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All our cultivated roots are bienâ€" nialsâ€"that is, the first year they develop a large root, stored full of food material. The second year this food is drawn upon to form a fruitâ€" ing portion and seeds._ If a farmer wishes to grow seeds this year he must select roots now in storage. These should be large, sound, wellâ€" developed, true to type, and must possass an uninjured crown. They should also have a smooth surface, full, rounded tip, and be free from prongs. If such roots cannot be secured in storage, the only thing to do will be to select such roots this fall, and store them in a cool place, or in a pit this winter, and elant the same next spring. Storage That Gives Results. Perhaps it would not be out of place just here to give a few direcâ€" tions for the proper storing of rants. Reed roots spoil very easily, seed needed for a crop valued at $20,000,000 when this seed can be raised within the country. The Kind of /Crop to Grow. The first problem for the future ‘seedâ€"grower will be the choice of kind. _ Shall he grow mangel, swede, or carrot seed ? The answer to that depends largely upon localâ€" ity and personal inclination. If a man prefers to grow mangels, he will very likely get better results from seed production from this erop. It must be remembered, however, in growing mangel seed, that the grower must be in a localâ€" ity which does not suffer from early spring or fall frost. Young mangel shoots are more susceptible to frost injury in the spring than are those of swedes, and as the mangel seed ripen comparatively late, it is also more liable to become frostâ€" bitten in the fall,. Carrot seed ripen very unevenly, and must be picked by hand during a period of several weeks. This tends to make the culture rather expensive under our conditions. In the majority of cases, the culture of swede seed will probably give most satisfaction.. Excellent Models of Seed Roots to Select of the Globe and Intermeâ€" . diate types. Cereal Husbandry Department of the McDonald College, Quebec, has conducted very complete experiâ€" ments in growing seed, and gives some very instructing reports as to his methods. It has been found that the quality of the root seed, offered on the Canadian market, is not always the best, either in reâ€" gard to trueness of type or to perâ€" centage and vitality of germinaâ€" tion. Moreover, it is false economy at best to import practically all the Mr. Paul A. Boving, in charge of the root crop investigation of the Th# Kind of Crop to Grow and How to Grow Itâ€" __â€" _ An Opportunity for the Ontario Farmer Hence, at this time, it appears to be not only the duty, but the opâ€" portunity of the Ontario farmer, as it has never been before, to supâ€" ply root crop seed for our own conâ€" sumption. It has been proven in the past that such seed can be grown very successfully in Ontario. It has been shown by numerous experiâ€" ments conducted at the McDonald College in Quebec, at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and in various places by the Doâ€" minion seed branch, that a finer quality of seed can be produced in Eastern Canada, than that which we have been importing from Euâ€" rope. The, supply of seed, it is said, will be ample for this year‘s crop. In 1916, the real effects of the shortage will be manifested. Whether it will be a â€"desirable thing for very many farmers to go into seed production on a large seale or not, is a debatable quesâ€" tion, but in view of existing cirâ€" cumstances, any farmer cannot go astray by producing enough seed for his own use. In 1915 the farmers of Ontario will require 1,000,000 lbs. of root seed, made up as follows: 304,000 lbs. mangels, 222,500 lbs. sugar beets, 286,000 lbs. turnips, 8,586 lbs. carrots, Formerly these seeds came from England, France and Germany. ‘This year those imports will be almost entirely cut off. The German supply, of course, will be entirely checked, while France and England engaged, as they are, in a momentous world struggle, canâ€" not supply us as they have in past years. 5 SEED GROWING and calm day in preference to a day with bright sun and heavy wind, which tend to dry out the exâ€" posed roots, and consequently to lower the yield of seed. When and How of Planting. Roots are naturally cross fertiâ€" lized, and different varieties beâ€" longing to the same kind should not be planted close to one another. Mangels should be separated by at reaches the surface. With longâ€" shaped varieties, and on shallow soils, it may be advisable to tilt the root. Always remember to plant it as deep as the soil will permit with the crown reaching the surâ€" face. After planting, the root seed land should be kept cultivated as long as possible in order to preâ€" serve the moisture. Harvresting and Threshing. Very often the field does not ripen quite uniformly, and all the seed on one and the same plant will not mature simultaneously. It is very important, therefore, that the seed be harvested at the right time. The first formed seed on the lower part of the seed stock usually ripens earlier than the rest. This seed is stronger and more valuable than the later formed seed, and the grower should endeavor to seâ€" cure it before it falls off. When the true seed inside the brownish eluster on the mangel seed stock shows a mealy surface when cut with a knife, the harvest time has arrived. The swede seed should be harvested when the bottomâ€" pods get brown on the outside, and the upper ones become yellowish in color. When seed is grown in small quantities, it is, of course, possible to dry the seed stocks by hanging them up in a wellâ€"aired place in the house or barn. In this case a sheet should ‘be spread out on the floor so that no seed will be lost. If a larger area is planted, the stocks may be cured in the field. For this purpose the seed stocks are tied in loose sheaves and lefté in open Seed roots do not stand drought very well, and manyâ€" growers, therefore, prefer to place the pit on or at least in the vicinity of the next year‘s seed field, in order to shorten the haul from pit to plantâ€" ing place. In this connection, it might be well to remember that the planting of the seed roots in spring time should be done on a cloudy Land intended for seed growing should be well fertilized, well drained, and, if possible, sheltered from heavy winds. It should be very thoroughly cultivated also, and well packed with a roller and marked before planting. Common distances are 24 inches by 24 inches for small roots, and 30 inches by 30 inches for large roots. Where the soil is deep enough the roots should be planted firmly straight up and down, and should be set so deep that the crown barely of soil from falling in among the roots. The top of the pit is left without any soil, so that the heat may escape more readily until the weather gets colder.. When it comâ€" mences to freeze, the pit is further covered with 6 inches of straw, folâ€" lowed by 6 to 8 inches of soil, and when zero weather sets in, it must finally be protected with a layer of strawy manure. and should be handled very careâ€" fully. They should be stored immeâ€" diately after being raised, in a cool but not too dry place. Where a good root cellar is available it is advisable to store them there, if possible in a standing position, and surrounded in peat soil, or moist sand. Otherwise it is better to store them in an «outside pit on wellâ€"drained ground.. The pit is madeâ€"about 6 feet wide, and the roots are piled up 3 feet high with slanting sides, so that the covering material will not slide down. Afâ€" ter piling, the pit is immediately covered with a thin layer of straw, just enough to keep a 4â€"inch layer least 250 yards. Swedes and turâ€" nips require a greater distance. They will not only cross with a variety of their own kind, but will also intercross, i.e., a swede will cross with a turnip, and vice versa. "It was in the thick of the charge,‘‘ he explained, ‘"when handâ€"toâ€"hand fighting was at its height, that my rifle and bayonet were knocked from my hands. At the same moment I found myself hemmed in by the enemy, three of whom confronted me with bayonets fixed. In a fit of desperation I seized the two outermost bayonets in my hand and forced them away from me, immediately ducking and striking at the third man with my fists. How I managed it I do not know, but the ruse proved successâ€" ful, and in a few moments I was back amongst our _ own _ men, though my hands were too badly cut to allow of my participating further in the fighting at the time .‘ Tommy Atkins as Boxer. Many instances are on record where Tommy, with only his bare fists to defend himself, has dealt out severe punishment to his armed and fully equipped enemies. Away back in the Crimea we are told of an exploit which is but typical of many others. An advancing body of Rusian infantry bore down upon a gun battery, of which Lieutenant Miller had charge, when he was without any support. â€"One last round was fired, and then bidding his men ‘"‘Draw swords _ and charge !‘‘ he rode out under the hail of bullets straight into the enâ€" emy‘s midst. The gunners followed to a man, some armed with swords, others with ramruds, and one of, It would not be too much, perâ€" haps, for a progressive farmer to plant two or three hundred manâ€" gels, turnips or other roots. From these he can obtain seed for himâ€" self and his neighbors. Three hunâ€" dred mangels should produce about one hundred pounds of good seed, and, if care is taken in selecting shapely mother roots for transâ€" planting, the quality of the seed will be much superior to that which is imported.â€"From The Canadian Countryman. The rifle and the 42â€"centimetre gun have not entirely ousted more primitive weapons, as reports from the front constantly remind us. The Angloâ€"Saxon, for instance, always loves to use his fists. One such inâ€" cident occurred at Compeigne, early in the war. The farrier of the Sixth Dragoons, hearing the charge sounding, rushed from the forge, leaped to horse, and dashed at the Germans, wielding the hamâ€" mer with which he had been workâ€" ing at the anvil with terrible effect upon the foe. STRANGE WEAPENS TX WAR Among the members of the Lonâ€" don Scottish who took part in their famous charge at Messines, is Priâ€" vate Greig. Their Use in Battle Has Overcome Highly Armed and Skilled Forces. > In laying plans to grow his own root seed, a farmer will want to know how many roots he will reâ€" quire. Professor C. A. Zavitz, of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, has found, by experiment, that plants yiekd on,an average as follows: Mangels, 6.6 oz. ; carrots, 2 oz.; swedes, 4â€"5 oz. stooks until such time as they may be dry enough for hauling to the barn. After that they should be threshed as soon as possible. The seed is cleaned with the fanning mill, and with the aid of hand sieves, and is then spread out in thin layers. It should be stirred daily until quite dry to prevent heating. After that it may be stored away in bags. DEFEAT OF SCIENCE BY PRIâ€" MIPIVE WEAPONS. This illustration, from a German paper, has a special interest as affording an instance of the painstaking care the enemy take to conâ€" ceal their positions of importance. The locality is stated to be in the Western war theatre.‘"" In order to create a background forâ€" the trenches at that point, and to serve as a screen for something else behind, in all likelihood a battery of big guns, a sparsely growing copse of straggling fir trees on the spot has been artificially thickened by transplanting fir poles and trunks brought from elsewhere in the neighborhood. The result of the process is to produce the appearance at a short distance of a dense, closeâ€"set wood of growing firs interâ€" spersed with larches which are naturally bare in winter. A False Forest Set Up to Conceal a German Position. Willie was called in from his play to see his twin sisters. Willie had never heard of twins. He turned to the nurse. ‘‘Who is the other one for ?‘ he asked. Absurd as it may appear, the humble domestic blanket upon one occasion decided the issue of a batâ€" tle and led to the complete rout of an army. It was a generation ago, when the Zakui Indians rose in reâ€" bellion against the Government of Mexico, and the rebels were at last brought face to face with the Mexiâ€" can army. When the Indians adâ€" vanced to the attack they sent in advance a covering line of men carrying a bulwark of wet blankets. In vain the Mexicans tried to deâ€" troy this barrier with their bullets. Not a single blanket was penetratâ€" ed, and when the Indians were sufâ€" ficiently near they emerged from their shelter ind, dashing at the Mexicans, put them to ignominâ€" ious flight. In 1878 a deluge of sticks, stones and boiling water made the Rusâ€" sians have cause to remember what was undoubtedly one of the most presumptuous things in war. This was when the great Russian Empire was set at defiance by the Tekkes of Turkomen, whose entire populaâ€" tionâ€"men, women and childrenâ€" probably did not exceed 140,000 souls. Thy were able, at least, to give the Russians a ‘"hot‘" recepâ€" tion. When they were ordered into position for the battle they were abâ€" solutely unarmed; and when the order came "to charge‘"‘ they rushâ€" ed at the enemy with "shouts and fists."" So gallantly did they acquit themselves that when the battle was over, nearly every man in the regiment was found in possession of weapons which he had wrested from the enemy or borrowed from a falâ€" len friend. Sword and bayonet have had many rough and ready substitutes in war. When the Civil War, for instance, was raging in Great Britâ€" ain hundreds of rustics marched to battle carrying scythes, pruning hooks, flails, pick and axes and blacksmith‘s hammers; and in the South African war it was said that some of the enterprising Boers imâ€" provised bayonets out of broom handles and swords or daggers. An American Instance. At least one regiment has gone into a fierce action armed with nothing more deadly than feet and fists ; and, what is more remarkable came out of it almost unscathed. It was in the American Civil war, when the Federal movement from Nashville brought on the sanguinâ€" ary fight of Murfreesborough. The 44th Mississippi Regiment, which had been isolated from the camp through an attack of measles, had given up their weapons to arm the shoals of recruits who were pourâ€" ing up. The Russian assault upon Geke Tepe, the Tekke stronghold, took place on a blazing hot day. As their infantry charged down the place seemed still as the grave; then, all at once, Hades was let loose. _A gigantic handâ€"toâ€"hand struggle developed, in which mod:â€" ern rifles were of no more use than crowbars. _ The best disciplined troops in the world became part and parcel of a howling screeching rabble. Women fought with sticks or stones, or threw boiling water over the attackers. Men rolled to the ground locked in a grim death embrace. No one asked for quarter or gave it. It was the Russians who eventually turned tail and fled from the awful scene, leaving their artilâ€" lery behind. Stones and boiling water fixed Geke Tepe in the Rusâ€" sian memory in a very unforgetâ€" able fashion. themâ€"a famous boxerâ€"relying only on his fists, with which he was seen to lay many a Russian low| _ _ Russians Hotly Received ‘‘Don‘t buy the most expensive canned peas if you want food valâ€" ue. Those that retail at the highâ€" est price, the tiny ones, are usually very small, tender, little peas, used principally for garnishing, and while extremely tender and conâ€" sidered very fine, are really not as good for "family use, considered t poe s oke no oo e 0 S ies To ce m icia td pecte mt mc e m ta ae teed_ by the canner and the ‘""gwells‘" aro the spoiled~~ ones. Take back to the grocer and exâ€" change for a good one. : A little surprise in the form . of two or three pieces of candy or an unusual fruit addsâ€"to the interest The child should have a fresh paâ€" per napkin each day,. and every article should be wrapped in waxâ€" ed paper so that there may be as little mixture of odors and flavors as possible. The children should be taught to eat slowly, and not alâ€" lowed to exercise vigorously directâ€" ly after eating.â€"Lillian Randall, Instructor in Home Economics. ‘"‘Don‘t cook peas, string beans, etc., as they are already cooked. Simply heat and add butter and seasoning, if desired. "‘Don‘t open can with a knife or a hatchet; get a good canâ€"opener. ‘Don‘t open or use the contents of: any: can that is "bulged‘"‘ or "‘bloated‘"‘ so the ends "swell out." A few cans, on account of defective soldering or faulty tin plate, will spoil, ‘but they are always guaranâ€" Meat is rather more acceptable if finely minced and mixed with salâ€" ad dressing than if sliced. Fish may be flaked and mixed with milk, lemon juice, pimento, or salad dressing. Cheese may be mixed with nuts. Green peas, greens, Of baked beans may be mashed and seasoned, and prunes, figs, raisins and dates, may be chopped and spread alone or with nuts. The bread for sandwiches can be varied by the use of nut bread, graham or oatmeal. _The homeâ€"made bread is best ; it should be cut thinly and spread with creamed butter. Cusâ€" tards, stewed fruit, junket, rice pudding, jelly, etc., may be carried in a small glass jar. Cookies are more easily carried than cakes, and there are many varieties that may be made so that the child will not tire of them. ‘‘Don‘t let contents stand in the tin after it is opened. Should be emptied into glass or china dish if to be served without preparation, or into saucepan if to be heated. ‘"‘Don‘t pour the liquor off the peas or other vegetables; the best of the flavor is in the juice. Warm the peas in the juice. Save the juice for soups, There are a fewâ€" things every housewife should know about the canned goods which she uses on her table. Among these, according to Elizaâ€" beth B. Kelley of the agricultural extension service in home econoâ€" mics of the University of Wisconâ€" sin, are the sanitary conditions unâ€" der which the goods are put up; whether or not she is saving herself labor at the cost of sweatâ€"shop practices of other women ; and how to buy and use canned goods in orâ€" der to get the largest return for the money. ‘"‘Don‘t buy a single can at a time; you can always save money by buying by the dozen cans or case. ‘"Don‘t store in a damp place, on account of rusting, or where the temperature is either extremely hot or cold. Freezing injures the conâ€" sistency and flavor and may break the seal of the can. The average basement is all right. Following are a few rules which will be of help to the housewife in the purchasing, storing and use of canned articles. The thermos lunch box has comâ€" partments which are very conveniâ€" ent and a thermos bottle for carryâ€" ing hot cocoa, milk or soup. The first cost is high, but with good care it will last indefinitely. This, of course, should be aired and scalded after using. Sandwiches form a part of every lunch and forâ€" tunately there are numberless kinds that may be made. Two kinds may be made each day ; one of meat Of eggs or fish, and the other of some sweet. The school luncheon takes the place of the noon meal at home, and should be substantial and attractâ€" ive. Many lunches that are now discarded would be eaten if they were attractively arranged. Of all the containers for carrying lunch the paper bag is probably the best. The pasteboard or papier mache boxes are hard to keep in a saniâ€" tary condition. A tin pail is one of the best carriers as it keeps the food clean, and prevents drying. If used, it should be sealded each day. Nourishing School Lunches. During the period of school life, there is great activity as well as constant development and growth of the ‘body, all of which has to be provided for in considering the food. If care is not taken at this time, the foundation is laid for fuâ€" ture weakness and disease. The food must be abundant and well cooked, and all the food principles should _ be_ supplied. Monotony should be avoided. | Home | How to Use Carnned Goods. Some people like a thick gravy with sausage, and this is made by creaming the ordinary essence of the sausage and the NHour just as you would butter and flour, seasonâ€" ing to taste, and then thinning to the desired consistency with water. There are others who like a cream gravy with ham, and here you moisten the flour with the ham esâ€" sence and use milk instead of water. The question has been raised as to whether the ordinary cooked poâ€" tato might not ~be: satisfactorily, substituted for the prepared potaâ€" toâ€"meal. The experimenters beâ€" lieve that it might serve the same purpose if used in just the same proportion, but this would be diffiâ€" cult for the average housewife to determine, as there is great danâ€" ger of using too much and producâ€" ing a very soggy loaf. However, the ecustom of adding a very little po« tato is already used by many housekeepers to keep their bread moist, and this practice can very well be recommended for more genâ€" eral use. Flavoring deviled eggs with # dash of vinegar from sweet pickles and using olive oil instead of butâ€" ter? A tiny pickled cucumber chopped fine and mixed with the yolk of the egg is an improvement. Varying fried or broiled halibut steak by adding a rich brown gravy 1 The flour must be very brown (not scorched) for this, and a goodly lump of butter is required. And, by the way, when browning flour for gravy do it under the flame of the gas oven, using a fork to mix it Forkâ€"mixed thickening is apt to be smoother than spoonâ€" mixed. Baking experiments to test the value of making bread of potatoâ€" meal mixed with wheat flour are now being undertaken by the United States Department of Agriâ€" culture‘s Bureau of Chemistry. This is to test the possibilities of the potato in the same manner as Germany and Austria are now adâ€" vising their people to do. The inâ€" creased cost of living throughout the world has emphasized the fact that flour made of other substances than wheat, or of these substances mixed with wheat, might provide people with healthful food quite as nutritious as the pure wheat flour, and at the same time cheaper. _ The Bureau of Chemistry used the imported ‘"potato ~flake‘? in some experiments, and in others meal made by slicing, milling and drying potatoes on a small seale in its laboratories. It should be addâ€" ed that such ordinary ‘"potato flour‘‘ as is on our Amercian marâ€" kets is not the same as the Gerâ€" man ‘"‘potato flake‘‘ or Walzmehl, which has given such satisfactory results in the experiments. Using evaporated fruitsâ€"apples, peaches, apricotsâ€"in place of the fresh ones for duff, dumplings, pies, and brown Betty ? & Austrian bakers are now compelâ€" led by law to use at least 30 per cent. potatoâ€"meal in making their bread. The Bureau of Chemistry‘s potatoâ€"meal bread has been baked with from 25 to 50 per cent. potatoâ€" meal, and the remaining percentage wheat. The most satisfactory loaves in combining economy and appearance were those made with the minimum percentage allowed in Austria or less. The loaves made with more than 30 per cent. potatoâ€" meal were not so satisfactory, ad they were heavier and less attracâ€" tive in form. The bread has a rather coarse texture and dark apâ€" pearance, but possesses a distincâ€" tive and agreeable flavor. It also retains moisture for a much longer period than ordinary wheat bread. Washing the kitchen floor, the & surbase, and the frame work evboub? the sink with lye, at the first apâ€" pearing of those pests, water bugs or roaches? Be sure to apply the, solution with a brush and don‘t let it touch the hands. â€" Saving the bits of sage, thyme, etc., in the penny potherb that was not used in soups, drying them, and using them later in the stuffing for chicken? Some economical houseâ€" wives find that by careful selection of these potherbs they can get enough parsley for garnishing of several dishes and usually the smallest bunches of parsley alone sold in the markets cost from three to five cents. Scalding out tin syrup cans (the sort that have fitted tops) and usâ€" ing them to keep such things as rice, barley, hominy, beans, etce. _ Drying stale seraps of bread in the oven, mashing them to a meal with a rolling pin, and using them in place of the prepared cracker dust for frying cutlets, oysters, and the like 1 Putting a lump of washing soda over the sink drain and pouring hot water over it after each dish washâ€" ing, in order to keep the pipes from clogging? This will save many &Â¥ plumber‘s bill. Have you ever tried (if your fam+ ily is large and your kitchen sink small) using an oval tin foot tub instead of theâ€"orthodox round disli{ pant.â€" _ * An ordinary tin can with a hole punched in the bottom as a s-qap" saver, in place of the bought wire ones ? § from as th are 1 three Potato Meal in Breadâ€"Making. m the standpoint of food the mediumâ€"priced peas usually the "Sifted‘‘ x Some ndpoint of food value, imâ€"priced peas whick the "Sifted" or size} Timely Hints