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PAGE FOUR THE CANADIAN STATESMAN, BOWMANVILLE, ONTARIO THURSDAY, AUGUST 30, 1945 OUT OF THE WEALTH OF OUR SOILS By: G. N. Ruhnke, F.C.I.C., Head of the Department of Chemistry and Director of Soil Surveys, Ontario Agricultural College. (NOTE-This is the second in a series of comments by well-known authorities, writ- ten expressly for the Week- ly Press of Ontario.) Ontario farmers have done a splendid job of food production during these war years, in spite of the shortages of labor and equipment which had to be met. They have shown a high degree of efficiency in the use of land and a noteworthy resourcefulness in adapting their farm operations to meet the changing wartime needs for the various agricultural pro- ducts. For the present, the demand for intensive production on our farms is still upon us. The great needs of the liberated countries must be met until their own pro- duction can be made sufficient. How long this may be is not too certain, but one authority has estimated that the 1944 level of Canadian farm production will be required for at least the next two years Now that the war is over, the changed position with respect to world supplies and world mar- kets for farm products may neces- sitate profound adjustments in our agricultural program. As a result of the experiences following the last war, farmers are looking ahead with more con- cern for the future. Among other things they recognize that great- er efficiency in the use of land, labor and machinery will be necessary. A low cost of produc- tion will be an important factor in meeting post-war competition. In general, the lowest cost of production is obtained with high yield levels, and high yields can be maintained only on fertile and productive soils. Food is fabri- cated soil fertility. It is out of DON'T WAIT! UNLES8 you can visual- ise what your agent tells you can happen, if you don't have sufficient in- surance, you are inclined to say, "Bome other time." Don't wait until you have a loss. You can't get in- surance then ! INSURE NOW, through Stuart R. James Insurance and Real Estate Successor To J. J. Mason & Son Phone 681 King st. Bowmanville Health In Abundance If your child is abounding with health and energy you can be quite sure that the quart of Bowmanville Dairy Milk he drinks each day is a most important factor. Milk, Cream, Butter and eggs delivered. FRESH EGGS AI Grade Large size, order them now Bowmanville Dairy Phone 446 or 703 the wealth of our soils that we have produced the food to fight the war, and it is out of the wealth of our soils that we must continue to produce the food to win the peace. It is timely then, in our post- war planning, to ask ourselves what measures are we taking to insure that soil fertility on our farms is being maintained in the interest of efficient use of land, and a prosperous and enduring agriculture. During the past ten years, the total tonnage of fer- tilizers used in Ontario has ap- proximately trebled, yet in spite of this, and the introduction of improved varieties of crops, im- proved drainage, and the wider use of more efficient tillage, seed- ing and harvesting machinery, the average yields of the common farm crops have failed to show a corresponding improvement. It is true, however, that on many farms crop yields have been increased far above the average where good soil management is being practised. Thus we are forced to conclude that on a much larger proportion of our Ontarico farms the yields are considerably lower than the average, and we are taking more out of the soil than is being put back. There are other striking indi- cations that point to the need for a vigorous program for soil im- provement and soil conservation in Ontario. The increasing diffi- culty in growing alfalfa and clo- ver, on soils which formerly pro- duced them in abundance, is but another reflection of failing fer- tility in the soil. The depletion of the humus, or organic matter, in our intensely cultivated, heavy- textured soils has made them harder to work, more difficult to drain, and less productive. The lack of humus in our sandy soils is making them more subject to leaching of plantfood in wet sea- sons and less retentive of moisture in dry seasons. The decline in fertility; the failure to balance adequately the soil-depleting (clean-cultivated) crops with soil- conserving (hay-pasture) crops in the rotation; the lack of manure; and inadequate use of commercial fertilizers under intensive crop- ping have contributed also to our soil erosion problems We do not need to look far to see unmistak- able evidences of the need for a province-wide program for soil conservation. During these times of higher farm incomes far-sighted farmers are investing surplus earnings in Victory Bonds to create reserve capital for post-war adjustments and farm improvements. Money invested in Victory Bonds now will insure ready funds for future financing of individual s o i 1- building programs and will con- tribute greatly to the stability and security of the farming in- dustry. KILLS POISON IVY Observations made by the Divi- sion of Botany and Plant Path- ology, Science Service, Dominion Department of Agriculture, have confirmed the superiority of the newer herbicide, ammonium sul- phamate, in eradicating poison ivy. Plots were treated with four different concentrations of sodium chlorate and ammonium sulpha- mate, and the results suggest that one application of ammonium sul- phamate is equal to three of sodium chlorate Further -experi- ments comparing the effectiveness of the two herbicides in eradicat- ing poison ivy have been made, with similar results. On the re- commendation of the Division, ammonium sulphamate was used for the eradication of poison ivy in the vicinity of training camps in Canada. STILL URGENT NEED FOOD FOR EUROPE Some indication of the need for rationing and conserving meat in Canada is outlined in information from the Combined Food Board and from agencies dealing with food distribution throughout the liberated areas in Europe. While conditions vary in dif- ferent countries and even in dif- ferent parts of the same country, the hard fact is that in many parts of liberated Europe, consumption levels are deplorably low. Par- ticularly in the cities the amount of food available is inadequate and provides less than the 2,000 calories a day which are normal- ly regarded as the minimum. In some countries conditions have improved, but supplies are still inadequate. In Belgium and Holland, for instance, the ration now gives 1,700 te 1,800 dalories a day per person, while in Athens, Greece, the target o! 2,000 calories a day is now closely approached. A level o! 2,000 calories is, bow- ever, ne more than emergency level, and is wholly insufficient te maintain a working population. At such a level it is not possible for liberated people te engage upon the tasks o! rebuilding their agriculture and industry. Experience in the war bas prov- ed that a much higber level o! nutrition is required for the civil- ian populations wbo have berne -the brunt of war production. In the United States and Canada tbe average level o! civilian consump-- tion in 1944 was about 3,300 caleries a day, and in Britain, 2,923. People engaged in heavy -work in these countries consume in excess o! 4,000 calories per day. If I blow too mucb about what I have donc, I won't have enougb steam left for wbat there is yet to do. Keep the family circle on the square and there'll be no chance e1 the eternal triangle. GENERAL MANAGER CO-OPSj Hugh Bailey Of Dundalk, has been appoint- ed General Manager of the Unit- ed Farmers Co-operative Com- pany, in succession to H. B. C 1 e m e s who has indicated his wish to retire. Mr. Bailey brings to his new position a wide ex- perience in the co-operative field. For a number of years he has been president of Dundalk Farm- ers Co-operative and president of First Co-operative Packers, as well as conducting extensive pri- vate business operations. F o r eight years he has been a member of the Board of Directors of the United Farmers Co-operative and is now president of this central co-operative organization. Mr. Bailey will assume his new duties at the first of January. In ac- cepting it is understood General Manager it is understood that he will not accept nomination as a member of the 1946 Board of Directors. After successfully managing the United Farmer business for 25 years and through a period when it was built to its present annual volume of 20 million dollars, Mr. Clemes wishes to be relieved of the strain of management He will continue to take an active in- terest and will provide counsel for which his long experience in the movement qualifies him. Former Tyrone Lady Honored on Birthday August llth, 1945, was a very happy and memorable day for Mrs William Farrell, 37-16th St., New Toronto, wife of Lieut.-Col. Wm. Farrell, formerly of Tyrone, when the ladies of the "Orchid Group" Westside Samaritan Club paid her a surprise visit and join- ed with her in celebrating ,her 77th birthday. Although confin- ed to a wheel chair, as the result of a slight stroke last December, she enjoyed the party very much and was the recipient of many gifts. Mrs. Farrell, being the old- est member, was presented with a beautiful bouquet of gladioli by the members of the club. Refresh- ments were served along with a birthday cake. Before leaving for their homes the ladies sang, "God Be With You, Till We Meet Again". WORST POULTRY PEST IS CHICKEN MITE The worst general pest affect- ing poultry in Canada is the chicken mite. This tiny insect, which hides itself in crevices of the poultry house during day- light, is a small greyish or red ob- ject, about the size of the head of a pin. Chicken mites live away from the birds most of the time and only visit them to suck their blood They can multiply very quickly especially in warm wea- ther, seriously affecting egg pro- duction and preventing the birds from thriving. Chicken mites can be easily eradicated without much cost or effort. Spray the roosts and walls of the poultry houses with a mix- ture of three parts kerosene and one part used engine oil. A cup- ful of creosote mixed with a gal- lon of crankcase or used oil is ad- ditionally effective. It is best to give the poultry houses two appli- cations of the mixture at inter- vals of two weeks. With partial meat rationing al- ready in effect and general ration- ing just around the corner, the demand for eggs and poultry meat is increasing. So there is more money in getting the highest pro- duction and controlling chicken mites will help to ao this. OTHER COUNTRIES BUYING CATTLE Two yearling Holstein bulls have been exported from Canada to the Leeward Islands, British West Indies. Bought by the Do- minion Department of Agricul- ture from Ontario breeders for the Government of t h e Leeward Islands, one bull is consigned to the Superintendent of Agricul- ture, St. Kitt's; the other, to the Department of Agriculture, Anti- gua. Both bulls are out of dams with a milk production of be- tween 15,000 and 20,000 pounds. Instead of buying Canadian cows for its farmers, the Govern- ment of Newfoundland is trying out a new plan of buying Cana- dian heifers and raising them to maturity in Newfoundland. Re- cently, the Dominion Department of Agriculture brought a repre- sentative of the Newfoundland Department of National Resources to St. Francois de Madawaska, New Brunswick, where he bought 33 Ayrshire heifers, aged from three to six months. Many of these were by outstanding bulls in the St. Francois artificial breed- ing centre, operated under Do- minion-Provincial policy. At the same time, the Newfoundland of- ficial bought a four-month-old purebred Ayrshire bull. Obituaries MRS. (DR.) A. E. AUNGER Effa Alberta Aunger, beloved wife of Dr. Albert Edward Aunger of Stettler, Alberta, pass- ed away on August 15, in the Holy Cross Hospital, Calgary. The remains were forwarded to Stettler, where funeral services were held on August 19th in the United Church by Dr. T. Hart of Edmonton. Interment was in the family plot, Stettler Cemetery. Pall bearers were six returned prisoners of war from the Dieppe raid: Sgt. Harry Patrick, Sgt. Ronald Lee, WO1 Roy Wilson, Tpr. Albert Johnson, Tpr. Wil- liam Stewart and Tpr. George Hailes. Mrs. Aunger was born in Bow- manville, Ontario, 68 Years ago. She was married in 1900 and mov- ed West 42 years ago, to Lacombe, where she resided for six years prior to moving to Stettler. Surviving are her husband, Dr. Albert Edward Aunger, Stettler; three daughters: Mrs. Pearl Newell of Tilley, Alberta; Miss Marian Aunger of Stettler; Sgt. Edith Aunger, R.C.A.F. (WD), Calgary; two sons, Dr. William Aunger of Stettler, and L.-Bdr. Bruce Aunger with the Canadian Army Overseas; four grandchild- ren, Noreen and Patricia Newell and Albert and Peter Aunger; and one sister, Mrs. Minnie White of Hampton, Ontario. The numerous and beautiful floral offerings testified to the high esteem and respect in which the late Mrs. Aunger was held by her many friends. Mrs. Aunger was noted for her kindness and generosity towards all with whom she came in con- tact and she will be missed by all. LITTLE MAN, WHAT NOW? The sympathy of the community is extended to the bereaved huà- band and family. FRED CORNISH Funeral services were conduct- ed from the Town Funeral Home, Whitby, on Aug. 21, for the late Fred Cornish who died on Satur- day at the home of his son, Sidney Cornish, Hampton. The late Mr. Cornish was in his 83rd year. He was born in Corn- wall, England, but came to Can- ada as a young man working on the farm of his uncle, James Rowe, at Almonds. Prior to going to Hampton about three years ago, the late Mr. Cornish had resided in Whitby district for about 60 years. He farmed most'of that time adjacent to Whitby. He was twice married. His first wife, Anne Botrel, who came from England, predeceased h i m many years ago. Later he mar- ried Miss Martha Hardy of Whit- by who survives. Besides his wife he is survived by two daughters and a son of his first wife, Mrs. Albert Hawes, Whitby Township, Mrs. James Sleightholm, Whitby, and a son, Fred, of Freeman, Ont. Two sons survive by the second marriage, Mark Cornish of Toronto, and Sidney of -Hampton. Funeral services were conduct- ed by Rev. Gordon Channen of All Saint's Anglican Church. In- terment took place in Union Cem- etery. As substantial part of Canada's contribution to the. Pacific War was in the form of Mutual Aid supplies sent to Australia and New Zealand. Mutual Aid ship- ments to Australia in 1943-44 amounted to $20,959,845. This was more than doubled in 1944-45. IM.' THE WARTIME PRICES AND TRADE BOARD The number of Canadian mer- 189 taken prisoner up to March ducts to seaboard ports, the Unit- chant seamen manning Canada's 31, 1945. ed States and junction points. foreign-going merchant ships rose From 1939 to 1944, freight shipped from 1,460 to 8,350 during the war. With 42,346 miles of tracks, by rail increased 83 per cent. War took its toll of them, as in- Canadian railways were the chief dicated by the following casualty conveyors of raw materials to Evil can speak in any language figures: 1,054 dead or missing and war factories and finished pro- but so can decency. , dw e6lpIl;ýcq