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il BOLLETTINO ITALO--CANADESE It is not true, as an Italian economist of the old "Liberal Economy" has said, that the trusts, the syndicates and the pools' system of economy is an outcome of the War. This is not true, as the first coal pool in Germany, as agreed at Dort-- mund, dates as far back as 1879, while in 1905 -- th at is 10 years before the great War -- there were in Germany as many as 62 pools; of these, one was for potash (1904), one for sugar (1903), 10 for glass-- ware industries. During that lapse there grew up in Germa-- ny from 500 to 700 pools which fully handled and ruled indus-- try and commerce in that Coun-- try. Meanwhile in France there were being formed in 1877 the Longwy metallurgic industrial office, in 1888 that for petrole-- What is the consequence of all this? The end of free compe-- tition. The margins of profit having grown smaller, the ca-- pitalistic undertaking finds it better to unite and work in com-- mon, sharing in common, mark-- ets and profits. This they find more convenient than to strug-- gle in contrast. Offer and bid is no longer a ruling dogma, since pools and trusts handle the whole operation. At the end, this coalized Capitalism turns to the State. What is it asking for? It seeks Customs protection. In this way, "Libe-- rism" which is but a vast as-- pect of the liberalistic economic doctrine, receives its final blow. (Continued from page one) take the lead. I shall not indul-- ge in commenting on the dif-- ference between each of these four institutions: it is not gre-- at, or hardly so. The difference lies between imposts and taxes. Economists have not yet defi-- ned them, but the contributor knows that when he presents himself at the cashier's win-- dow, it is useless to discuss; whether it be an impost or a tax, he must pay . um, and in 1881 all the Insuran-- ce Companies had joined to act as one single body. In Austria the iron pool was formed in 1873. Meanwhile, even interna-- tional combinations of the kind make their show aside from the domestic ones. There are the bottle manufacturing syndica-- tes formed in 1907, those for glass and mirrors, in 1909, for-- med by French, English, Aus-- trian and Italian elements. The railway rolling stock ma-- nufacturers unite together in-- ternationally in 1904; the zinc syndicate takes up work in 1899. Englishmen and Chilians form a nitrate pool in 1901. Briefly, the chemical, the tis-- sue, the navigation trusts, and others, are all formed during the period preceding the War. I have a whole list of such trusts, both national and international. with which, however, I shall not annoy you by citing. We may say, in conclusion, that there is no sector of economical life, either in Europe or in America where these forces characteriz-- ing Capitalism are not evident. Ì "'% K""\ S. è e e $ -- 2 i #$000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 6 £287 CLAREMONT ST. reu LL. O101 $ * TORONTO -- ONTARIO $ #$0000000040009000000008009000000000000000000000000004 The New Order MONETA ITALIANA FRANCOBOLLI ITALIANI L M. MISSORI & CO. Agenzia di Navigazione The Country, in fact, which, as first, fixes insurmountable barriers, is America. Even En-- gland, abjuring all that seemed traditional in her economical, political and moral life, enfor-- ces an ever harsher protective regime. Next comes the War. Once the War is over, as a con-- sequence thereof, capitalistic enterprises _ become inflated ; from the million mark they step to the billion. These so--cal-- led vertical constructions seen from the distance give the im-- pression of something monstro-- us and babellic. The same di-- mensions of the enterprise sur-- pass all man's possibilities. On-- ce it was the spirit to rule over the matter, now it is the mat-- ter that domineers the spirit; what was physiology has now become pathology. In a few words, all is abnormal. Two men--for in every hu-- man vicissitude the representa-- tive ones are those who spring forth along the horizon--iden-- tify this situation: they are Kreuger, the Swedish match-- maker, and , Insull, the Ameri-- can jobber. With the cruel sin-- cerity that is a Fascist habit, we shall add that in Italy as well there have been some spe-- cimens of the kind ; these, how-- ever, in the lump, have not re-- ached peaks so high. "Capitalism" having come to this phase, draws its inspirati-- on and justification from . an utopia: that of unlimited con-- sumption. The capitalistic ideal would be that of standardizing mankind from its cradle to its coffin. Supercapitalism would covet to have all men born of the same size so as to fit them in the same sized cradles; they would welcome children playing with the same toys, men dres-- sed in the same clothes, reading the same books, relishing the same films; in short, they wo-- uld wish to see all men appeal-- ing for the so--called utilitarian machine; which fact, after all, is not a mere fancy, but even logical, in so far as supercapi-- talism may trace out its plans in this manner. we have arrived at the moment w h e n capitalistic enterprise, having fallen into difficulty, throws itself desperately in the , State's arms. This is the in-ì stant when the State's interven-- tion becomes more and more ne-- cessary, and is fretfully sought just by those who ignored it. We are at a point that were the States to fall asleep for 24 ho-- urs, a parenthesis of the kind would suffice to determine a disaster. There is now no eco-- nomical field in which the State has not but to intervene. Had we to yield -- just as an hypo-- thesis -- to this last kind of Capitalism, we would a rrive straight at "State Capitalism" which is nothing else but "Sta-- te Socialism" capsized. Taken either way, it would mean the handling of the national econo-- my by the officials of the State. All this f®@ms the crisis of the capitalistic system -- considered When does capitalistic under-- taking cease to be an economic-- al fact? It is when its size leads it to become a social one. Now, ATTI _ NOTARILI ATTI DI RICHIAMO in its universal sense; but for us there is a specific crisis which particularly regards us as Italians and Europeans, sin-- ce there is a typical European crisis at stake. Europe is no longer the Continent that di-- rects human civilization: this is a dramatic statement which men who have the duty to think, should consider and have others do. There was a time when Europe ruled the world politically, spiritually and econ-- omically. It did so politically, through its political instituti-- ons; > spiritually, through all that Europe has produced with its spirit along past centuries; economically, as being the sole Continent strongly industriali-- zed. Beyond the Atlantic, how-- ever, there have been growing and developing great industrial and capitalistic ente r pr i s e s, while Japan, in the Far East, after getting into touch with E urope through the war in 1905, has kept advancing west-- wardly at quick pace. Here the problem is political. I use this word, inasmuch as this Assembly is exquisitely a political one. Europe may still attempt to take over the rudder of universal civilization, were we to find a 'minimum' of poli-- tical unity. We must follow what we have constantly plan-- ned: a political European un-- derstanding cannot be attained unless we remedy, beforehand, some great injustices which ha-- ve been committed. We have now arrived at an extremely se-- rious point of this situation. The "League of Nations" has lost all that might have given it a. political signification and an historical value. The very same one who invented it has kept far from it; Russia, the United States, Japan and Germany are absent. This League , started out on principles which, as ex-- pressed, are appealing, but once anatomized and sectioned prove to be absurd. Which other dip-- lomatic act is fit to place the States in touch with one an-- other ? Locarno ? But Locarno is something else; it has nothing to do with disarmament. We cannot pass that way .. "There has been much silence lately over the "Four--hand--in-- hand Covenant"; no--one speaks about it, but all think of it. It is just for this that we do not propose to take it up anew, or to overhasten the time of a si-- tuation that logically, and fatal-- ly keeps ripening. Now, let us ask ourselves this: Is Italy a capitalistic Co-- untry ? Have you ever thought of it? Well, if for "Capitalism" we mean to say the assemblage of uses, customs, and technical progress now common to all Nations, we might hold Italy as a capitalistic Country as well; but if we go deeper into the si-- tuation, and examine it from a static viewpoint, that is, refer-- ring our scrutiny to the masses of the various economical cate-- gories of the populations, we must conclude, by our findings, that Italy is not a capitalistic Country in the common mean-- ing of this word. The farmers who work their own lands, at the date of April 21st, 1931 number -- 2,943,000, farm tenants, 858,000, metayers and husbandmen 1,631,000, the other -- countrymen, handerafts men, country day--labourers sum up to 2,475,000, making, all told, a total of 7,900,000 men engaged in tillage work. . The industrial craft to ta l s: 523,000; tradesmen, 841,000, | artisans, both subalterns and masters 724,000; labourers on | salary, 4,238,000; servants, 849,000; the armed forces of | the State, 541,000, these latter including the police body. Tho-- se engaged in professional work and free arts number 553,000; public : and private employees, 905,000; forming, thus, with both groups, a total of 17 mil-- lions. | Proprietors and wealthy peo-- ple are few in Italy: 201,000. There are 1,945,000 students, and 11,244,000 housekeepers. There are 1,295,000 persons en-- gaged in various unprofession-- al activities. You can see from this schedule how Italian econ-- omy is varied and complex, not Is Italy a Capitalistic Country? to be defined through a single type, and owing to the fact that the industrial --craft w h ic h sh ow s an imposing total of 523,000 constituents, is formed by parties having, almost enti-- rely small concerns. The small firms engage from 50 to a max-- imum of 500 workmen; the lar-- ger ones employ from 500 to 5000 or even 6000 men. Above this we have the great indus-- try, and sometimes we break into supercapitalism. This table shows us also how Karl Marx was wrong in claiming, with his apocalytical plans, that man-- kind might be divided into two uprightly distinct and irrecon-- cilable classes. Italy, in my opinion, should remain as a mixed economy Na-- tion, with a strong agricultural activity, which is the base of all . This is so true that the slight revival in industry,of la-- te, is due -- as is the opinion of competents -- to the fair crops of the last years. She should, f u rt h er m ore, have a small, medium but sound industry, a Bank foreign to speculation, and a trade responding to its unreplaceable function, that of rapidly and rationally convey-- ing the goods to the consumer. In my declaration as present-- ed last evening, I gave a defini-- tion of the "Corporation", such as we understand it and want it to be. We have as well defined its scopes. We have ~said that such a "Corporation" is formed in view of the development of the wealth of Italy, her political power and her welfare, which three conditions are well subor-- dinate, one to another. Political strength creates wealth, while wealth, in its turn, invigorates political action. * I wish to call your attention to what is mentioned as our scope, namely the Italians' wel-- fare. It is necessary that at a certain moment the institutions which we have created shall be felt and identified by the mas-- ses as instruments by means of and through which they impro-- ve their lives' level. The labourer, the husband-- man, should be brought at a certain moment to tell himself and his dear ones: "Tf I am bet-- ter off today, I owe .it to the in-- stitutions which ' the Fascist Revolution has created". | The very same bureaucracy is not today, nor will it be even less, tomorrow, a diaphragm between &he action of the State and the interest and require-- ments of the Italian people. I feel sure that the Italian bure-- aucracy -- which is indeed ad-- \mirable -- will tomorrow work, as it has heretofore, with equal 'vigor, together with the "Cor-- porations", every time the solu-- tion of problems will call for 'more valuable assistance. In all Countries there is a branch where poverty unavo-- idably lodges; there is an ali-- quot of people who live at the margin of social intercourse. Special institutions take care of these. What should grieve us is the misery of healthy and sound men who eagerly « but invain seek work. We want to have Italia n workmen -- we are, of course, interested in these as Italians, as laborers, as Fascists--to feel that we are forming instituti-- ons not merely for the sake of giving shape to our doctrinal plans, but such as shall give, at a certain moment, positive, con-- crete, practical, tangible results. I shall not go over the conci-- liatory task that the "Corpor-- ation" might exercise, nor do I see any inconvenience in prac-- ticing consulting means. It al-- ready happens that every time the Government has to provide for matters of certain impor-- tance it appeals to the interes-- ted parties, and if, some day, such advisory means were to become obligatory, there would be no harm, as all that brings the citizen near to the State, and makes him penetrate into its gear, is useful to the social and national objects of Fascism. "Our State is not an absolute one, nor is it absolutist; not far from men and merely armed with inflexible laws. Ours is an 0rgantc,.._human State that wants to adhere to 'the reality of life . ". What has, however, most eagerly interested this Assem-- bly, is the idea of proposing to confer upon the National Coun-- cil of Corporations legislative power. Someone, -- anticipating events, has even spoken of the liquidation of the present Ho-- use of Deputies. Let us explain. The present body of Deputi-- es, since the present legislature is about' to expire, should be dismissed. Secondly, as there is not sufficient time during these months to form the new corporate institutes, the House will be dismissed following the same method of 1929. The Hou-- sé at a certain moment. shall have to decide on its own des-- tiny. Are there some Fascists who would weep over such an hypothesis? If so, let them know that we, shall not wipe their tears! It is quite conceivable that a National Council of the Corpor-- ations might replace in full the House of Deputies. As a mat-- ter of fact I have never liked this House: it is now anacronis-- tic even in its title; it is an in-- stitute that we have found, which is foreign to our mentali-- ty and to our Fascist passion. It presupposes a world that we have demolished; it greets a plurality of Parties which more than often become targets to reciprocal attacks. Since the instant in which we have annul-- led the plurality of Parties, the House has lost the essential re-- ason for which it was formed. Almost all of the F'a s c is t Members of the present Cham-- ber of Deputies have been at the height of their faith, and we should have reason to believe that. their blood must be very good, as they have not dropped into that atmosphere which re-- calls so much of the past. All This will take place short-- ly, as we need not precipitate events. What is important is to establish the principle, as it is from this that we draw our fa-- tal consequences. When on the 13th of Janua-- ry, 1923,the "Grand Council" was formed some superficial minds may have thought that an institute had been created. No. On that day the political liberalism was buried. At the moment that the "Mi-- litia"' -- the armed garrison of the Party and of the Revoluti-- on -- was formed, and the "Grand Council" -- the supre-- me organ of that Revolution-- rose, a final blow was hurled at all that sounded. theory and practice of lfberalism. We dro-- ve, then, directly into the road of our Revolution.. "Corporation is playing its ga-- me in the economical field, such as did the 'Grand Council' and the 'Militia', in the political. Corporation means a disciplined and therefore a controlled econ-- omy, since there can be no dis-- cipline which is not controlled. 'Corporatism' overcomes 'So-- cialism' as well as it does 'Li-- beralism'; it creates 2 new syn-- thesis. "Today we are burying econ-- omical liberalism.. "There is a fact which has not been sufficiently reflected upon, and this is that the decline of 'Capitalism' coincides with that of 'Socialism'. All Socia-- list Parties in Europe have be-- come smashed!" I am not spe-- aking of Italy and Germany alone, but also of other Coun-- tries. Evidently, the two phe-- nomena, I shall not say, were conditioned one to the other, from a strictly logical viewpo-- int; there was, however, bet-- ween one another, a simultane-- ousness of historical order. "This is why corporate econo-- my rises at a determined his-- torical moment, that is, when the two concomitant phenome-- Decline of Capitalism and Socialism na -- Capitalism and So ci-- alism -- have already given all they could. From them both, we are inheriting what they had of vital importance. We have rejected the theory of the "economic man'"' --the hN-- beral economy. We have reared every time we have heard it said that work is a merchandi-- se. The "economic man" does not exist; there exists the '"in-- tegral man", who is political, economical and religious; one who is saint; one who is a war-- rior . "Today we are making an-- other decisive step on the road of Revolution." Justly, comrade Tassinari has said that a revolution, to be great, to strike a deep impres-- sion upon the life of a people, and in history, has to be social. If you sip deep, you will find that the French Revolution was eminently a social one, since ;Ì demolished all that still remaing ed of middle--ages, from turn-- pike moneys to corvees; it was social inasmuch as it roused that vast upsetting of every-- thing that meant land distribu-- tion in France, and created tho se millions of proprietors, wh have formed and still form e, of the solid and sound forces }that Country . 3 Otherwise, everyone will ha-- ve thought he made a revoluti-- on. Revolution is a serious thing; it is not a conspiration of palace, nor is it a change in the State Departments, or the advent of one Party supplant-- ing another. It is laughable to read that in 1876, the fact that the "Sinistra'"' had gotten into power, was defined a revoluti-- Let us, finally, ask ourselves this question: Can "Corpora-- tism" be applied in all other Countries? We must ask our-- selves this as a solution is be-- ing tried in all Countries, whe-- re the matter is studied. There is no doubt that, on account of the general crisis of "Capita-- lism", some corporate solution shall impose itself everywhere. However, to render "Corpora-- tism" fully complete, integral and revolutionary, three condi-- tions, are needed to wit: firstly, a single Party, which allows a combined action 'between a po-- litical and economical discipline, which may bind everyone in a tie of common faith, above any and all contrasting interests; secondly, a totalitarian . State, which may absorb, withi bosom _ all energie?, inter@ and aspirations of the people, transforming and affording them potential virtue; thirdly, last but most important, to live a period of most high ideal ten-- sion . We are now living that peri-- od, and it is for this that, li'gbl% by little, we are giving strengt and consistence to all our reali-- zations, converting into facts all our doctrine. Who can deny that this Fas-- cist period;of ours is one of high ideal tension? No one. This is the time that all arms are crowned with victory: we are renewing institutions, aaye are redeeming lands, we ar'- unding towns. Sabato scorso la Società Fri-- ends of\Italy ha tenuto la riu-- nione generale annuale nella Ridpath Galleries, eleggendo i seguenti ufficiali: presidente 0-- norario, Mrs. L. A. Hamilton; presidente, Campbell Mclnnes; vice--presidente e consulente le-- gale, Frank Denton; tesoriere, Fame Sewell; segretario, Miss W. Eaton Webb; consulente in-- ternazionale, Cav. Emilio Gog-- gio; comitato esecutivo, Mrs. Horace Eaton, Mrs. Fane Se-- well, Miss Vera Butcher, Mrs. Harry Mackid, Miss Jean De-- war e R. K. Wurtele. 900000090900000 0000090909N $ 217 Bay St. _ Stanza 401--3 è EL. 5255--6 -- Res. LL. 4278 Ceoo00000000000000000000008 NEI FRIENDS OF ITALY Associato: con la Ditta MacDONELL & BOLAND N.. l, d. Scandiffio B; A. AVVOCATO, NOTAIO ITALIANO 20 Aprile, 1934