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t We d A‘ N ' \(*é\) In the singleâ€"spot welder the power us supplied through a contactor to a transformer contained in the machâ€" ine. The secondary cireuit of this transformer consists of only one turn, which includes in the loop the élecâ€" trodes and metal being welded. Onâ€" account of the extent of the "reach" the secondary circuit becomes a reâ€" actance loop of greater or less length. Due to the large currents in this loop, the reactance becomes an objectionâ€" able feature and, in order to overâ€" come this difficulty, thé duplexâ€"spot welder was brought out. (Continued from former issue) { The spbt welding machine has not|{ been overlooked in the progress of I recent years; various radical changes and improvements have been made. While either alternating or direct curâ€" rency may be used, the ease and efâ€" ficiency with which alternating curâ€" rent may be transformed into curâ€" rents of high amperage render it most suitable. _ In the duplexâ€"type of welder, the secondary reactance loop is reduced to a minimum and is independent of the reach of the machine. Two comâ€" plete identical equipments are placed, one above and one below, the â€"plates being welded. Each equipment has two parallel electrodes and. contains oneâ€"half of the secondary loop. The upper electrodes are brougpt down on to the work in such a position that they are directly opposite the clecâ€" trodes of the lower equipment. The secondary currents then circulate downwards through the plates on one side and up on the other side, thus giving higher efficiency by avoiding a long loop with its additional resisâ€" tance and reactance, Also, while the equipments are identical, currents of any appreciable value will not pass horizontally in the plates. Electric Fusion Welding Both welding and cutting by means of the electric are will be considered under this heading. In these proâ€" cesses, the electric are is used merely for the production of a high temperaâ€" ture ranging from 6300 degrees F. to T300 degrees F. * Line welding is a branch ‘of spot welding producing a joint similar to a line of rivets, but stronger and water tight. "In regard to my condition, I will say that I suffered from childhood from a very weak back; I had the misfortune of having spinal neningitis when I was one year old and until I was 13 I did not see a well day, but a very kind lady told my mother about Dr. Pierce‘s Favorite Prescription and she got a bottle to try it. It did me so much good that mother got me 6 bottles. Recentâ€" ly I happened with a car accident and hurt my back badly. My doctor gave me up and said I would not live, but I still stick to Dr. Pierce‘s Favorite Prescription and to my surprise in three weeks I was out of bed and better. I owe my life to it and nothing else, and shall never be without it. Arec welding is specially suited to work as (a) joining of plates or broken parts; (b) building up parts worn by use; (c) filling blowholes in defective parts; (d) caulking joints. "If any sufferer wishes to write I will answer with pleasure.‘‘â€"â€"MRS. NOEL BARTHOLOMEW. Brampton, Ont.:â€"‘"About five years ago I began suffering with woman‘s trouble. I became all runâ€"down (m) x weak and neryous. g wsltn yPy n . was so complete fl‘ Fodg â€"‘»@)4' down and out that I +106 §27) could not do anyâ€" §B" thing, could scarcely H fl @) â€" dress myself. I had ~â€"~_ Kst the doctor and took As~ T other medicine but ,__fi without getting betâ€" ( s ter until I_began M . t, %‘a.king Dr. PPlerce's )x viofte e Favorite rescripâ€" m \ E tion and his Golden s 15 Medical Discovery. It was only necesâ€" sary for me to take about three bottles when I was completely restored to health and strength and I have been in better health than I ever was before. I have had no use for medicine since, but should I need it I would take these same remedies, knowing them to be excellent.‘"â€"MRS. HARRY Ft. Saskatchewan, Alta.â€"‘"It is with great pleasure that I write the following and I hope it will help the many sufferers who do not know the good Dr. Pierce‘s mediâ€" cines would do them if they would try them. Before proceeding to make a repail or toâ€" build up worn parts by the electric are welding process, the maâ€" terial must be prepared for the operaâ€" tion. All scale, grease and dirt must be removed from the part on which the welding is to be done in order to avoid impurities in the weld. For this, a file, chisel, wire brush or sand blast may be used. The material must then be shaped in such a way that KNIGHT, Jessie St. A Witness Testifies SHE WAS WEAK AND NERVOUS HENDERSON‘S $s SHOX ELECTRIC WELDING QOWES HER LIFE The People‘s Shoe Store TEA is good tea \ ia o aeeh ds i (e CR ‘ ie 6 i o 5t t M 3 To Ee ud " hh P l tA BJ i a T 19 ‘ A w\ B9 5(2 Now sold in a new waxed board package â€" a great improvement over the old lead package Sold only in sealed packages MPHERSONS Having prepared the material in the part to be welded, the two leads from the direct current welding panel are brought along and the positive lead connected securely to the piece . of metal on which the work is to be done; the "job" then becomes the positive electrode. The negative lead is connected to the "electrode holdâ€" er," a device for gripping a piece Of welding wire or stick of carbon, and sufficiently light in weight to be manipulated with one hand by the 0pâ€" erator. The carbon electrode demands a much more massive holder than the metallic electrode on account of the greater heat generated with the carâ€" bon. This negative electrode, either carbon or metallic,.will hereafter be referred to simply as the "electrode." The polarity as just mentioned is a very important point. It is estimated that seventyâ€"five per cent. of the heat develepoed by an are is at the positive electrode, the remainder being senâ€" erated at the negative electrode and in the vapor of the are itself. The picce of metal being repaired ‘has usually a much higher thermalâ€"capacity than the electrode, so that py properly conâ€" necting the leads we get the heat deâ€" veloped just where it is required, and in sufficient quautity to keep the temâ€" perature of the metal up to melting point in spite of the fact that heat is lost by conduction‘in the material. Alâ€" so it reduces the rate of melting of the electrode material giving the welder better control .of the operation. In a case where a carbon electrode is used, having the polarity right prevents unâ€" consumed particles of carbon being carried into the weld and causing hardness. A reversed polarity gives an unstable are and the added metal is a spongy deposit with a hard and scaly surface. â€" For, electric are welding, both diâ€" rect current ‘and alternating current are used. As these differ widely in the nature of the equipment used, and more or.less widely in the results obâ€" tained, it seems advisable to discuss each separately, taking first the one most commonly used, namely, direct current. & 4 the new metal being added will touch the original metal over a fairly large surface giving opportunity for good fusion to produce a strong weld. Having made certain that the polarâ€" ity of our connections is correct, the are is now struck by touching the electrode to the piece of material on which the operation is to be performâ€" ed and pulling away again a short disâ€" tance, establishing the arc. If a carâ€" bon electrode be used a filler will be required and must be fed into the weld in just the same manner as with the oxyâ€"acetylene process. When meâ€" tallic electrodes are used the electrode itself acts as the filler. The operator moves the electrode over the work at a distance of about 3â€"16 inch. The fusing electrode (or filler) gradually fills up the space attaching itself to the parent metal and becoming a part In cutting with the carbon are it is advisable to use the heaviest curâ€" rent possible. By doing so the cutâ€" ting speed is increased and labor cost reduced in consequence. The speed of cutting increases roughly in proporâ€" tion to the current used. There are several grades of carbon used for elâ€" ectrodes: (a) The plain hard carbon for ordinary use; (b) copper coated carbon with high conductivity; (c) graphite rods, soft, for use on high current density. The latter two grades are more or less special and may be used by certain operators who prefer them. In welding with these electrodes, the filler does not traverse the arc WeldingLrlnay be done at any angle, on the horizontal, vertical or. overâ€" head. While the British Admiralty avoid overhead welding unless absoâ€" lutely necessary, a considerable amount of it is done in America. It is claimed to be merely a matter of training operators. The operation on overhead work is similar to normal welding except that there is some difâ€" ficulty in holding the electrode steady in the cramped position usually reâ€" quired. With #& steady aro length. however, successful work can be done. The carbon electrode is not applicable for overhead welding. Carbon Electrodes Where welding or cutting is done with carbon electrodes the current used may range from 100 to 1000 amperes, and the voltage required will be from 40 to 50 volts. The diaâ€" meter of the electrode is suited to the current used according to the followâ€" ing table. The length of the carbon does not usually exceed 12 inches: of the original material. An extra supply of metal may be added and machined down to desired size when cooled. As soon as the metal in the weld begins to cool it should be hamâ€" mered in order to reduce sponginess, to qualize the strain and to give the metal a finer grain. Diameter of electrodeâ€"1â€"4 inch, 1â€"2 inch, 3â€"4 inch. Maximum currentâ€" 100 amp., 300 amp., 1000 amp. HOCKEY BOOTS McPherson‘s Lightning Hitch and other makes. SPATTS All colors to suit any shade. SLIPPERS Felts and Leathers for all. SNAGG RUBBERS Six different kinds to pick _ from. SCHOOL BOOTS A new line in at old prices. REPAIRING Done to suit, just as you ask Done to suit,. Just as you ask it. Main Street, Weston on its behalf. In cases where these are used, the covering melts with the electrode material and forms a protecâ€" tiveâ€" slag on the surface of the deposâ€" ited metal, therehy keeping away the oxygen of the atmosphere and preâ€" venting oxidation. The British Adâ€" miralty use the coated electrode for all welding work. It is American pracâ€" tice, however, to use the bare elecâ€" trode with a fairly large percentage of manganese which tends also. to preâ€" vent oxidation by reducing any oxide formed. The Emergency Fleet Corâ€" poration of the United States have clearly demonstrated that bare elecâ€" trode welding produces just as satisâ€" factory results as those obtained with flux covered electrodes and they claim, thereforée, that the use of the expensive flux covered electrode is not justified. In Canada, the bare metalâ€" lic electrode is used most extensively, manufacturers and welders being inâ€" clined to think that the flux coating is an unnecessary adjunct. S 1â€"8 T5 ampsa) 1â€"16,. 3â€"52 1â€"2 125 amps. 1â€"8 5â€"8 155 amps. bâ€"32 above 5â€"8 175 amps. 3â€"16 It is claimed that the metallic elec trode gives greater speed in the deâ€" positionâ€"of metal than the carbon elâ€" ectrode. With the mild steel electrodes containg ‘various elements, such as carbon, nickel, silicon, vanadium and chromium, one is inclined to think that these metals will all be found in the deposited metal, but oxidation is more or less complete with the reâ€" sult that these metals are almost comâ€" pletely oxidized away, leaving the sulâ€" phur and phosphorus, which are usuâ€" ally present, in the same proportions as in the original electrode. The deâ€" posited metal is a fairly pure cast steel with only traces of the elements conâ€" tained in the electrode material, Too much oxidation of the original fillingâ€" in material will produce porous, sponâ€" gy and generally unsatisfactory welds. The silicon and manganese, acting as powerful reducing agents tend to preâ€" vent excessive oxidation of the elecâ€" trode material. The coatings used are of two classâ€" esâ€"(a) those which form a liquid slag which finally solidifies on the surface of the weld and is machined off and (b) those which volatilize at tle temperature of welding. _ With the flux which volatilizes easâ€" ily, the effect of its presence will be chiefly an oxidizing of the carbon Some manufacturers produze a covâ€" ered electrode making certain claims There are some points in connection with the use of carhon electrodes for welding which tend to favor the use of the metallic electrode in their stead. ‘These are: (a) Liability of carbon being carried into the depositâ€" ed material thereby reducing ductility and, (b) difficulty of obtaining good fusion due to the tendency of depositâ€" ed metal to overlap on the original metal; (c) requiring more skill to manipulate than the metallic elecâ€" trode; (d) very hot are causing disâ€" comfort to the operator and resulting in lower efficiency; (e) greater coolâ€" ing stresses are developed since large areas of material are heated, .. . Mctallic Electrodes These electrodes consist of rods of fairly pure iron or mild steel about 1â€"16 to 3â€"16 inches in diameter, the choice of diameter being made in acâ€" cordance with the thickness of the plate. The current used ranges from TB tp 180 amperes, with a voltage of 15 to 30 volts. The voltage used does not affect the composition of the weld.‘ The following table gives the curâ€" rents and electrode diameters used in joining steel plates: e : Thickness _ Maximum _ Diameter of of plate in in. Current Electrode in inches 1â€"8 To amps.) 1â€"16, 3â€"332 but is fed in by the operator, melted by the are and deposited in the weld. Scerap material should not be used for filler as it introduces impurities into the weld.. The are will be more steady if the end of the carbon be tapered. For this reason carbons supplied are usually tapered at the are end but ordinary flat ended carbons may be procured. The Season‘s Greetings GANADA LUMBER G0., LTD., WESTON XMAS, 1919 MAY CHRISTMAS BRING YOU HAPPY RECOLLECTIONS AND TRUE JOYS AND THE NEW YEAR NEW HAPPINESS AND which would otherwise be carried into the weld. This will disappear as carâ€" bon dioxide gas. The liquid slig formâ€" ed from the other kind of coating tends to retain heat causing the weldâ€" ed part to cool more slowly thereby reducing strain. A coating of either kind permits the use of special alloys in the electrode and soâ€" leads to the manufacture of electrodes according to a definite formula for special work. There is, however, a liability of the slag itself contaminating the weld.. If ordinary care be taken and the work kept clean, a good weld can be made without flux, as demonstrated by Amâ€" erican welders. Considering now the joints used in the welding of boiler plate, we find that several different kinds are necesâ€" sary.. In the simple butt joint, Fig. 3, the deposited metal is actually in tenâ€" sion while it is in shear in the comâ€" monly used. lap, Fig. 4, and strap joints, Fig., 5. The butt joint shows strength of 90 per cent.â€"95 per cent. of that of the unperforated plate, and the weldâ€" ed overlap joint 10 to 80 per cent., while a triple riveted overlap joint showed only 65 to 70 per cent. of the strengthn of the original plate. Rivetâ€" ed joints have a tendency to slip past each other, shearing the rivets. Furâ€" ther, in riveting, good metal is removâ€" GREATER PROSPERITY QUR BEST WISHES TO YOU FOR A MERRY Eggâ€"O Baking Powder Co., Limited HMHamilton, Canada Weston Flour Mills EAGLE AVE. AND MAIN ST., WESTON AND JOYFUL CHRISTMAS IS WM. BARRATT, Mgtr. WHAT WE EXTEND carried into l ed to make way for softer metal, pear as carâ€" | while in welding the good material is d slig formâ€" | not removed and a continuous joint of of coating| harder and stronger material is built ig the weldâ€" | up.â€" The welded joint, though strongâ€" wly thereby l er than a riveted joint while under ng of either | continuous stresses, will only last pecial alloys | about 60 per cent. as long as a riveted leads to the joint under alternating stresses. Hence for ship construction . where stresses are liable to be large and frequently alternating, the welded joint must be carefully made and tested to be sure that it will not fail at a crucial momâ€" ent. i Such joints as the "Tee" joint, Fig. 6, or the ‘"Plug‘"‘ joint, Fig. 7, combine in some measure the features of butt and lap joints, and are used where conditions require such a joint. The plug joint is very much the same as a spot weld on thick material. ~ Fig. 8 illustrates a Tack weld. One pound dates, washed thoroughâ€" ly.. Cover with three cups water and let stand two hours. Strain and put liquid to boil, then add a cup and a half of granulated sugar . and the dates, stoned. Boil a few minutes, unâ€" til the dates become soft and then add half a box of powdered gelatine soakâ€" ed in threeâ€"quarters cup of water. Bring all to boiling point. 4 (Concluded in Dec. 15 issue) 39 3 Locust Avenue Girls Wanted 121 JOHN STREET _ BERT IRWIN Main Street, Weston TAILOR AND MEN‘S FURNISHER Main Street, Weston Make it an f Electrical Gift Lots 218‘ deep at Thistletown. Best of garden lan school, store, good roads and street car service. Eas;i Let me show you. 4 Biggest Bargain Yet FIXTURES, IRONS, TOASTERS, GRILLS, ETC. WIRING DONE ESTIMATES FREE PHONE 271 o BEST WISHES FOR es A BRIGHT AND JOYFUL CHRISTM.:AS All orders taken as before. OFFICE, 4 RAY AVE., MT. DENNIS Phone Weston 354 Electric Toasters _ Electric Fixtures Electric Irons â€" Electric Lamps Electric Grill Plates Electric Decorations Electric Stoves _ Electric Heaters W. E. COLEMAN Applyâ€" FOR SPEED, FOR CAREFULNESS FOR LOW CHARGES, FOR SATISFACTION WITH KIND REMEMBRANCE AND Remember We Have a Fine Selection of FANCY SILK SHIRTS SILK HOSE FOR MEN OR WOMEN NECKWEAR, WOOLLEN SCARES HANDKERCHIEFS, CASHMERE SOCKS ALL THE IDEALSâ€"GLOVEs _ Xmas Greeting GREETINGS Clean, Well Lighted and Heated Apartments Maclinnes Bros. Millar‘s Motor Truck * Movings, Cartage Electrical Engineers and Contractors Main Street, Weston, Phone 271 76 MAIN STREET, WESTON FOR LIGHT TABLE WORK Mrs. Simpson . OLDHAM BEATS THEM ALL Hardware Merchant SUGGESTIONS . 8. WARN GOOD wWAGES Builder or Express work handled WE EDNES SDAY, DECEMEER 24. 1919 48 Mai Telephone No. 16 MOUNT DENNIS Phone 2 WESTON Poa