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w § ELECTRIC WELDING AN TIMPORTANT COMMERCIAL ASSET TO COUNTRY it Welding may be defined as a proâ€" cess in which metals are fused toâ€" gether when melited under the influâ€" ence of intense heat, with, possibly, the application of pressure as well. Classification may be made as. fol« lows: Autogenous Weldingâ€"includes the processes where the /metals to be welded are raised to so high a temâ€" perature that they flow together to form a weld without pressure being used. Forge Weldingâ€"the forerunner of the modern welding processes. The metals are raised sufficiently high in temperature that they may be joined by applying a pressure and hammerâ€" ing on the anvil. The heat may be obtained by any one of several suitâ€" able methods. _ Electric Spot and Fusion Welding (By E. Keith D‘Alton) The processes of electric welding are matters of growing interest to mechanical and electrical engineers. The neatness and strength of the welded part, together with the speed, ‘cost and certainty of the operation, are points which specially appeal to the mechanical engineer. The elecâ€" trical engineer appreciates the fact that there is a field opened up for special equipment which he may deâ€" sign and standardize, and for which there is a gradually increasing deâ€" mand, ) Oxyâ€"Acetylene Welding â€" covers that branch of autogenous welding wherein the heat is produced by the chemical combination of oxygen and acetylene gases. \ An interesting and quite unusual feature of the evening was the carâ€" toon which Mr. D‘Alton flashed on the screen at the conclusion ‘of his lecture. . This represented the Prince of Wales, who has just concluded such an auspicious visit to Canada and the United States, using his arcâ€"welding equipment to bind together more closely these two nations, and illusâ€" trates John Bull as making a bid for the quick return of the Prince, so that he may try out his welding maâ€" chinery on Ireland. Our present issue contains the first half of Mr. D‘Alton‘s paper, which we consider one of the most complete and upâ€"toâ€"date treatises that has been published on the subject. Thermit Weldingâ€"another branch of autogenous welding, â€" not greatly used, wherein the heat is produced by another very rapid chemical combinaâ€" tion. The above statement of an outâ€" standing victory of the arc welding machine over all other possible methâ€" ods of repair furnished the climax to a most interesting paper on ‘"Elecâ€" trical Welding," presented before the ‘Toronto section of the American Inâ€" stitute of Electrical Engineers on Friâ€" day evening, November 21. The paâ€" per was presented by one of the localâ€" members, Mr. F. K. D‘Alton, of the Hydro Electric Power Commission TLaboratories, and was illustrated by slides. In his treatment of the subâ€" ject, Mr. D‘Alton spoke first of the different nonâ€"electrical methods of welding. This was followed by a deâ€" tailed account of the spotâ€"welding machine, in which «attention was drawn to the speed with which work can be done and, by illustrations, to the latest improvements in design. Finally the speaker outlined the whole ©peration of electric are welding. He pointed out as matters of special imâ€" portance the various points wherein the operator must be skilled, and the common troubles, with their causes. The theory of all the latest designs in are welding equipment was coverâ€" ed ,noting their limitations and drawâ€" jng comparisons between welding by the are and oxyâ€"aceytlene gases. Electrical Weldingâ€"is a divided branch and comes under the classiâ€" fication of both autogenous and forge welding. In the various forms of iron and steel we find a number of well known chemical elements, each of which makes its presence felt by giving some characteristic to the metal: Comments by the Editor of The Elecâ€" trical News: Mr. Keith D‘Alton, one of our local citizens, gave this very interesting and instructive paper at the meeting of the Toronto branch of the Ameriâ€" can Institute of Electrical Engineers. Theoretically it is possible to weld all metals, but practically this is not so. Simply causing metal to melt and to run into a joint or part to be filled does not necessarily produce a good weld.. Brass and bronze with a low (3 p.c.) percentage of zinc can be successfully welded if care be taken, but brass with a higher percentage of zinc is apt to be porous. It is difâ€" ficult to weld aluminum, since this element oxidizes at a lower temperaâ€" ture than its melting point, and the weld will most surely contain a conâ€" siderable percentage of the oxide of the metal. These metals may be classified as being those of low meltâ€" ing point compared with the grades of iron and steel commonly used. The metals best suited for welding areâ€" boiler plate, wrought iron, grades of steel for fabricated shapes in general commercial work. Chemical Elements in Iron and Since by far the greater amount of welding is done on iron and steel in the three forms mentioned above,and as the behavior of the different eleâ€" ments existing in these grades deâ€" pends very much on conditions which are subject to variation, but under the eontrol of the operator, we shall conâ€" fine our further remarks to these metals which we most frequently meet. When the United States finally deâ€" cided to enter the war, the’re were in her different ports about 290,000 gross tons of interned German ships. These ships, it will be remembered, had been badly damaged by the Gerâ€" mans before being surrendered, and, in several cases, the work of destrucâ€" tion was deemed to be so complete that the parts were labelled by the inspectorsâ€""cannot be repaired." In any case, it was estimated that at least a year and a half would be reâ€" quired to make such repairs as would be possible or advisable. The war was raging, however, and the need of ships was urgent. An arc welding firm was given the opportunâ€" ity of inspecting the wrecked parts and was consulted as to the advisâ€" ability of using the electric are to efâ€" fect the repairs. It was quickly deâ€" cided that the _ repairs could be made by this means and several gangs of men were set to work to cut and fit mechanical patches and weld them inâ€" to place. In five and oneâ€"half months all of these ships were again sailing the seas at top speed, with full carâ€" goes, carrying soldiers and ammuniâ€" tion to France. AGE SIX Cast iron may be in the form of The high pressure requires a reâ€" ducing value which frequently results in fluctuations in the pressure of the gases. Excess of oxygen, which is usâ€" ually a condition of the low pressure flame, results in burning the metal, whereas an excess of acetylene results in adding carbon to the metal. It is quite possible, therefore, that due to the oscillating motion which the opâ€" erator gives to the torch in making a weld, one side of the added material may be burned while the other side is carbonized. The metal added would then not be uniform and the result might be a poor weld. The flame must be neutral and as steady as possible. The high pressure system will work much more rapidly than the low presâ€" sure system, cutting at a faster rate with a narrower cleaner cut. Acetylene under a pressure of two atmospheres is considered to be highâ€" ly explosive on account of the comâ€" pound being easily disintegrated and liable to be impure, due to the presâ€" ence of oxygen in the acetylene tank. gray or white iron, depending upon whether the metal is cast in sand or in cold metal moulds. Due to its brittleness and low tensile strength, it is difficult to weld cast iron by any process; even under most favorable conditions the results are always unâ€" certain. Malleable castings are simâ€" ply annealed, white iron castings. The annealing frees part of the carbon, but as this effect is largely at the surâ€" face, it does not improve the condiâ€" tion of the metal for welding. Some manufacturers advocate the low pressure system using gas in the torch, at a pressure of about 13 ounâ€" ces per square inch, while others reâ€" commend the high pressure system in which the pressure is about 15 pounds per square inch. Each of these methods has its advantages over the other. It is claimed that the low pressure system makes more efficient use of the gases in the tanks, being able to use a larger percentage of the total gases purchased. It also perâ€" mits the use of a portable gas generâ€" ator for producing acetylene. The high pressure system requires such high pressure at the tanks that they must be returned to the supply staâ€" tion to be refilled there. Both systems of gas welding proâ€" duce narrow and vyery hot flames (6300 deg. F.) which are especially adapted to the cutting of metal. In welding, however, a filler must be added and the composition of the maâ€" terial in the filler, to a large degree. determines the effectiveness of the weld. \ The process of gas welding, the chief competitor of electrical welding, having been described in principle, let us now study in more detail the proâ€" cesses in which the heat for welding is produced electrically. There are two distinct branches, namely, "Spot Welding" and "Fusion Welding." Having now considered some of the principal features of iron and steel which must be taken into account in welding, we will consider the practiâ€" cal processes themselves. It will be necessary to reâ€"classify these various methods according to the source of heat. The most common processes naturally fall into two classes â€". gas welding and electrical welding. Gas Welding In this process the heat is obtained by the combustion of acetylene gas with oxygen. These gases are mixed in a suitably designed torch which is light in weight and held in one hand by the operator. The other hand conâ€" trols the feedingâ€"in of the filler maâ€" terial. The oxygen gas is supplied in tanks at a pressure of 1,800 pounds per square inch, while the acetylene is supplied in solution in acetone unâ€" der a pressure of 250 pounds per sq. inch, and contained in tanks of someâ€" what lighter design than those used for oxygen. Nickel increases the tensile strength without lessening the elasticity, and gives the steel a certain resistance to combining with atmospheric oxygen; nickel steel, therefore, does not rust easily. Vanadium, in effect,! is simiâ€" lar to nickel. Chromium produces results. similar to manganese. Tungâ€" sten causes the steel to retain its hardâ€" ness at high temperature. Wrought iron is metal which has been given mechanical â€"treatment while cooling. This mechanical treatâ€" ment squeezes out the slag, gives the metal a finer grain and increases its toughness. The quality of wrought iron is a function of its purity. as it causes brittleness when the metal is red hot, or hotter. Silicon causes brittleness, but gives the metal the power to resist abrasion; one half of one per cent. silicon is a maximum. Manganese may be present up to oneâ€" fifth of one perâ€" cent; increase in manâ€" ganese increases the ductility and toughness and prevents the iron from combining with phosphorus and sulâ€" phur. Further increase up to 5.5 per cent. makes the steel ductile again but hard. Spot Welding This is a process dependent upon both heat and pressure, wherein the heat is produced by an electric curâ€" rent passing through the contact reâ€" sistance between two pieces of metal and the electrodes. The electrodes are usually of copâ€" per which close on the sheets to be welded and through the electrodes the pressure is applied. This process can be used for all metals. It proâ€" duces a weld which is much stronger than riveting and nearly as strong as the metal itself. Moreover, one spot weld makes a rigid joint, whereas one rivet allows the parts to rotate about it.â€" The electrical spot welder is largely limited to smallâ€"size jobs on account of the "reach" of the equipâ€" ment. By the term "reach" is meant the distance which the upper elecâ€" trode will extend over the plates beâ€" ing welded. This determines the size of job which can be done on a parâ€" ticular spot welding machine. This process is much faster than rivetting and the results are more lasting. It does not require an exâ€" perienced operator, as the welding simply consists in placing the plates in position in contact with the lower electrode, then bringing the upper Steel produced by the Bessemer or Open Hearth process may contain, in different proportions, any or all of the vanadium, and tungsten. The physiâ€" cal characteristics are determined by the percentage and kind of impuriâ€" ties present. Carbon is present in varying proâ€" portions in all grades of iron and steel. The proportion of free carbon is comparatively large in grey cast iron. In white iron the proportion of carbon is approximately the same as in gray iron, but it is in the comâ€" bined state. The annealing to proâ€" duce malleable castings has the efâ€" fect of freeing the carbon, producing purer iron. In steel the carbon conâ€" tent determines the tensile strength. Phc;sâ€"x;floir'ous is undesirable and causes brittleness when the metal is cold. Sulphur is equally undesirable erectrode down on top of them and turning on the electric current. The movement of the upper electrode is controlled by a lever, a little addiâ€" tional pull downwards on this turning on the current. The current is adâ€" justed at the beginning of the operaâ€" tion and is given a value suitable for the particular work which is to be aone. Compared with ordinary forge welding, the action is much more speedy and the metallic oxides, so troublesome to aâ€" blacksmith, are eliminated. % "The car should be provided with some means of getting gas to the cylâ€" inders on a cold morning, so that it will not be necessary to run the startâ€" ing motor for a period to exceed 30 seconds. Fifteen minutes of preparaâ€" tion before stepping on the starting pedal is more economical than runâ€" ning the starting motor two or three minutes. The storage battery, like a human being, has a fatigue limit; it can stand up as long as it is fed, but when its strength is gone it/ has to go to the charging hospital for reâ€" cuperation. The electrical system is not at fault. It is the gasoline sysâ€" tem that must be looked to. s On a great many ‘of the modern cars when the carburetor is properly adjusted and the choker is applied, the motor will start on the coldest morning without trouble, especially if warm water is used in the radiator. On some of the older models, with old designs of carburetors, which used to work successfully with the higher grade of gasoline that was obtainable three or four years ago, this is not A HOUSE THAT YOU WILL BE PROUD TO OWN POINIERERS ON STARTING JOLD CONTRARY MOTOR Raw gasoline vapor is better for starting when the manifold and cylâ€" inders are cold than a mixture‘ of gasoline and air. That is the funcâ€" tion of the choker. Of course a cerâ€" tain amount of air must enter the cylinder, even with the choker closed, because the gasoline will not burn without oxygen and the oxygen comes from the air. The reason a rich mixâ€" ture is superior to a lean one for cold weather starting is because there is more gasoline in the mixture; with an even temperature the condensation will be constant, and so there is a greater surplus of gas that will not condense. Furthermore, with the choker applied there is a greater sucâ€" tion concentrated on the gasoline,and it is this increased suction that draws the vapor from the liquid in greater quantities. For the same reason it is an assistâ€" ance to cold weather starting to prime the motor. The gasoline is then right on top of the piston, when the first bit of vapor will be fired by the plug. It does rnot have to be sucked through a long cold manifold which may conâ€" dense all of the gas before it gets to the cylinders. on the motorists and the storage batâ€" tery. Much energy, both human and electrical, are dissipated in ‘throwing‘ a cold motor "over"â€"‘"swinging her" as the vernacular phrase has it, says The Canadian Motorist. A motor may be cranked till doomsday without a response if an explosion mixture is not introduced into the cylinders and ignited. . A few words on this score are seasonable and may be of considâ€" erable value to motorists unlettered in the winter propensities of motors. The vaporizing proclivities of gasoâ€" line increase in direct proportion to the heat which surrounds the gasoâ€" line. So, for the same reason, gasoâ€" line vapor will stay suspended longer â€"that is, it will not condense when once vaporized when it is within a warmer container. There is no mySsâ€" tery connected with the obstinacy of a cold motor to start. Gasoline is a very volatile liquid and will vaporize at comparatively low temperatures, It will condense just as rapidly unless the temperature is brought up, and this condensation in cold motors is the root of most of the evil. Starting a cold, stiff motor these frigid mornings, is apt to be trying Craxr amoUNT BUYS ALL THE LUMEECR, LaYH, sfdiiIN@N®UuLrs, cvoUurs, SaS, KLITâ€" CHEN CABINET, BUFFET, DININGâ€"ROOM WOOD, MANTELS, ETC., COMPLETE READY FOR PUTTING TOGETHER. THAT MEANS ALL THE MILL WORK DONE. GANADA LUMBER G0O., LTD., WESTON To be continued WHOLESALE AND RETAIL First, the air valve of the carbureâ€" tor should be closed. If there is no choker vailve stuff a piece of cloth inâ€" to the air intake. Soak the cloth in gasoline as an added inducement for the cylinders to take food. Then prime the motor. If â€" there are no. priming cups remove the spark plugs and pour gasoline through the holes, or buy a set of the combination spark plugs and primers that are on the market. Then wrap the manifold with a large turkish towel soaked in boiling hot water. kLeave the towel on for a minute 6P #9, then step on the starting pedal. If all these preparaâ€" tions fail there are three other possiâ€" bilities: The intake valves are not opening wide enough, the mixture is altogether too lean, or the carburetor is antiquatedâ€"it will not vaporize the present low grade of fuel. Remeâ€" dies are, in their respective order, to lake up the play in the intake valve stems, to turn up the needle valve adâ€" justment, and to buy a new and modâ€" ern carburetor. worst case possible and go through all the steps necessary to start the worst motor. Miss Kate Snider entertained the Elia Community Club at her home on Friday evening, December 5th. The opening chorus, ‘"I‘m Forever Blowing Bubbles," was sung enthusiastically by everybody. The President of the Club, Miss Edna Snider, occuped the chair. Mr. Frank Thompson gave an interesting account of his home town, Teeswater. A very pretty piece of poetry entitled "The Creed of the Bells," was read by Mrs. M. E. Snidâ€" er. . A short sketch of Southampton, his home town, was given by Mr. Walâ€" ter Knechtel. Following these items was a tree guessing contest, arranged by Mrs. M. E. Snider. There were partners chosen for this and the reâ€" sult was a tie between Mr, Paul Snidâ€" er with his partner, Miss Vera Jackâ€" son, and Mr. Art Stong with his partâ€" ner, Miss Kate Snider. Progressive euchre was played until the serving of refreshments,. The meeting broke up in the usual manner with song and cheer. sct The Elia Farmers‘ Club met at the home of Mr. William Buchanan on Thursday evening, December 4th. The farmers took their wives and after the business was dispensed with a general social evening was spent. Very successful anniversary services were held in the Elia Methodist Church in the morning and evening of Sunday, December ith. Rev. Mr. Baker, of Toronto, a former pastor, conducted the morning service and the Rev. Mr. Chantler, of Mount Denâ€" nis, conducted the evening service. The annual Christmas . entertainâ€" ment in connection â€" with Rifchview Sunday School will be held in the Church on Friday evening, December 19th. A good programme is bheing prepared by the children and at the close Santa Claus will pay his annual visit and distribute the ‘preseuts. On the following Sunday special services will be held. Music by the school. A cordial invitation is extended to all to attend these services. milk to mix Miss Mabel Hagerman, of Toronto, spent the week end at the home of her friend, Miss Kate Snider. MisseElla Jackson entertained Miss May Shortt, formerly of Elia, now of Toronto, aver Sunday. Â¥ English Plum Pudding Two oz. almonds, blanched and chopped; one pound each ra.isins, curâ€" rants and Sultanas, well washed, dried and seeded; half a pound of bread crumbs, threeâ€"quarter pound mixed peel, half a pound of flour, threeâ€" quarter pourd granulated sugar, one nutmeg, grated, one pound beef suet chopped fine, eight eggs and enough See the compact layout. Every inch of space used. Large fireplace 1« the living roomt, rarge cGining yeom, good, wellâ€" Aighted kitchen and bedrooms. This plan and specifications go with every sale and save you money. 3+ & y Look at This Plan RICHVIEW ELIA Steamed Christmas Pudding (Eggless) One and a half cups flour, one cup brown sugar, one cup suet, one cup grated raw potato, one cup gTratâ€" ed raw carrots, one cup bread crumbs, two cups raisins, two cups currants, threeâ€"quarter cup mixed peel, two teaspoons baking powder, one teaâ€" spoon each allspice, mace, cinnamon and grated nutmeg. Mix well toâ€" gether and steam in greased moulds for three hours.â€"Mrs. A. P. R. Stratford. Canadian Christmas Pudding One pound granulated sugar, a pound and a half of raisins and eurâ€" rants each, half a pound of mixed peel, one pound suet, half a pound of bread crumbs, five eggs, two cups of flour, one grated nutmeg and two medium sized grated carrots. Juice and rind of two lemons. Wet this with milk, let stand a day or two, then add one teaspoon baking soda, mix well and steam (three hours).â€"â€" Mrs. H. C. C., ‘Foronto: Mince Meat Boil four pounds carrots, mash. Add two pounds raisins and one pound each currants, mixed peel and chopped suet, one teaspoon salt and two teaspoons each cinnamon, nutâ€" meg, cloves, 24 medium sized apples cut fine, and enough cider vinegar and brown sugar to suit taste. Boil slowly for half an hour.â€"S. C., Toâ€" ronto. Foamy Sauce Half a cup of butter or margarine, one cup of powdered sugar, one teaâ€" spoon vanilla, 2 teaspoons fruit juice, one quarter cup boiling water, white of one egg, well beaten. Cream the butter, add the sugar, vanilla and fruit juice. Just before serving add the boiling water,. Stir well, add the egg, and beat until foamy. Lemon Sauce One cup sugar, one cup milk, one teaspoon cornstarch, ome tablespoon butter, a tablespoon and a half of lemon juice, and one eighth teaspoon salt. Mix sugar and cornstarch. Add the milk gradually, and boil five minâ€" utes, stirring constantly. A doubleâ€" boiler is best for this. Remove from fire, add butter and lemon juice gradâ€" ually. One cup brown sugar. 1 tablespoon butter. 2 eggs. 1 cup sweet milk. 3 cups flour sifted, with 2 teaspoons of baking powder 1 teaspoon ecach nutmeg, cinnamon and cloves. Bake in moderate oven 30 minutes. (a) It was not understood by the executive on Sept. 26th, 1919, when the finding of the Fair Price Comâ€" mittee was given to the Board, that the $3.10 price was a maximum fixed for the winter. ~ Caramel Sauce One cup granulated sugar, one cup water, a ‘teaspoon of butter, vanilla. Put the sugar in a saucepan, and stir over a quick fire until sugar becomes amber color. Then add the water, and let boil two minutes. Add the butter and flavoring. Serve cold. At the request of the Ontario Milk and Cream Producers‘ Association, a special meeting of the Board of Comâ€" merce was held last week to consider the price paid to the producer by the Toronto dairies. The milk executive put forward the following reasons why the price of $3.10 for an cightâ€"gallon can of milk was not a fair one: MILK PRODUCERS WANT HIGHER WINTER PRICE TESTED RECIPES Spice Cake The monthly meeting of the above Association took place in the school auditorium on Wednesday, Dec. 3, at 3.30 p.m. There was a vety good attendance, and the meeting was one of the best that the Association has held. ‘The Principal of the School, Mr. Mole, read a most interesting paâ€" per on the subject of libraries in general, and the Carnegie building fund in particular. Mr. Mole thorâ€" oughly explained the Carnegie Public Library Building Fund, just what it would mean to New Toronto, and the benefits we should derive from such a building.. His address was most inâ€" teresting. Miss Isabel Ironside gave a piano solo and Miss Whitlam made an immense hit with her humorous 3 Make it an _ , Electrical Gift | BERT IRWIN Parents‘ and Teachers‘ Association Main Street, Weston Biggest Bargain Yet Lots 218‘ deep at Thistletown. Best of garden land, near school, store, good roads and street car service. Easy terms. Let me show you. A. M. OLDHAM| I have a limited number of these All Wool Large Size Army Blankets. To buy this quality in the stores would cost you double the price. STOP 16, LAKE SHORE SOUTH (2 doors east of corner) POST BOX NO. 7 WIRE LINES Army Blankets For Sale Eggâ€"0 Baking Powder Co., Limited, Hamilton, Canada FIXTURES, IRONS, TOASTERS, GRILLS, ETC. WIRING DONE 4 ESTIMATES FREE PHONE 271 RELEASED BY CANADIAN WAR COMMISSION CUTLERY, GRANITE AND ALUMINUM WARE BUILDERS‘ SUPPLIES All orders taken as before. OFFICE, 4 RAY AVE., MT. DENNIS % Phone Weston 354 SUGGESTIONS Electric Toasters _ Electric Fixtures Electric Trons _ Electric Lamps Electric Grill Plates _ Electric Decorations Electricâ€"Stoves _ Electric Heaters FOR SPEED, FOR CAREFULNESS FOR LOW CHARGES, FOR SATISEACTION BEATS THEM ALL â€" + Movings, Cartage or Express work handled Selling for Maclinnes Bros. Millar‘s Motor Truck Electrical Engineers and Contractors Main Street, Weston, Phone 271 F. CG. SKELTON 76 MAIN STREET, WESTON of is adnevrante. 0420 each At this price can‘t deliver. CLOTHES LINES Hardware Merchant OTHER LINES rearing entitled. "How Mr. Blank Trained the Baby." Miss Whitlam is certainly going to make a name for herself on the elocution platform. Her readings are always very much enjoyâ€" ed when she consents to favor us with them. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. The resignation of Mrs. Watts as treasurâ€" er was tendered and accepted, and. Mrs. Russell was elected to fill the vacant office. The programme for next year was discussed, and theâ€" printing of the programme cards was left in the hands of the executive. A most pleasing feature of the meeting was the serving of tea and cakes by the boys and girls of Miss Austin‘s class. It was done in a very nice way and everybody enjoyed the refreshâ€" ment so much more when so nicely. served. WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1919 48 Main St. MIMICO BEACH Telephone No. 16 ROPE LINES 38