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I In March-April 1928, Addis Ababa was threatened by the deelara- tions of "Degiae" Balcia, governor of Sidamo. In September of the same year the imperial Ghebi revolted under the command of Degiac Aba anu. Bloody fighting occurred b etween the Galla Uogerat, Azelo and other tribes against the local tribes. An insurrectionist movement and of violent xenophobia broke out in the region of Lake Tsana, provoked by the Ras Gugsa in open rebellion against the government of Addis Ababa. The territory of the Ethiopians is divided into spheres of influen.. ce for them, leaving the largest part to Italy. With the protocols of March 24 and April 15, '1891, the Italian and British governments establish a boundary line of East Africa among the spheres of in- fluence reserved to Italy and to Great Britain. This line leaves Italy all the Ethiopian territory east of the thirty-fifth meridian, the cr0s- In 1920-21 the present Negus led an armed expedition of about 15,000 men in Northern Ethiopia to capture the deposed prince who had taken refuge there. After the elimination of Ligg Jasu whom the Negus Menelik had recognized as his only legitimate heir, the revolts and declarations continued. , When the World War broke out while Italy was preparing herself for intervention (Feb. 1915) the Negus Mieaerprepared a plan of attack, collecting three corps of troops of about 150,000 men and directing an intense anti-1talian propaganda amongst the native populations of the Italian colonies. Italy was forced to take ex- ceptional military measures for the defense of Eritrea and main- tain a considerable number of troops during the entire war. There- fore, she could not participate in operations' of a colonial nature which the Allies conducted in Asia as well as Africa, not without serious consequences for her in the systematization of colonial ques- tions of the past war. In 1916 a movement guided by Ligg Jasu created new difficulties in Italian Somaliland, resulting in the bloody encounter of Bulo Burti which cost the life of one officer, and many non-commissioned officers and Italian soldiers. Ligg Jasu openly supported the Mullah who had rebelled against Italy and England aiding him with arms and ammunition. _ I ' [ In 1925-26 during the operations of the police in northern Italian Somaliland, the Ethiopian government furnished the rebels with arms and ammunition. After the revolt' of September, 1916, at Addis Ababa which led to the downfall of Ligg Jasu, new wars were waged by these and the actual emperor. q . _ The chronic internal state of disorder in Ethiopia itself constit- utes a chronic danger for the security and development of the Ital- iart colonies. There is no possibility of normal development of the economic and commercial activity of Eritrea and Italian Somaliland since there is no possibility of restoring regular trade with their natural hinterland constituted by the Ethiopian regions. Ihe internal Ethiopian warfare amongst the leaders and tribes shut and imperil the Abyssinian markets. The history of the last dew decades in Ethiopia is characterized by a continuous succession of internal armed struggles. Already in the period of the regency during the last years of the Negus Menelik's illness, there were two successive coup d'etats in Abyssinia, one on March 21, 1910 directed against the Empress, and the other during the summer of 1911 with the object of seizing Ligg Jasu. During that time the government of Ligg Jasu was occupied with military expeditions and internal strife. _ If there were no opportunities given and no regard shown to Italian economic initiative in Ethiopian territory against what was provided for in the treaty of political friendship and economic col.. laboration of 1928 and what was to be legitimately expected for the peaceful expansion of Italian' economic interests, not even security was given Italian residents and 'transients in Ethiopian territory. _ V In May, 1932, Ligg Jasu succeeds in fleeing from his place of detention but is caught again. by the. armed men of the Negus. A series of rebellions break out in Goggiam, one directed by the "Fituarari" Admasu against Debra Marcos, the capital of Goggiam, and another by Ligg Manu in the west. This chronic state of disorder. in Ethiopia has for years forced the adjacent bordering powers to guarantee their interests by tre- aties and conventions which had Ethiopia as their object. These accords were based on the presupposition of the definite and ir.. riparable separation of the actual Ethiopian state. To these massed armed aggressions which represent true attempts at invasion of Italian territory must also be added the no less sig- nificative attacks on diplomatic consular representatives and Italian subjects on Ethiopian as well as Italian territory. But more serious and numerous still are the violencesperpetrated by the Abyssinians With raids, attacks and invasion of these Italian territories. These violences are a decisive proof of the spirit and aggressive Ethiopian programme as regards Italy, of the anarchy which dominates the Ethiopian provinces, especially those adjoining Italian territory. They reveal that intolerable, perpetual threat made on the part of the Ethiopians towards Italy. The violations of the Italo-Ethiopian treaties and the hostile poli- tical attitude which the Ethiopians adopted towards Italy become much more serious due to the internal disorder of the country and have hindered the ancient political, economic and cultural struc- ture to such an extent that they have not been able to effect a profound change which would put her on the path of no longer constituting a permanent source of danger to the neighbouring Italian colonies. 'It is no longer a question of solving single prob- lems pertaining to the frontier alone or to obtain satisfaction for the numerous individual incidents because the Ethiopian state of- fers no. guarantee in its actual state of being firmly able to ful- fill the obligations it assumes. _ The memorandum of the government lists and documents 26 cases of aggressions perpetrated in 7 years from May 1928, after the signing of the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of Friendship to August, 1935. Let us remind you, first of all, of an attack on the Italian legation at Addis Ababa in 1916 in which armed Ethiopians shot against' the windows of the hall of the legation. Another bloody rebellion took place in October, 1934, in the north- em Tigris at Mia Ceu. Ethiopia has not only violated the particular Italo-Ethiopian tris aties but she has also made , several attempts to violate the ter- ritories of the Italian colonies with armed forces. Notable, above all, was 'the Ethiopian preparation for Italian ag- gression during the war in Tripoli. The Ethiopian government avails itself of anti-Italian propaganda conducted by booklets and injurious verses. Moreover, in March-April, 1914, the Negus Uolde Chiorghia, governor of Gondar, advanced with a body of more than 50,000 ar- med men in the Tigris as far as the frontier of Eritrea, which was almost without garrison. The Italian government was obliged to send metropolitan troops hurriedly together with battalions of Eri- treans which were in Lybia. Italian operations in Lybia were notably disturbed while the Italian colony of Eritrea threatened by inva ion, suffered a serious economic crisis. V IL BOLLETTINO ITALG.CANADESE ETHIOPIAN THREATS AND AGGRESSIONS ....-ATTEMPTS AGAINST ITALIAN COLONIES DIPLOMATIC AND PRIVATE VIOLATIONS The Italo-Ethiopian Conflict Post-war conditions radically chan.. ged this situation. Prom 1919 to 1921 If Italy badly needed colonial-ex- pansion before the war, under posts war conditions it has become a vital necessity. In the twenty years pre- ceding 1914 Italy's growing populati. on had found an outlet in mass emi.. gration to the under-populated ter- ritories of the United States, Canada, and South America, to say nothing of the large numbers of Italian workers who found employment in the mines, factories, and building trades of Cen.. tral Europe, France, and Belgium. In 1913 over 700,000 Italians emigra, ted, and the annual average of the pre-war years stood around half a million. Their remittances were then the major credit item of Italy's bal- ance of international payments. Be- sides this direct outlet, Italian agri. culture, and to a minor extent Italian industry, could in those years freely export their products to the markets of the world, and though Italy's bal.. ance of trade was normally adverse, yet in 1914 she could point to an im- portant and growing export business and she could freely import the raw materials she required. Her financial conditions were then sound. Receipts and payments on international acco- unt balanced, the lira was quoted at a premium, and on the other side of the Atlantic large and growing bodi- es of Italian settlers were gradually rising in the economic scale and are. ating growing markets for Italian products. Italy went to the Paris peace ne. gotiaUans with, over 600,000 dead to her account, and with two treaties bearing the signatures of Great Bri- tain and France-the Treaty of Lon... don and the' Treaty of St. Jean de Maurienne,--under which she was promised, in case of an allied victory, colonial outlets for her expanding p0- pulation and possibilities for satisfy- ing the growing needs of raw materi.. als of her rapidly developing indus. tries. At Paris her claims under both these treaties were set aside. As a result of the distribution of manda- tes over ex-enemy possessions in Africa only, Great Britain was as- signed 1,849,203 sq. kilometers of land with 7,079,000 inhabitants, Fran- ce 1,879,706 sq. kilometers with 2,- 297.000 inhabitants, Belgium 59,000 sq. kms. with 3,000,000 inhabitants, Italy, with the stretch of desert bet.. ween the oases of Gat and Gadames ceded by France and transJubaland ceded by England, acquired 80,000 sq. kms., mostly desert or fever-ridden as is shown by the fact that the total population did not exceed 70,000. So much for the way in which the allies honored their treaty obligations to Italy. What have been the consequences of this treatment? By opening up the road by which the allies could have penetrated into the heart of Germany, the Italian victory determined the collapse of German resistence on the Western Front. In 1915 Italy entered the great war on the side of the Allies. She did so of her own free will at a moment; when their prospects of ultimate vic- tory were almost at their lowest ebb. As a result of defeats which, had ne- utralised Rassia's power of attack and silenced the Serbs, the Austro- Hungarian army could have joined the German forces on the Western front had not the Italian army then entered the theatre of war. For 3 years and 6 months Italy held the field, and the first of the great Vic. tories which brought the war to a conclusion was that of Vittorio Ve- neto fought by 51 Italian, 3 British, 2 French, and 1 Czecoslovak divisions and 1 American regiment, against 63 Austro-Hung'arian divisions. A 731$," braeminent Italian interests, which brmeans of these dip- lomatic acts are given juridical recognition, correspond to the fact for which Italy who has the most urgently recognized need of colonial expansion, is the power which suffers the greatest dangers from the actual state of Ethiopia. sing of the meridian with the Blue Nile as far as the sixth parallel and leaves to Italy all the territory north of the sixth parallel as far as the intersection with the Giuba river which marks the "ulterior" line with its "thalweg". With the Protocol of May 5, 1894, the Italian and British governments analagously establish the line of demar- cation between those of the British and Italian spheres of influenee, assigning all the territory of the ancient emirate of Harrar and all of Ogaden. The tripartite accord of 1906 reconfirms these protocols and also recognizes the French economic interests relative to the railway traffic of Dijibouti and the hydraulic interests of Great Britain and of Egypt in the Nile Basin with reserve of the local hydraulic in- terests and territorial interests already recognized. The hydraulic interests of Great Britain are then defined in the application of the tripartite accord in the Italo-British exchange of letters of 1925, with which Italy pledges herself to favour the con- struction of some hydraulic works on Lake Tsana and the British government pledges itself to respect specified interests of the po- nulation in that region. A Monthly Survey of Italian Trade and Industry the differential price which the Bri- tish Government charged for the coal she exported to Italy placed a crush- ing burden on Italian transports and industries, putting them at a great disadvantage as compared to those of other countries, and other difficul- ties of all sorts beset her in securing essential raw materials. When in 1920 the Italian delegation to the ILeague of Nations Assembly, headed by the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tittoni, brought this situati- on to the attention of the League and suggested that the access to essential raw materials for all countries should be studied and dealt with by that bo- dy, the proposal had a most hostile reception from Great Britain and I France, and was completely disregar. 'ided. Then came the anti-emigration "laws enacted by the United States, lfollowed by similar action in all parts of the British Empire and in most South American countries. The out.. let of emigration, the peaceful sub- stitute for colonial expansion, was thus definitely closed. , The Italian Government met this situation with dignity. With the ad.. vent of Fascism the emigration prob.. lem was viewed from a new angle. It was seen that the labor force of the Italian workers is the eountry's most precious economic asset, and that the moral status and economic well-being of those workers should be its first care. The emigration cm untries no longer required their ser. vices; well and good; they represCr1- ted so much wealth which would stay in the country. Many parts of Italy, more especially the southern provin- ces and the Islands which accounted for a large percentage of emigration, had remained behind-hand in the equipment necessary for economic development-education, roads, water supply, sanitation, land-drainage and improvement,---and the Fascist Gov- ernment set to work to remedy these deficiencies. Thousands of schools have been opened, hundreds of miles of roads built or reconditioned, great aqueducts now supply large areas with water, land reclamation has given hundreds of thousands of acres to the peasantry. Meanwhile the businessmen rationalised their plants and factories, trebled the hydro-eiee- trio power at the service of industry, adapted production to the needs of the home and foreign markets. The application of science to agriculture increased the production of wheat; fruit and vegetable cultivation was extended and developed to meet the requirements of the export markets; the canning and packing industries were reorganized and greatly enlar. ged; transport facilities and market organisation were perfected. A sta- bilised and stable currency and a re- organised banking system completed the preparations for trade expansion on lines commensurate with national needs. The market growth in Italy's foreign trade, culminating in 1927.. 28, was such that had reasonable freedom of international commercial intercourse prevailed, the export of goods could have advantageously replaced the export of services which had been Italy's chief resource in the pre-war years. , But this was not to be. A nigh to exclusion protection policy was adopted by the United States; Eng.. land first depreciated her currency and then closed her markets; the ot. tawa agreements introduced differen- tial tariffs throughout the British Empire; currency dumping was prac- ticed on a large scale by Japan and other countries. Not content with tariffs, France introduced quotas and prohibitions, followed in this by most of the European countries, and ex- change regulations and blocked cre- . . u; bur-:1" w ensure its mum". mm .. When in September It?" sabWIt' render vain the economic siege tN ed to the League Council a detailed . League has organized. and fully documented memorandum showing that the safety of her East o4stottttttFt-- African colonies was seriously and tl we o permanently menaced and their econ- ' II Bollettino omie development impeded by Abyss- sinia, that Abyssinia had disregarded her treaty obligations to Italy and 0 A, flagrantly failed to observe the solemn engagements she undertook Abbonamento per un anno. 09""909090999099600699000OQO'WOOOONONOOQNQOOOO"! The eventual rights of Italy to col- onial expansion in Abyssinia have long been recognised in a series of treaties stretching over a period of more than forty years. Bearing these antecedent conditions in mind, let us now look at the situa.. tion which has arisen between Italy and Abyssinia. For five long years, from 1929 to 1934, Italy held out against the quota and exchange-control system. Her trade policies were based on the maintenance of the most favored nation clause, she stood for freedom of trade subject to moderate Protec-. tion to safeguard essential home in- dustries, and was resolutely opposed to export and import prohibitions. The Italian Government participated in all the efforts made by the League of Nations and other international or- ganisations in favor of freer trade, a policy which had the whole-hearted support of her delegates. But all was in vain. The doctrines of exasperated nationalism, economic self.sufficien, cy, and manipulated currencies pre- vailed, and Italy, however reluctantly, had no choice but to resort to similar measures in self.defence. Bat if the doctrine of economic self-sufficiency is to prevail, if the settlement of international accounts by goods and services is ruled out, and if balances must be settled in gold, than the possession of adequate natural resources is a question of life or death for a nation. To deny the right of securing natural resources by colonial expansion to a country so placed, in an ascending phase of its parabola, with an expanding popula- tion, a rising standard of living, and keen national sensibilities, is danger- ous. It is like placing a boiler under high pressure and then sitting on the safety valve. The results are likely to be unpleasant. dits finally demoralized the markets and paralysed foreign trade. 3606000000660 0000006600 606000060 6600000000600¢00060 Tutte le pratiche necessarie per fare un buon viaggio in Italia ed un facilitato ritorno in Canada M. NIHSSUEI dk CODIPANY 287 CLAREMONT Sr. TEL. LL. 0101 "roWtNNW0, (PN'I'ARIO ITALIA E COLONIE L. 17.50 ANNO XIX Commenta, preannuncia, incita i1 mote culturale della Nazione. - La intera collezione costituisce un vero dizionario di consultazione bibliografica. I "Mia Che Scrive tWal E'ilih: ' Ill m- Con i piii grandi vapori del mondo FORTE RIDUZIONE SUI BIGLIETTI DI ANDATA E RITORNO RASSEGNA PER L'ITALIA CHE LEGGE A. F. FORMIGGINI EDITORE IN ROMA IL PIU' VECCHIO IL RIU' GIOVANE IL PIU' DIFFUSO PERI0DIC0 BIBLIOGRAFICO NAZIONALE ABBONAMENTO L.20 = ESTERO L25 RIMESSE DI DENARO IN ITALIA Ogni Fascicolo Mensile L.2 Fondata E Diretta Da Per Gli Abbonati A Questo Periodieo The Italian business world knows that if our farmers, workers, tngi.. neers, and investors (Italy is not a great capitalistic country but savings rapidly accumulate, thanks to the thrifty habits of an industrious and enterprising population) secure a free hand in the Italian zone of in- fluence in Abyssinia, they will bring with them good government, justice, hygiene, and vastly improved eondr. tions for the native populations, who receive them as liberators from their Amhara oppressors. They will find fertile lands to cultivate, raw materi- als to use, natural resouces to dev.. elop. 'N _ The Italian business world is dim, vinced of the justice of 1taly's cause and is prepared to make any and every sacrifice which may be required of them to ensure its triumph and to render vain the economic siege the League has organized. 6®OQ¢QOOQOOOOOQOOOMOOON o gre . il Boilettino This being the case, the Italian business world stands united behind the Government, determined to resist by every means in their power what they consider as an unjustified and unjustifiable attempt to prevent Ita- 1y from securing economic expansion in a part of Africa where climatic con. ditions would allow of permanent set. tlement by her people, and where she has acquired over a period of forty years, a recognised right to economic expansion and political influence. owning but a slave-raiding State, in- capable of exercising effective con- trol over her own subjects, Italy had a right to expect that her accusations would be examined and, unless dis- proved, acted upon. No attempt was made to disprove them; but no redress was offered. In the absence of collective action to make the Negus respect his obligati- ons or quit the League, Italy had no alternative but to take necessary steps for protecting her possessions and asserting her rights under inter.. national agreements. Thereupon the League declared her "aggressor" and called on the member States to wage a deadly economic war to her 4etri- ment. twelve years before toward the Ly ag'ue, that she was not only a slave.. Massima Garanzia Servizio Eccellente. ESTERO L.22.50 1936 (XIV) 3) Gennaio 1936 '