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’P SEE Ell!) nme 'umip Seed ‘Ocers, in Bars Write le Ton .‘ORN difil ( '1' Yea] EDGE Hi". I )18 'POP - Sn'ede.. St ff H urban but to- a! 09928. Ia} RD Mm! later OF isfaphwy : “'1" be \V hije Turnip: an t} Rum! Dur uam W h RENT. T3 a: purchase HO fairly short one 0p. A be" Do: vonsh ITO Ont 39"011 Seas) 'IONSCS and from "l l0 W Man Mlle 33’ {I m ZSSEX iian‘ 410- neat ’7 1n . Atlantic. steamers making reg- ular 'rips. did not exist in 1837; ”9w 2 are over ninety. Steamers .m ' days were wooden affairs “4th paddls- wheels, The iron steamer With Th“- -~‘CFL'W had not. yet appeared. The 1C"??H_lmod:!Lions were poor; the “mod- “rn {IllprUVPmentsu that make ocean travel. {I delight, were undreame}! 0" [he ume for a. trans-Atlantic trlP W88 €211 about fourteen days- NW ‘t can mdq in tin (layman! 3 Cumin ~ rxcity was in “If" V .. aria beam. 9mm. - 31030 W‘ crim uc . inals has For: y per cent. of the men and sixty- wh4 :1 Victoria became their Queen. The three years old; its money grants am- in; vessels in the early days of the we 1. They had to provide their own f 24441. as the ship supplied only water. T (14 trip usually took thirty days; some- times storm and contrary winds extend- 94. the trip to two or three months.§ Magness, suffering and starvation often resulted from lack of adequate food am- ong the passengers. No Submarine Cableâ€"not even afoot â€"-L:iy in the ocean sixty years ago. Now millions of messages are sent every year. and the waters of the globe are tun Med with over 170,000 miles of wire ~sufficient to stretch three-quarters of the distance from the earth to the It Africa was an almost unknown ter- rLtory. Maps of the period showed the interior of the country almost absolute- ly unexplored. In South Africa, Cape Colony alone was known. Victoria has seen one-third of the country rescued from the natives and brought under civilization by Livingstone, Baker, Stan- ley. Speke, Du Chaillu, Johnston and a host of other explorers. Plantations, farms and great cities are now on the sues of African deserts and forests of sixzy years ago. IGNORANCE “'AS GENERAL. SWVPIlly-eight Elements are now town in science. 'i'wenty-[our of these we been discovered during Victoria's n-gn. 'l'he instrument that made these -~‘:M'eries possible is called the 3930' "ix“!pe. It is so marvelously delicate .u' r can detect the presence of one 'r. *i;lllllil‘t§d‘milllODCh of a grain 0f “Me-us had published but one book; .ilw-r was just Decanting popular; no 5" Know Robert Browning. Darwin’s "Work was not begun; Herbert Spenc- w‘u a name unheard of; Tennyson h. known to but few; Ruskin had ‘ ’tvn nothing; Alfred Austin, the neW‘ w, Laureate, was a babe in thei ~ Few authors now living had I"Um a line when Victoria became MV‘fl- Most of the popular writers 0f F "“ntemporary literature were on- r11 51-“) years ago. ' seen such strides of science, such marv- eloufi development. in edumtion, such wise legislation for the betterment of Walt y, such growth in religious tol- erance. such miracles of invention, such strengthening of the bonds between na- tions, such universal advance toward higher living. And this progress has Deer) attained during the reign of a wannaâ€"the wise and good Queen Vic- toria. writes William George Jordan in p Ladirs’ Home Journal. Australia was chiefly important as a penal colony in those days. The great- or part of its territory was then unex- plored. Its total population in 1837 was 345,000. Now it is over 3,300,000. To- day its trade exceeds that of all Great Britain at the beginning of Victoria’s reign. The city of Melbourne then con- sisted of a church, an inn, three shops, twenty huts and a kangaroo-meat mar- ket. It is now Australia' s largest city,‘ with 500 000 people. 4 .‘.\'hen Victoria was called to the throne the United Kingdom contain- ed 26,000,000 people. Tor-day it has over 39,000,000. The “wise men" of the time said the nation would go to pieces. They claimed it could never govern its home and colonial possessions. Under Vio- toria the new territory acquired alone is one-sixth larger than all EurOpe. To- day Victoria rules over 402,514,000 peo- ple, or twentyrseven per cent. of the populat on of the globe. Her Empire extends 0V er 11,,399316 square mides, wvering meatyâ€"one per cent. of the land of the world. at (in 8 over ninety. Y8 were wooden Wheels. The iron Slxly In“ of from gpd Prosperity... Stu-Ire. Education, flue lesbian... Ito-llamas Tolerance» linden of linen. mm. Good wm ”New Nations. All Ila n- Adv”: «1| ‘3'“: This Belle-elem ergn. In June 1831'. Victoria, Who was then a young girl of eighteen, ascended the throne of England, on the death of her uncle ’~Villiam IV! ’ iHer sixty years' 1'65"“ the longest of any English sov- ereign has covered a period of progress and prosperity unequaled in the annals of figsmry' No other sixty years have }REAi WONDERFUL CHANGES DURING THE QUEEN’S REIGN. C in 1837; now Steamers in affairs with steamer with HAS SEEN. mum; w-v-._.-_‘ It has pofi'filarized the glfeat paintings of the world. advanced lnterature and Lula" U yum-v- v .Slavery existed throughout the world Sixty years ago. In the second year of Victoria's reign emancipation was com- plete in England. Ten years later France and South American republics freed their slaves. Russia and the Un- iuted States followed in 1863. Then Brazil declared its slaves free in 1871, Portugal in 1878, and Cuba in 1886. To- day slavery has been abolished through- out all parts of the civilized world ex- cept in portions of Africa. No snap-shots were taken of the cor- onation ceremonies. Photography was then unknown. In the past sixty years ’it has joined hands with all the sciences. It has revealed to the astronomer stars invisible through the most powerful telescopes. It has shown the marvelous INVENTIVE SCIENCE has made marvelous progress in every department during Victoria’s sixty years as Queen. Cantilever bridges have surprised the world. Travel has been wonderfully quickened by street cars, cabs, trolleys, cable cars, elevated 'roads and other triumphs of invention. Ln 1837 there were no typewriters, no passenger elevators, no modern bicy- cles, no soda-water fountains, no horse- less carriages, no chemical fire-exting- uishers, no ironclads, no perfecting, printing presses. Fully chronicling the inventive progress of the last six de-. cades would make it seem as if nothing had been done of real consequence to men's comfort before 1837. The thrones of Europe have changed many ti.mes .Victoria has been con- temporary to twenty-eight Kings, six Emperors four (‘2 ars, three Queens, thirteen Presidents. ten Princes, five Sultans and many petty rulers of small- er States of Europe and Asia. No telegrams of congratulation greet- ed the young Queen at her coronation, for telegraphy was unknown” To-day London receives news of a fire in India in less time than the news could have been sent from one end of the “Strand” to__the other, sigcty years ago. _ Cars Were then lighted with candles and heated with cheap stoves. There were no double tracks, no telegraph stations, no baggage checks, no print- ed railway tiokets, no modern sleeping- Cars,_no vestibule cars, no lihrary cars, no air-brakes, no Safe coupling appar- atus, no dmxngâ€"cprs, no smokmg-cars. Railways were just beginning in those days. The world's mileage was only 1.600 miles; now it is over 420,000. IIn 1837 twenty miles an hour was consid- ered good time; now we have regular grains making over_fifty_miles an hour. in Bavaria, Iietuhéi'Eâ€"heigium, Prussia and Sweden, and 111 some of the States unnthgs country. were taxed when Victoria became Eng- land's Queen. IT'he tax on windows brought in £1,000,000 a year to the treasury. Poor people blocked up wm- dows to escape payment. It was com- 'morn practice to paint rows of windows on the solid wall of a house. This was done, so that hasty passers-by, mistak- 1‘118‘ semblance for reality, might not accuse the inmates of being poor. Thirteen crimes were punishable with death when Victoria took up her duties as. sovereign. The number of capital crimes was later reduced to nine in ‘ England. Now there are but twoâ€"high treason and willful murder. The death penalty has‘practically been aholished tific teaching. The best music was difficult to secure, and was very ex- ‘pensive. Churches were often without any music. .In even the greatest cath- edrals the “scanty musical service rat- tled in the vast edifices like a dried ker- nel too small for its shell." i Steel was an expensive metal when Victoria was crowned. The Bessemer process of making steel by forcing cold air through liquid iron, invented by one of her subjects. caused the price to fall, at once from $300 to $30 a ton. The! inventor netted $5,000,000 in royalt1es.1 In forty years his invention saved the world the inconceivable sum of one thousand million dollars! el. Six of these great canals of the world, aggregating 240 miles, have cost the tremendous sum of $550,000,000. Medicine and surgery have made wondrous strides since Victoria became Queen. Deaths from amputation have been reduced Ovne-htalfc by Lister's an- tiseptic treatment. The smallpox mor- .tality has been lessened seventy-five per cent. by the Compulsory Vaccination Act. Anaesthetics have made daring surgical operations possible. Many 80- called “incurable" diseases have been |conquered. The germ theory has work- ed great reform in treating contagious diseases. Irreligion and Infidelity were the ord- er of the day in England sixty years 8'80- {Nine out of every ten working- men were professed infidels. Those who could read at all read the works of Thomas Paine and Robert Taylor, .men whose writings were filled with disbe- lief. Not one working-man in a hun- dred ever opened a Bible. The number of church attendants was much less in â€"â€"-vv out: great uerman Empire. France has passed through many changes, but, since 1870, has greatly strengthened her republican government. Italy has been a unified kingdom for only twentyusix years. Switzerland's squabbling can- tons were unified into a strongOand 9335“] through man ' Chan 81-1106 1870. has 2rear,lv);frann+§3§’-a [tut v _ -..v yuou BLADJ JOE-1'3. Astronomy has made great advances during Victoria’s reign. Powerful tele- scopes have revealed millions of un- known stars in space. Neptune was discovered by two astronomers, work- " . The spectro- scope has shown the metals burning in the sun. “'heatstone, Leverrier, Kir- ohoff. Secchi, Lockyer and Bunsen are among the world's great men who have helped astronomuo progress of the past] sixty years. electric power? LIGHT AND AIR POLITICAL UN ITY: cs have made daring ms possible. Many so- 3" diseases have been germ theory has v. ork- in treating contagious THEI the telegraph, electric won't work, we shall expect no 1:; suits from it. and .need run no risk. We simply form a big company, sell all the stock, pocket'the Proceeds, and let tibia _ thblders (10 ”lb develdpingt. 'â€"-â€"v What? You know it won’t work and yet you come to me for capital toâ€"â€" Calm ymlrself. my dear 511'. You see ifwe kale“: at the §ta‘l"t that 1the thing Business Manâ€"But in thfispase there is no risk at all. The Inventlon, though wonderfully attractlvg. to tbs? average mind. is absolutely Impractlcable. It won’t work. ‘ Capitalistâ€"Huh! “"1161: capital to deâ€" velop a patent, eh? W ell. you've come to the wrong place. I haven't any money to rigk on_ pate/mtg;1 - The difficulty with whxch the would be inventors labored was how to fit the rest to the weapon. Mr. Simpson has solved the problem with the ball socket. So favorable nus been the im- pression the test has (treated that the committee of the Enghsb National Ri- fle Association has demded to have the rifle rest competltxon at 900 yards range. In Scotland the range is to be 600 yards. - PICKED MARKSMAN . Of course, such a weapon as this would not be particularly useful in close quarters, but when the armies were separated by, say. 200 yards the i advantage of the gun “'1th a rest would .< once become apparent. It has al- ways been the case in moderm warfare that the firing has been of the hit or miss sort. Line alter llne of men have fired either too high or too low, so that their bullets went Into the air above the enemy or Into the around at their feet. With SOIdleI‘S usxng the new rest nothing of this sort ls likely to occur because excitement Will not make the rest tremble, even though the hands are inclined to waver. A rifle rest of some kind has long been a desideratum, 1 but hitherto nothing or the kind has’ been invented to term a regular part of the rifle. The new idea was vonceived by \V. S. Simpson, of Pall Mall. It is a rod of steel nine inches long. fitted within a ball socket to the stock of the rifle. \Vhen not in use this rest, which weighs only three ounces, is held by a spring within a groove along the stock and is not in the least degree an inconven- ience. The method of shooting with a [rifle to which the rest is attached is that one so familiar to all armies. The soldier half kneels, and then. dropping one end of the rod from the stock of the rifle, it rests it as surely and stead- ily as if the barrel of his piece were lying on the apex of a stone wall. There is no danger of sudden and unexpected deflection of bullets, but the use of the rest makes a sharpshooter of ev- ery soldier and has the same resultant effect that follows the fire of a bodyl 0f '; England llxlwrlnlelntiug will! an Invention 'l'lmt Slay lie of fire-at Inumrtamro. The English arm}: is new experiment- ing with a brand new invention in the way of a rifle rest attached to the ri- fle itself. By the use of this expert shots become perfect and indifferent shots expert. The invention promises to revolutionize the percentage of ac- curacy of aim in the. British army. If war should come Within a year, the Bri- tish forres, so far as the fire of the hi- fantry is concerned, would be super- ior to all others. _-.,_vv v.- ouz nLuu- DU it was with hundreds of the necessities of our present life. Queen Victoria has over seventy descendants, over sixty of whom are living. She has had nine children. seven of whom are liv- ing. and innumerable grandchildren and greatâ€"grandchildren. Her sons and daughters who are living are: the Prince of Wales. the Duke of Connaught, the "Duke of Edinburgh. the err-Empress Frederick, of Germany, the i‘iPrincess Christian. the Marchioness of Lorne“ and the Princess Beatrice. Among heri descendants are Princes, Princesses, )Dwkes, Duchesses, one Emperor, two Ernpresses, one Marchioness and a Lady. 1 vw-‘ 11‘ vu uuu D” were things of the future. Stem-wind- ilng watches had not appeared; there were no cheap watches of _any. kind. So :.L ----- __- '1‘ ‘ mos .had not yét supplantédflt'h-oc 11.52313. Amlme color find! ooal tan-products “Ynfin ‘L:_._‘ â€"£ ’have increased wonderfully during Vic- toria’s reign. :3ch she ascended the throne there was vno steam heating. Flint and tinder did duty for matches. Plate glass was a luxury u’ndreamed of. Envelopes had not been invented and postage-stamps had not been introduc- ed. Vulcanized rubber and celluloid had not begun to appear in a hundred dainty forms. Stmionary wash-tubs, and even wash-board were unknown. Carpets. furniture and household acces- sories were expensive; ’Sewing mach- I'mna kntl ‘â€"L â€" ' ‘ CAPITAL AND INVENTION. have vuuu‘l er one tho ousand have been built 1837. ‘_â€"“-VQVAVV N“ All great modern tunnels of the world have been built during Victoria’s reign. The 'Hoosac, Mont Cenis, St. Go- thnrd, and Arlberg have been completed Within the last; twenty-51x years. The world has 1142 noteworthy tunnels; ov- er one thousand have been built since . JYou shall have all the capital A NEW RIFLE REST. wipers, no war correspondents, Ho ewmg. There were very few ad- ments, and each had to pay an prohibitive tax. great modern funnels of the HOME COMFORTS endless N. G), J. MCKECHNIE N ., G. J. McKechnie. The Chronicle is the most wide ly read newspaper published in the C_onnt,v of Grey. Last year about 831,000,000 worth of tobacco was smoked in Spainâ€"an aver- age of $1.80 petr head. ‘ Argentina’s new torpedo boat Santa Fe, which recently arrived from Eng- land, has been wrecked on the Golonia reef. The guns and boilers were saved. wearers. r N 01‘ A SUCCESS. Aluminum helmets have not proved entirely successful in the German ar- ' “At this season warning against exposure to chills and other consequent evils cannot be too frequently reiter- ated,” he says, “more especially as they form a period to life rendered deadlier by far than the most dreaded of cycling accidents, in that it is held far too lightly by the average of thoughtless i humanity. Bicycling is one of the most active exercises. It brings every mus- ’cle and organ into play and opens the pores of the body. After a brisk riding and overheating, there is always a strong temptation on the part of the rider to cool off in the fresh air with- out. taking any precautions. Even in ordinary riding to descend a long hill in the brisk draught of one's own mak- ing, While heated by the previous strug- glemup'h-ill .is dangerous. uvv UV .ldno at this festive season of the year. in order that they may be spared from pneumonia and other ailments that [snap off youthful lives. sician and Reasons WEAR WOOLEN UN DERWEAR. We take this opportunity of thanking our customers for past patronage, and we are convinced that the new system will merit a continuance of the same. ns “by I'm; Should Do So If You [Me a Bicycle. . comes forward the cycling phy- __j A ‘- We beg to inform our Customers and the public generally that we havefijiadopted the Cash System, which means Cash or its Equiv- alent, and that our motto will be “Large Sales and Small Profits.” GREAT SMOKES. tells wheelmen and Qfieévl- Lt to wear and what not to Adopted by ' rec: Cleansmg, healing and )uritying properties as Burdock Bloo Bitters. It not only cleanses internally, but it heals, when applied externally, all sores ulcers, abscesses, serofulous sores, blotehes, eruptions, ete., leaving the skin Clean and pure as a babe’s. Taken internally it removes all morbid effete or waste matter from the system. and thoroughly regulates all the organs of the body, restoring the stomach, liver, bowels and blood to healthy action. in Spring Time get Pure Blood by using 8.8.8. N o othepremedy possesses such per- fect cleansmg, heahng and pujgfymg Each week an epitome of th world’s news, articles on the household and farm, an serials by the most. popular authors. Its Local News is Complete: and market reports accurate. The Chronicle Contains . . THE JOB : : . ll completely stocked with DEPARTHEN1 all NEW TYPE, thus af- fording facilities for turning out First-class work. in All advertisements, to ensure insertion in current week, should be brought in not later than 'l'uasuav morning. _ .. Minus; uncruon-Imzmou measure. Professional cards, not exceeding one inch, $4.09 per .annum. Advertisements without specific direcuons W11”): pgbllshed till forbid and cna'ucd ac- cordingly Transncnt noticesâ€"“1.05:," “med.” " For Sa3e,”etc.â€"-5o cemg for first insertion, 35 Cents for each subsequent unscruon. v--- ----v - -Iv... hr in ad vancc. Contact rates for early advertisement npplimngn t_o thg 0 cc. onsnnszm g; Ri‘TES . . . iii v ' ' 1""! r"- “ be charged if not so paid. subscription is paid is deal address label. No paper d are paid, except at the Optic suascmmou 3;; c RATES . . . EVERY THURSDAY MORNING ‘1’ Tilt. OHNNIOLE PRINTING HOME, MMFIMXA 8W6" DURHAM, ONT. THE HEBREW flflflflNlflLE EDITOR AND Phonux'ron. rml THE Cummcur. win be sent to an ‘ address, free of postage, for Shoo pa: .’ . year, payable m advanceâ€"$.50 may if not so paid. '13:: date to which every ;‘ no:r‘ 4e AAâ€"A‘A for transicm advertisements 8 cexzzspcr lgne for the. first inscrdon; 3 Lents per .1109 each snbsequcm, insertiozx-‘xuinion essnonal cards,.not exceeding one inch num. Advertisements without spedfié m r.nk‘:-l.--1 -‘II .- . . . IS PUBLISHED { denoted by the nugnbé per disc minued until :11 Option of the proprietor. 'ers must be pm furnished on ron th'c