most enterprising newspapers. From Toronto these results are flashed to various points throughout the Province, so that two or three minutes after a horse race is run in say Juarez, Mexico, Ontario knows all about it. NEW HOSPITAL TAKES SHAPE. Toronto's much heralded new General Hospital, which is beine erected at a cost of $3,500,000, is now taking shape. One of the buildings, the Pathological building, is completed, and is now in use by classes at the University. Several others are completed, as far as the exterior work is concerned, and all the ofhers are on the way. The group of buildings which occupy the blocks on the south side of College street are already looking quite impressive. The site is 725 feet by 620 feet in size. Now that over half of the three and a half million dollars has been spent some interesting discoveries have been made, Although the original estimate of cost was $1,400,000 it is*now found that the amount now available will not be suf- ficient, and the problem causes worry. Another odd fact is that the institution will have very littlé increased accommo- dation for the public over the old hos- pital, and it is thought that the old build. ing on Gerrard street east will have to be retained as an east end hospital. The new institution will have 449 beds for pub- lic patients and 98 priyate beds. Medical men are disposed to criticize on the ground that the new hospital will not be as modern as it ought to be. They say that the claim that it will be the fines in America is a pfetty stcep claim to make for it. . aes aes WORLD-WIDE WIRELESS. France is planning to establish an elaborate system of wireless tele- graph stations upon French terri- tory throughout the world. The government will thus be enabled to send messages to any point on the globe without dependence upon ex- isting telegraph-cables,. most of | which are owned or controlled by foreign capital. Experts agree that 12 stations will be sufficient te in sure the success of the project. The starting-point would be the. Eiffel Tower in Paris, and messages would be relayed to stations in the follow- ing French possessions: Dahomey, Timbuktu and Rufisque in West Af- rica; Jibuti, on the Red Sea, and Madagascar; Pondicherry, India; Saigon, Indo-China; New Cale- donia; Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands; Martinique. THE SUNDAY SCHOOLS TUDY INTERNATIONAL LESSON, APRIL 28. _ Lesson 1V.--The Beatitudes, Matt. 5. 1-12. Golden Text, Matt. 5. 8. Verse I. The multitude--In the last verse of the preceding chap- ter Matthew mentions the multi- tudes which were following Jesus everywhere as he. went from place to place in Galilee. With. a refer- ence to these multitudes he now in- troduces his narrative of what o¢- curred on one special occasion. The mountain--The use of the article indicates. that a definite, well-known hill or mountain was intended, but which one it is not possible to say, pei His disciples--The word "'dis- ciple'? means literally learner, and is here to be taken in its broader sense, as not restricted ta the twelve. ns Blessed---The word translated "plessed'"'? is thought to come from a root word meaning great, In the sense of outward prosperity. In early classical Greek it was applied more especially to the gods, wha were considered great because 0 their power and dignity rather than because of their goodness or holi- ness. A little later it was applied also to the dead, especially ta heroes who had died in battle. The Greek philosophers from Socrates onward use it in a sense including the moral element, but in the Bible alone is the word lifted into the region of the spiritual as distingu- ished from the merely material and intellectual. Even in the Old Tess tament usage of the term there ree mains more of the sense of oute ward prosperity than in the New Testament. It is interesting to nota how this word "passed up into the. higher region of Christian thought and was stamped with the gospel signet and laden with all the rich- ness and significance of gospel bles- sedness."' Poor in spirit--Those conscious of their deep spiritual needs. Luke adds to this beatitude the pro- nouncement of woe against the rich: 'Woe unto you that are rich; for ye have received your consola- tion.'"' 4, They that mourn--There is no- thing in the meaning of the word "mourn"? or of the sentence in which it occurs that would limit this phrase to those who mourn on ac- count of their spiritual poverty or sinfulness, though it is not impro- bable that Jesus had such especi- ally in mind. The corresponding woe recorded by Luke reads: "Woe unto you, ye that laugh now; for ye shall mourn and weep." 5: The meek--We have here anx other word' which Christianity has lifted to a higher plane of mean- ing. Literally the word means mild or gentle, but the quality of meek- ness in human character was not consdered praiseworthy by heathen philosophers. Thus Aristotle calls meekness "a mien inclining to a defect.'? Christian meekness is based on humanity. and is an aut- growth of Christian experience quite as much as a natural quality. 6. Righteousness--Rightness cf life and conduct in the sight of God. Shall be filled--The verb in the original is very strong, indicating complete satisfaction of hunger and thirst. Luke adds, "Woe unto you, ye that are full now! for ye shall hunger."' 8. Pure in heart--Heart here re- fers to inner soul-life controlling the entire personality (compare Gen. 42. 28; Psa. 19. 14; Prov. 4. 23; Luke 12. 34). Shall see God--The development of Christian character subsequent to the cleansing of life's motives brings with it a gradual unveiling of God, whose power, holiness, and love appear more and more plainly to those who are pure in thought and life. 9. Peacemakers--Primarily those who heal dissensions, but also those whose lives because of their purity and loving service are a benediction to all about them, bringing, as it were, the peace of God into the en- vironment in which they are spent. Sons of God--Those most akin to the divine nature, whose presence, like that of God, brings peace and blessing. 10. Persecuted for righteousness' sake--All whose sincere effort to live a godly life in this world is misunderstood, and for that or other reasons <pp- sed and ridi- culed, may be sid to be persec it- ed for righteousness' sake. 11. Falsely--The mere face thata person is persecuted and evily spoken of, even if the persecution and slander is out of al] proportion to the offense, is not sufficient ; only when all is brought upon a person wholly unjustly, that is, when the person is entirely innocent, is there cause on his part for the rejoicing mentioned -in the next verse. 12. The prophets that. were before you--Jesus thus seems to place his disciples on an equality with Old Testament prophets. We have here a hint at the broader meaning of the word "prophets." A prophet was a teacher, one who proclaimed lthe truth, the term not being lim- } |ited in its application to one who foretold future events. The pro- nouncement of woe which Luke re- cords reads: "Woe unto you, when all men shall speak well of you! For in the same manner fathers to the false' prophets." wie Miss Antique (coyly)--"Oh, Mr, Smith, I had such a strange dream last night! Quite a delightful dream, I assure you. I dreamt that you and I--only just you and I, Mr. Smith !--were on our honey- mcon! Do you ever have dreams like that?' But now I'm very careful what I eat for supper, and I don't suffer from nightmare any moze." did their ©7 Mr. Smith--"'I used to.