Clarington Digital Newspaper Collections

Canadian Statesman (Bowmanville, ON), 8 Dec 1960, p. 4

The following text may have been generated by Optical Character Recognition, with varying degrees of accuracy. Reader beware!

kL' 'N~~P -~ .gAGE POU EDITOEIAL COMMENT Citizens During the Iast couple of weeks, The Statesman bas received several beautifully lllustrated gift catalogues. The items listed are pleasing looking to the eye, and are supposed to be at Weholesale prices, but we took time to compare their prices with those offered tilocal stores and find they are much bigher. One bas always to consider the Mervicing of electrical and other such *rticles listed in these out-of-town catalogues. There is neyer a guarantee With tbem and once they are out of com- mnission it is flot easy to take them to the local merchant for repair. The Better Business Bureau in a Beware! recent bulletin warns against salesmen who are offering water softeners, also those who are taking orders for nursery stock for spring delivery. Regardless of ail warning, however, some people do flot seem to be able to resist these smooth-tongued salesmen. One man inforrned us last year be bad purchased a mixmaster at a bargain price fro mone of these men as a Christ- mas gift for his wife. Sure he bought it at a bargain price, and bis wife was thrilied, but wben she turned it on to use, it stopped like the old grandfather's dlock, neyer to go again. It is always wise te buy at borne from the merchants you know and can trust. Police throughout Ontario bave been instructed to prosecute drivers operating improperly lighted vehicles after sunset. The instructions were part cf an over-all programme for safe fal and winter driving which the Ontario ]Provincial Police is instituting this nonth. Noting that the use of parking lights during the bours of dusk has be- corne prevalent, Attorney General Kelso Roberts warned that drivers were breaking two laws, one that parking lights are prohibited while a vehicle Is in motion and the other that head- lights must be visible at least 500 feet. Lights must be turned on from a haîf hour after sunset to a haif bour before sunrise. OPP Commissioner W. H. Clark, whose force and other police organizations have been instructed to take action, said that vehicies operating with only one headlight also will draw the attention of police. A general increase in traffic acci- Some realistic facts were recently brought to light as the result cf a studv of delinquency conducted at Harvard University. The survey showed that: Six out cf every 10 juvenile, de- linquents have fathers who drink to excess. 1Many have mothers who drink te excess. Three eut cf four are permitted by parents to corne and go as they please. Three eut cf five are from homes where there is discord between parents. Seven eut cf 10 are from homes where there is ne group or famîly recreation. Four eut cf f ive have parents who take ne interest in the children's friends. Four eut of five delinquent boys say their mothers were indifferent to them. Three eut cf five boys say their lathers were indifferent te them. No one knows exactly how much freeloading bas been going on in the unemployment insurance program, but everyone is convinced there is a lot of ft. The fund now stands at about $3,0 million, down from a peak of $926 mil- lion four years ago, and it is universaily assumed that the coming winter months will add to the pinch. In the hope of reducing the number of chisellers, Otta- wa is adding 40 dlaims investigators to the present staff of 74 enforcement officers. The-action seems a wise one, writes expert C. J. Harris, though it can bardly be more than a partial answer to abuses of the fund. One basic problem witb the unem- ployment insurance program lies in the desertion of the . insurance principle by successive governments. When it was originated in 1941 the fund was intend- ed to cover occasional unemployment; In recent years it has been -found polit- Icaliy expedient to extend coverage to the predictable seasonal unemployment of auto workers, fishermen, loggers, sailors and stevedores. It bas become, In other words, a welfare program. Among others, the national advisory committee to the Commission bas re- commended that seasonal benefits should be divorced from the fund, but because the fund is an easy source of noney that advice bas gone unheeded. Regulations now permit an unem- ployed person to draw benefits up to 77 weeks, and it is established fact that j nany Canadians taking unemployment ceques are, at least morally, not en- tled to. Married women who decide to go back to housekeeping are an instance; one reliable estimate says that 50 per cent of the married women draw- JOHN M. JAMES EDIToB-puuusran 84M ciTe=r, strlly ln advac. dents during the faîl and winter is largely attributed to early darkness, slippery roads caused by falling leaves in the faîl and snow and ice in the winter, and fog, said the commissioner, and great caution in driving is requir- ed during the coming months. Fifteen per cent of fatal accidents, the largest percentage of daily fatalities, occur between 4 and 6 p.m., according to a 1959 survey, said Commissioner Clark. Between Oýtober, 1958, and March, 1959, 349 people died and 4,416 persons were injured on bighways patrolled by the OPP. There was a slight decrease in fatalities for the sanie period in 1959- 1960 with 332 deaths, but the number.of persons injured rose to 4,459. In issu- ing orders for a dloser check on vehicles, operating after dark, Commissioner Clark said that it was imperative that every effort be put forth te reduce driv- ing hazards during the dark fali and winter months. A similar pool was conducted about this same time by George Gallup on the subject, "Why Teenagers Get Out of Hand." The conclusions of the poli were: 1. Parents are net strict enough. 2. Parents do net provide proper home life. 3. Parents have too many outside interests. 4. Parents are tee indulgent; give ebjîdren too much money. 5. Both parents work, even though the mother is needed at home. Read these points over again care- fully and note that each reason for our juvenile problems begins with the parents. Then examine your ewn home. Don't think that these errors de net invade the Christian home. They eften do.-The Defender. Train up a child in the way be should go: and when he is eld, be will net depart from it. Proverbs 22:6. ing benefits are net really unemployec since they would net accept re-employ- ment. Some men going on pension list themselves as unemployed though they are not in need of or looking for a job. Some seasonal workers prefer te live through their off-season on savings plus unemployment benefits rather than to seek work. 1Ten years ago regulations were drawn up toecut the number cf freeload- ers among married women whe were drawing unempîcyment benefits, but protests made the policy politically hazardous and il was quietly dropped. Today it is even more widely accepted that anyone whe can should grab a government bandout, and weeding eut the freeleaders will be that much more difficult. If the operation of the unemploy- ment insurance fund is net revised and reformed it may be that in the near future those who really deserve and need ils help will find that the cuphoard is bare. I I FANTASY I wonder if, in place cf green, The trees had ail been red, And ail the grasses lovely sheen Had orange been, instead. And what wculd ail the flowers bave donc, Their beauty te display, 'Gainst red aud orange, maybe brown, Had il been planned that way. I arn sure, upon reflertion, You wiil sec.Just what I mean, That for rest, and eyes protection Why the Master-mind chose green. -Marj crie Cunningham. 4 GEO. P. MORRIS BUSINESSMou. MEPTON RATES $5.00 a Year ln th. United Status jSUGi This Is a trying time of year. Across ine rafla, a lot cf people are in a stew about something. Merchants w h c have gene te the hilt on thei overdraft, for a big stock, are sweating out the pre-Christ- mas doldrums. Students Who have had a baIl ahl fall are green as they face Christnmas exams with nothing in the belfry. Housewives look for- ward te the Christmas chaos with sheer dread. But I'm not worrying tee much about any cf them. The merchants wvil1 wind up a few dollars ahead cf last year. The students wvill t e t t e r through on a mixture cf luck and nerve. The housewives will emerge on Boxing Day, bloedy but unbowed. The people Whe have my deep sympathy, this time cf year, are the men and women in hundreds cf municipalities Who are standing before a mirror, trying te look firm, intelligent and able, as they seek te muster enough cour- age te run for public office. The annual nomination meeting is the best' show la town. It produces enou-h' high dramna, Iow eomedy aud suspense te make some of the so-called masterpieces of W. Shakespeare look pretty film- sy. For ten years 1 sttended every nomination meeting, as a newspaperman, and on a couple of occasions as a can- didate. 1 wouldn't trade it for a season's ticket ta the Strat- ford Festival. * 0 # Before the meeting gels &R and SPICE:- Dispensed by Bill Smiley freally warmed up, there's which Is aIl talk and ne ac- lots cf fun. The mayor and tien. She is fierce, but fright- Sthe reeve have their heads ened. ttogether, figuring eut how te And look ever here. Young skate over the thîn ice cf Purikiss is "going out" for that substential deficit. The council and he looks it. expert needlers in the crowd There's a fine film cf sweat are rsharpening the points on on his face and ho grips the thei questions.. The practical back of the chair in front of jokers tire 'nominating the le- hîm with the same expression cal idiot, dead people, and as a kid on a relier coaster. the town's loose woman. The You can't blame him. He's inevitable drunk is on hand, geing up against Dec Socum, not quite tipsy enough te bc and everybody in town owcs thrown eut. the Dec. Punkiss bas cnly And sitting there, still as been in town for 12 years the grave, staring wildiy jute and has a lot cf nerve te try space, are the brand new for a seat. There's somne candidates, who have thrown pretty rged ariloing caution te the winds and de- rgged mallt thi ial g cided to "go eut for" a seat o h alttî er on the council or scbool*** board. It's a pretty tense There, the speeches are business for them, 1 can tell startint. Listen to old George you. glving It te the mayor about * *the sldewalks. Old George Den't talk ta me about your knows a thing or two about Kennedy and Nixon. Those those sldewalks. 11e helped big fellows have staffs of ad- bulld them, 52 years ago.C visers and consultants and There's Jos Slosh, with a public relations men and prex- skinful, going after the reeve les and moguls and campaign about the taxes on his place. managers and experts and Says he won't pay a cent tili Party machines si ward they pave the street, put ina heelers and ail sorts of things a sewer, and instail a street 01, ur'iinatjon nlght. They're light In front of his house. net alone. His total taxes are $18, sud * * *he's two yer-rs la arrears. But that determined-looking There, the chief Is ushering little woman in the fourth hlm out, same as last year. row, who turns âlternately ** red and white, like a neon And se it goes. Don't tel sigu, is as loneîy as a deaf mie about the Roman senate, mute on a raft in the Sahara. or the House cf Cemmons. s She bas keyed berself te a For vivid clash cf personali-r fightening peak cf nerves. ties, for the rapier thrust cf Sh bs eyr poeninpub- wit, give me a nominationa lic before. And she is going meeting, every time. The te run for a seat on the sehool chairman cf the school board board and try te ginger up defends himself like a tiger that al-_maie, inert body, when some prettv sharn us and Distant Past tescome uÛ aout tachers' salaries. The chairman of the librsry board paints a sweep- ing pcture cf- the town's cul- tura i regress with 300 more books boDrr Zwedl than lsst year, and two new sheives added te the library. But it's 11.30, and a lot cf the spectators have drifted eut. They have te get seme siep A traito -ro' Prom Thie Statesman Files I the dlay the magistrale hold! -court, aud there are semE 25 YARSAGO49 VARSAGO pretty interesting cases. (Dec. 12, 1935) (Dec. 14, 1911) I1t's a piI>', but by the tlme Members cf Bowmanville Mr. James Gaie cf The Ad.-cthere s ne fo the nev. Lions Club, their wives sud vocate, Enin, was in town andats espktre a number cf guests made Monday recordiug bis vote f or îoong leud the cran merry ou Mouday night, Mn. J. H. Devitt. tookerwhobluad th seep u when the club's fînst Ladies' Mn. R. T. Stepfhens bas re- after the meeting, looking Night proved a fine success. turned froma the Northwest. lc.Ltl r.Bna Bob McIlveen, sou of Mr. F. We are serry te learu that tbe candidate for school 0. McIlveeu, local manager our former townsman, Mr. J. board, rises anyway. It's un. cf the Bank cf Montreal, and Forman Thickson and daugb- derstood that she has prepar. Mrs. McIlveeu, bas been de- ter cf Oshawa have beên iii ed a pretty savage attack on clared eiected by acclamation with scarlet lever. the other members of the as the member of the Older Boys' Panliameul for the Messrs. Gordon T. Johnson board, sund bas a bold, new Town of Bowrnanville. sud W. Robertson attended vlatform to propose. She looks the bail at Oshawa Friday at the chairman, who Is nod- Henon came te Bowmanviile evening given by the Mc. ding, st the canetaker, who bs wben Miss Elsie Allun, daugh- Laugb lin Carniage Co.e. m- utterlng, and at young Pun- ter cf Dr. Norman Allia, Ed- ployees. kiss, who bas fallen seund menton, Alla., aud niece cf sepwhlwatnhitu. Miss Annie Allia, Bowman- Mn. Robent Walder, wife aleibl atn i un ville, was oeeof the repre- sud two cblîdren spent a few senlalives cf the Y.W.C.A. aI days last week with ber sis She bursts into tears sud the celebration in Albert ter, 1\ýs. Wm. Quick, previcus stamps out. A waske ne d Hall, London, England, te te spending the winter in Ja5 abrupîly, Puukiss leaps te bis mark the cightieîh auniver- maxca. feet. His chance bas cerne. san cftheBrîis Asoci- rinipa su Ms. ohnElNow is the time for thal lien.ofQthen MryishAssocia- Plia nieatand MI hEbe- brief, witty sud gracieus tio. QeenMar wa prs. iot enertine th mebns speech he bas pnepaned. He eut sud accepted the gifts for cf the III sud IV Forms sud blunts: "Mn. Chairman, fellow Ibis great cause. the teaching staff cf the High ratepayers, I wauua tbsnk Marriage: Iu Victoria Col- School at their residence, Cen- my norninator sud seconder lege Chapel, Toronto, Satur- tre Street, Tuesday eveniug. sud if elected I will do my day, Dec. 7th, 1935, by Rev. Mn. sud Mrs. C. A. Bradford, besta serve te the besîa my Stanley L. Osborne, Dr. Albert Winnipeg, Man., are visitiug ability."O Ellis Alhin, son of Ihe late ber sister Mrs. G. C. Haines, And frorn such gallant Fred T. Allun and the late Mns. Chuncb St. seuls as Puukiss corne our A. B. Cryderman, Hampton, Mr. John W. Proctor sud local ligislature sud that sud Adalean Dorothy May, daughler, Miss lys, Roland, spark of fine that keeps de- daughter of Mr. William Kirk- Man., are visiting bis brother- niocnacy burniug brighî. ton and the laIe Mrs. Kirkton, in-Iaw, Mn. Richard Worth. Bewmauyiîle. Marriage: Bicwetl - Hamm Arthur J. Tnebilcock, native -At the residence of the B TIN of Bowmanville sud son cf bride's brother, Mn. Harold E H N Mns. P. C. Trebiicock, was Hamm, by Rev. R. A. Whal- elecîcd Worshipfui Master of tam, on Dec. 6th, RuIhelià Mn. Ray Jarvis bas lefI for St. Andnew's Lodge A.F.&A.M., Keal Hamm, daughler cf the Calgary, Alta., sud will ne- No. 16, the oldest Masonie late Sclomn Hamm, sud Jos- main until afler Christmas Lodge in the city cf Toronto, eu3h Arthur Bicwett, ail of with bis daughter aud son-in- being 112 years old. Clarke. law, Mn. and Mrs. Hugh Mc- Mrs. R. S. McLaugblin of Newcastle: 'Master Harvle Canîby. Oshawa, President of the Ou-jBonaîban is atîeuding Bus!- Mrs. Hiliard Brlstow is in tarie Fedenation cf Home sudiuess College in Toronto sud Belleville visitiug with Mn. School Clubs, delivened eue ofi Norman Giibauk is slteudiug sud Mrs. Ted Laidely. the cutstauding saddnesses cf' Pelerboro Busines College. Little Barbana Wood, 21/2 the season before the Worn's Orone: Mn. Frank Morgan yesn old daugbter cf Mr. sud Canadian Club on Monday. bas beughl the tweuty acres Mrs. Gordon Wood, feli down Haydou: Mr. Leslie Graham on the nortb side of the road, some stairs a week age, suf- has punchased a Hammer Mill sixth lune, fnom Mn. George fering a fractured skull. She sud expeets te, stant grindiug Henry. was allowed te corne home' Ibis week. Havdon* Mr. Fred Rundie, from Civie Hospital, Peter- Tyrone: Mr. Clarence Good- St Marys, Is visiling bis bro- borough, on Sunday. man bas secuned a position in ther, Mn. J. Rundle. Whîtby. Tyýrone: VA petillon for rural. Mrs. Earl Argue, who was 1naideler asbensuc- înjured in s car accident lhree Cadmus: A miscellaueus cai rculate n Ibis weeks ago, was able te nesume shower was given Mr.andMrs.cessfully iultd n E asni eitsHlonJvîcinîîy. ber school teaching at Fallis E.da Lawsn ingDvt'. Hl f Hampton: Miss Hida Cny. School on Mcnday. Mns. Ross Blacstok: n. ud rs1 denmani's msuy friends are Davidsou wss suppiy teacher Blacstok: r. nd rs.pleased te greet ber home in ber absence. Ccci Hde resaing o! from Vernon, B. C. Those taking the milliuery Eugîand, wbene they expectl Courlice: Mn. Ge. . P. Annls course sponsored by the Wo- te est their Christmas dinner 1. at Gueinh atîeuding the men's Institute at Nestieton with Mn. Hyde's parents. Fat Stock Show. wene Mns. Raiph Preston, Mns. Enuiskillen: Mrs. Wm . Rer- Enniskilien: Mr. D a vi1 d Robent Sisson, Mrs. Glen ring bas gone le Newcastle te: Brunt bas been plowing Ibis Wentworth, Mrs. Ray Carter. be with ber niece Mrs. H. Al-: week , raîher unusual jorj Mrs. Milton Wright bas re- li" for the winter. - this îlie et year, l-,tiurned fro'm an exteaded visit. rs s ie 9s il Is THE CANADIAN STATESMAN, BOWMANVLE, -ONTARTO ily, Newcastle. tangible thev are none thewas 95.24. Now at your VIGOR statîon!~ t. e e e e * - * Y Eu - WITH Amy VIGOR cGM RCAS Solve your Christ mas wrop problems with this Dennison kit!l Thore are 24 beautifully-designed full colour gift wrapping sheefs ini heavy 30-lb paper. T'he seuls end tags are goy and colourful, the ribbon cornes in différent colours, and the special poper cutter is ai joy. Supplies are limitecI, so corne early and don't b. disappointed 1 DON GUITARD'S VICOR Tyrone, corner Taunton Road & Manvers Boad POST & DARLING VUGOE Highway 115, just north of Newcastle POST & DARL'NG ROYAL HighWay 115, just north of Newcastle Illegal Use of Parking Lights Cause of Delinquency The Freeloaders Durham County s Great Family journal Established 106 years ago in 1854/ Aloo lncorporating l'he Bownmanville News l'h. Newcastle Independent T'h. Orono News Authozii.d ci Secod caManl by the post office Dept., Ottm Producod Every Thursday by nRE JAMES PUBLISHING COMPANY LZMD P-0. Box 190 6m-6 Kng St. W., Bownmanville, OntGrio GEO, W. GRAHAM ADYTG.MAACE THRSDAY, DEC. Bth. 1960 &I ifyoungman 's Co/umn By chattlng with different customeps and the supply (at with the industry, bu*"jusî people,ý your scribe has noted present) remains greater than groans as he forks over-t.he that, the average person as- the demnand. price of the tree, while he sumes that, people who grow On top of ail else, the trees, shrugs and observes that, Scotch Pine Christmas trees, if attacked by insects, must be "Ohi well, it's only oncea ufind a piece of cheap sprayed; there will be taxes year." land, pick up a few thousand chargcd against the property; The present day set up is a seedlings fromn a tree nursery, the initial land investment far cry from yester year when pop themn into the ground, should have interest charged then sit back, and when the against it. Besides other ha z- a man would corne around to psychological moment arrives, ards, the main ,ones that.could the farmers who owned stuff their pockets with hand- put acrm in a producer's wpse, fgive them a ndl fuis of greenbacks, forced on pocket book, are, insects, fireprtefraysrc n them by people from the Uni- hfnei rp ied balsam he might ut, tWn ted States, who don't know a age, depressed markets. !In load them on rai way -,m Scotch Pine fromn a train spite of the foregoing, plenty cars for, the tniP to ToronYo. whistle. These same people of well adjusted people start Good Scotch pine, in this gen- thinlc that, if twelve hundred into the Christmas Tree busi- eral area, wilI seli for a dol- trees per acre are planted, ness each year and thus vote lar per tree, on the stump; there will, at the end of five thernselves into a giant sized they are cut, bailed and often years, be twelve hundred fine headache, while trying to pro- transported by large trucks, quality trees for sale. duce trees economically, and many miles, to a market in My, but their education bas obtain top prices for them. 0f the United States, where they been 'neglected! course, such people are of in- bring a good price; a fact In the vicinity of Ponty- estimable help to the econo- which makes peopde Wonder pool, where a lot of Christ- mny of their country, especially if trees are grown, commer. mas trees are produced, there if we believe the axiom that cially, below the border: They' is no cheap land; the seed- competition is the life blood grow there alright, but we lings cost fromn fourteen dol- of trade. have a sneaking suspicion that, lars per thousand, up; it costs In rany ways, the Christ- our Ontario product ranks plenty of moola to shape each mas tree business is a cut-: ith the best in Yankee land, tree over a period of yearsj hot, hgly cmettv1 and sometîmes better, else untl ead fr he aretbusiness, v.ith producer, who- why do. so many Christmas and unless the producer has lesaklr, retailer, handiers, tree people fromn the "land an unusually fine stand of truckers, all tryîng t u of the free" corne up here for remium quality trees, he will, diddh(c the oh<er fllow. About'ours? have to advertise, end other- the cn Iy y.oor :;cn of a gun Oh, well! In three weeks wise dig, up his ovin mýarlket, wll( c;rris tle whole she- time. any one will be able to which seems to be getting bun n i<vî }ýhr. lrodr,~er second hand Christmas tougher each year, as the buy- and Joc's the Ieaýt conniving,.ý trecs at the rate of a million ers become more enlighten<ed i the retail ru-trcmr, who,,'for nothing. But a year from as to the type and qujality of ruirh; n idea of the today, the trade will be brisk tree that is required by the-îr orfnpj'(ex rlrn connected as ever- we hope. with relatives in Libertyvîlle and Chicago<, Il]. Mr. and Mr.s. Frank Pru'ssak, e u y G v r o with Mr. and Mrs. Creig '(in Carr. Mrs. Charles Smith ',aP y ff si pati nt n S . J sep 's l1ospi- ta], Peterborough. T i n The Junior Auxiliar of St. T in Club riere Paul's Church met in thýe Par- is Haloo hd avinThe dInner meeting of the' less real. Mrs. otol pWcod landng1th Boviranville Lions Club wvas; Roy Turner moved a vote qf devoionl peicdand vin h'ld in the Lions Community!tak ot a ch:ipter fr(;m the current Cýte Monday, November 21,'!hns ote eputy District stdy bck. Brthda gree ngst' occa-ion of the officialý Governor for his fine address were extended to Patsy *Ksltof te Deputy District and worthwhile advice. Presi- son. A relay race was enjoyed oeroBo areNo-- and ail joined in the closinc et jdeasoepese î . . wod. He was welcomned by iapeito t r adn hymn and prayers. the president cf the local Lionsapeitot r adn Club, Walter Rundle, on be-I The birthdays of Ralph haîf cf the mnembers. TheïiAmes, the secretary of the L ake Shore, Clarke Deputy District Governor xvas! club, Ross Stevens, James Bell i'roduced by Herbert God-! and Ron Hetherington were Mr. and Mrs. Robin AIl-! dard. celebrated by their fellow dred and Bruce spent Sat- j Anr insping address on, Lions. A delightful musical urday evening with Mr. and Lionis was given by the programw~as presented by the Mrs. Les Alldred, Orono. Deputy District Governor. H-__ýPub1ic Schools Special Girls' Mr. and Mrs. Keith Adams,ipointed out the many benefits Choir under the direction of Oshawa, were vweekend visit- that are received by the Lions, Murdoch Beaton. The lovely ors with Mr. and Mrs. W. A. and discussed the important young voices were heard in Adams. On Sunday Mr. an d re-'ponsibilities they carry.' several well chosen numbers. Mrs. Bob Rutherford an d Douglas, Orono, visited with1 He reminded Bowmanville Hockey draw winners were: Mr. and Mrs. Adams. Lions that the Lions Inter- December 3rd, Ab Mavin and Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Ail- national President has said Bill Harrison; December 7th, dred spent Sunday afternoon that no one puts more into R. Harnden and N. Bailey. with Mr. and Mrs. Keith Orm- the organization than he takes iston, Courtice. out. Ail the work and effort Mr. and Mrs. Bill Lake of each member in striving to Railroad cost problem:. spent Sunday with Mr. and uphold the ideals of Lionism, For every revenue dollar earn- M/rs. Jack Skelding, Port Per- and their community projeets ed by railways in Canada ini ry. With Mr. and Mrs. Lake are rewarded, Mr. Garden 15 on Sunday evening were Mr. stated. He pointed out that 198 97.30 cents were ex- and Mrs. Don Lake and fam- whîle the rewards may be in- pended. In 1957 the figure

Powered by / Alimenté par VITA Toolkit
Privacy Policy