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be 4.170.500.000 this su- into one.-dolla.r bills 814 .1101 would form a lined "er 1 MILES 1N LENGTH. to encircle the earthor times. sports of the Anglo. - would be over 03.3 finding anything expo! c--~ s. Gilchrist states "I" do“ 0 condition an" teak m togethrr With a uniform BM) onganized and drill- mun would easily Ni: PP 10 763.800 officers a bout! '9 ready to full mmmt to 37,864,500.“ on .1: of all the indebtodui ptry in the world CO. lump sum. and whid an to 027.,400WJN f trnu of the Anglqu l hue a peace tootm d [1 load of braid 161’ em} a and child every twat] use of the merchant IN] me would be 14.775,th Indebtedness of the all? otrongly 1000 in): Pills as 8 PT, when in, I or ailin- In Jgreai - deb] ND STRENGTHENER. is the volunteer ”am . America that 5”.“ tamed by them in“! [ZED GENIUS- Intic 'm'to Rico, Hawaii a to! with d!“ the B. B;"’o lath; I tho 01}..th r ““3 annual deuund for repairs ”figmfi that no to“ nship can 1‘0- 5 ‘9“. The rows instead of bo‘ h'mimed when {My need it are no- “: grow worse and worse; 3nd ml: of bal roads follow. m”. roads an doing for thjs “We“ ”11.0119 side of the oval. 5“ r side 13 Mm. they are not hf The i083 (1083 00(- arise SO much ”up in the spring, or fences that I“19mm: Spring. hmd builders 3f this count}?! “0‘ Sivan sufficient consideration thu'ffoct of building bad rooadS. I: m" year work of 21 firms!- Rim character is placed on tho ‘9- The results are only tempoyar! '"9 destroyed by a very huh ”and traffic. In a very Ihort ”19 work hm t» he done mic: ll But the evil does not. end wgth {This tnnual demand for repair! ', ' A‘rm ' "V. ‘UH LUU axpenu "d . The dalr‘oi ' o be 11 ‘Men 2 Industrial Ir . l 6 ’“ . . Dads, fruit gry leuehted by "5‘- 108 would be- Winding rum.»- .i Ontario pave "Me and rem Uld J. Lat-ore of times lmuiil bad unis. They are of! *hndthat"bre1k up." A road: Ifbrem up" is like nnything also ”m“ up. a pour investment. lroad buiiding is rightly under- ‘in this country, township fog]!!- pwill no more think. of bunldmfl “hat break up in the spring,than Hill think of conatmzting houses 15m up in the 3; ring, barns that Up in the spring, or fences that WK“: 3 year of service [um-h . Willing an econnmzcal_ road. im- meats must be undo m such a ":3: they wil} last. Roads in Can- ,me been bull: 9:1 the same prinâ€" m.gon which breaks down um first load. and is and for u» , aches 11d the economy of Ft ' that are good. We want *mch wit withstand wear. “('0 #:133le and money spent on .10 he “Mm? investment. “'6 “wwwtflch mil be gOOd no mat- ,m; the state of the weather. “"6 flow which “all not become rut- lmdweiy the 1312 rruns come on m the frost leeves the ground 89 mm, {emaamng m ro h ptor econsxdegai)le part of t I“ A road winch does this is a ”M Tho money and labor spent mbésrgely forced down into the ”plowed under mthin a year; Imted. A good and is an econ. WE ”WANT (1001) ROADS.” .areat. to Build lhem x a E V a, ,5 f 1 iconomicall . . iy E plained by n l e u H nts and D agrams to the R * E pert oad‘ lmprovemsem is the narrow ’f the QUPAKiHn by so many us country. '1 hey have been 10 think of roads merely a! istatute labor; and Its- ”‘93‘ consider as means h Lathunstvr cgn 7 got I» ! an] province. The! Lbli gwpd [gut public indilsidual benefit con- e um appreciate the Would ancruo to “)0 want tizen. Money 30d madq of the town- the value of every i the demand (or increase tho profits I‘U'Cing the expon.” d"i‘irb'iflg industries frmt of hisv own 05 direct personal y benefited by "' ”18 would be- 1V8.salo would be Which is not now .â€" rrtcentury past thnm and keep 1 afil'UUlthion. It mks. it bad roads 'iistacles in tho That necessity on us, the e_x- :u by the op- cuxue to us A (‘UNC RETE CULVERT. vâ€"v vw-uuu There is a prevalent opinion that a resident on a concession road knows better than anyone else the re- quirements of that particular road. A remarkable feature, however, is that no two citizens agree in. their ideas of what work should be done. or how it should be done. No doubt there are cases in which one man is right; but when one man is right all the rest must be wrong. Pathmasters are appoint- ed in turn from among these to plan and superintend the roadwork. The only result which could reasonably fol- low from such a system is that which we findâ€"waste and bad rpads: l|.u "wvv The pathmasters can make the road5 or destroy it; call out: the men or not; make the roadway 10, 20, 30 or 40 feet wide, as may suit their individual ideas make the width uniform or of as many widths as there are pathmastersq crown the grade. make it flat or con- caved as may occur to them; they can notify the ratepayers on the beat of the number of days to be performed and instruct them to turn out when they see fit; the ratepayers bring such ilmblements as they wish, work or do 119'; work, so long as they put in the t1-1118; they haul gravel if they want to Put in three days in one; haul sand or turf so long as taken from the tOWDSh-‘P Pit; haul one load or ten so long as the day is Spent, and the path- master is satisfied. He is the agent of the council, and his word is law. If he keeps his men at work, in good humor. and is securing a good roadl. he ‘8 3 good fellow. but can’t be kept in? office more than two years. The job; must be passed around even if the new; man destroys the good work of his; Predecessor. Pathmasters must cer-. tify to the loads of gravel hauled whe-j ther they see them hauled or not. Coun- cils must pay that account at so much a load, right or wrong. and quality of material must not be considered. The result of this lack of supervis- ion is mismanagement. in actual road l the six hours is spent in gossip. in 31‘ Suing as to what should be odone.and in finding fault with what 18 being the class of teams sent out ratepayers; the wagons which can carry only half a load, the boys who come to do a man’s workâ€"these and many oth- 01' details, the friends of statute labor must necessarily frame numerous Statute labor is performed at atime of the year when every farmer can use his time to advantage on .his usefulness there is certainly need for reform when a man‘s labor is worth less than thirty-five cents a day. A feeling in favor of statute labor still holds in some localities, but is grow- ing weaker. There is not a country in the world. characterized by good roads, where a system of statute labor is in use. To a slight, but very slight ex- tent, it may be said to be used in France, but with very different meth- ods of applying it. If it is to be retain- ed in Ontario, the present feeling of the people strongly indicates that it will have to be placed on a basis where- by satisfactory results can be obtained. - fig .. -vuv nu a "UW country. and it suits the spirit of their circumstances. They feel keenly the need of improving their roads, and work with a. will, earnestly and faith- fully. .That wes the history of statute __â€"â€".v- uvw Vb \â€" Quail“. But where the townships have grown wealthy and well populated. a. different condition exists. To such an extent has statute labor degenerated that some townships find that they can do more work by commuting all the labor at thirty-five cents per day. It _L-L ‘â€" ‘ ‘ the people making a. Home in a new nn1tn§muo Annâ€"J 3“ * moat orpenaive tom of mai ” bu boon imposed. 'â€"â€"'-‘v. and if to these pos1tions the ri ' . ght men were apponnted, a considerable step won (1 be taken towards the better man- agement of roads in the townships. surrounded by neighbors. Nothing but patchwork can be expected. By con- solidating this money and labor. by us- lng the statute labor in the ways in which it can be turned to the best ad- vantage, by using the money in pur- chasing material and doing work to which statute labor is not adapted. by seeing that all this work is DI‘ODG’JIJ done, and at the right time much would be done to improve present con- UH‘ILIZING STATUTE LABOR. One of the most profitable methods of usrng statute labor is to utilize it in hauling gravel. In this work there 33,1933 Opportunity for wasting time; it is work which is more agreeable than muchof the other work of grading and ditCh-lng; it is work which the aver- age farmer understands to be of direct benefit and is entered into heartily. It follows that it is better for oth- er means to be used in performing other work. For the grading of the roads there is machinery which every tOWQShip should possess. For the op- eration of these machines one man should be hired, as skill and eXperience are absolutely necessary. It cannot be passed around from farmer to farmer like a scraper or a p’low. These ma- chines do not know how a road should be shaped, but in the hands of a man who does. they are exceedingly valu- able. For drainage and ditching it is usually best to hire the work done by men who are accustomed to this class of work. One of the most necessary steps to be taken so as to receive the greatest benefits from statute labor is to see that the material, whether gra- vel or broken stone, is prepared in the pit or quarry, ready to be drawn to theroad. If screening, crushing 01' stripping a pit is necessary. it should be all done before statute labor com- mences. Gravel may be plentiful. but of a very inferior quality. Usually no effort is made by the council to screen the gravel. remove the surface 8011 from the pit or in any way prepare the gravel for being placed on the road. Teamsters go into the pit.one or two, at a time, it is of inferior quality, but they cannot undertake the task of re- moving the earth and clay, in order to satisfy their few days of labor. In other sections there is no gravel, but field and quarry stone is to be found in abundance, frequently 81011.8 “1,6 road to be improved. But a 1th this material unprepared for roadwork, no- thing can be done by the farmers ex- cept to plow and scrape the mud. 89d in other ways, put in their time In useless effort. If the council would purchase or otherwise employ 3 “Wk crusher to prepare this. stone and leave it ready for hauling. If they were to purchase screens,_st_rlg git-S. 9‘30” an I_ _ “_.A-.-l The first and greatest need of every and any system of road construction. is to have one man at the head of the work to act as a general supervisor. He must be a practical man, and if pos- sible, experienced in road construc- tion, and acquainted with the prin- ciples underlying it. The advantage of having such an officer, appointed by by-law, with term of otfice as secure as that of a township clerk will be ,best eXplained by stating his duties:â€" lst. The supervisor should prepare a plan of his district, or township, show- ing all roads. and the location on them courses, classifying their requirements. 2nd. He should prepare a list of all culverts and bridges, showing dimen- sions, material used in construction, their conditions and the. direction of hassrng through ends as to the course location of the out- 1 . et . s and records should IMPROVING PRESENT CONDITIONS. see that nothing but first-class gravel was provided, farmers would he encour- aged and wou!d willingly spend their time to the fullest extent in hauling this material. SLIP}? RVISOR. Gravel is very plentiful in many partsc of Canada. and. where it can be obtained. of a. good quality. within rea- sonable hauling distance. makes a cheap but good road surface. As pre- viously pointed out. it should be clean. free from sand and clay. since it is the stone. not the earthy materials which emergency work. such as washouts. broken culverts and bridges. It the time required to oversee the statute labor in his division is more than would be needed for his own statute labor. he should be paidtor such excess un- der certificate of the supervisor or council. the object being to secure proper supervision of all work per- formed; the council or supervisor to determine whether the excess time was actually necessary to oversee the work of the division. in accordance with the local by-law of rules and regulations, which should be framed so as to include should be awarded to the lowest bidder if proper security is given, but the work should be subject to the approv- al of the supervisor and all accounts shoutid be certified by him. before pay- men . Road divisions or “beats" should be from three to five miles in length. A pathmaster should be a permanent of- ficer. and his division should be such that the most of his travel will lead him over the greatest portion of it. He need not receive a salary. but should, as a slight recompense. be pre- ferred in doing small jobs under the supervisor, where the work is not con- sidered of sufficient importance to be let by contract. He should. in ad- dition. give special attention to all "JV VII-unvâ€" large- stones“ evilâ€"(i heulders be mixed with it, as they will work up. and roll loosely under the feet of the horses and the wheels ofAyehicles. uuu Uâ€"v - In the preparation of revel it is frequently edviseble to piece e stone crusher with screen attachment in the pit. By passing ell the creval through the send and ob. are removed and the large stone: bro on by the one open- tion. lit-the gravel is (it to he placed on the reed without such treatment. in nearly every one it will bi???“ 10th. He should carefully examine all parts of the township where gravel and stone exist, and should by borings and tests, determine the quality and extent. and report thereon to the coun- cil. All material, stone, plank, gravel. etc., should be purchased by the su- pervisor in large quantities. and und- er instructions from the council, the required amount to be determined by his estimates referred to above. As far as possible the material should be pur- chased by tender. and due consideration should be given to any ratepayer hav- ing material for sale. When purchas- ed it should be delivered and stored at convenient points, and placed in charge of, and used by the pathmastev, subject to the order of the supervisor, and in emergency work. 11th. He ghoufd prepare specifica- tions of all work for which the coun- cil makes appropriations. Contracts PATHMASTERS. There are men in every township who are capable of taking the oversight of road-construction, but the system of changing the pathmasters every one or two years is not likely to produce men who are well qualified in this respect. Appointed in the spring. the pathmast- er has no time to make a study of the subject such as it demands. Nor is the fact that he will he succeeded by some one else as pathmaster the following year an encouragement to effort in this direction. this matter. built or repaired. with a detailed! statement of all material r nlrod {org this work. and an estimate 0 the oost.’ It would also be advantageous to have. a probable estimate of material re- qmrod during the foliowi son, so as to utilize as much as pos-E Bible. the labor of ratepayers during’ the slack season. 6th. His report should specify the condition of all bridges. indicating. those who require repairs or re-. construction, together with an estimate reference to any needed re-location or deviation of existing roads with a view to doing away with bridges. culvertsq expensive grades, cuts or other features; which tend to prevent permanent work and economic maintenance. 1 9th. He should take stock annually, and report to council on all machinery and implements. showing their condi- tion and_whe_re kept. ‘ - ___- __..-u kuuuUO. 7th. He should consult with all path- masters and report to the council, showing the number of days‘ labor in each division. the work to be undertak- en. and the amount of money which should be appropriated by the coun- cil to properly utilize the statute la~ - - C â€"_â€"â€"â€"â€"v vuv wvwixuvu I“- bor. 8th. He should arrange with divis- ions desiring to compound statute la- bor for a term of years, with a view to the construction of permanent and finished work. THE FINISHED ROAD‘VAY. THE GRAVEL 0R BROKEN STONE IN PLACE.â€"Cross-section. GRAVEL ROADS. lent quality: then a. stratum of coarse napd one to two toot thick; und under- tym‘g this a_not'n_e_r stutum of fairly Well, scammemd the private, b.l)-hut I may be t-taken and run through tho gfi-gizzard before I can c-c-cry qu- (nuâ€"quarter. Very few gravel pit: provide mater- ial fit in its natural state {or use on the road. Screening and crushing are often necessary. particularly the form- er, to remove sand and clay from among the stones. It is the stone which is wanted on the roadâ€"not the 00d gravel. The common practico ollowod by toamsterl is to soup. down the face of the pit. causing the soil. clean gave! and and to mix to- gether at the bottom. This is put In thgwagons and taken to the road. You don't go to talk, but to fight, said the colonel. But they'll ppâ€"put me on g-gâ€"guard. and a man may go ha-ha-halt 3 mil. before I can say, Whoowhoâ€"whn goes there! Oh. that's no oujection for there will be another sentry placed a!ong with you, and he can challenge it you can fire. sand and clay. There is enough sand and clay already on the road without drawing it several miles from the grav- r'; pit. Road material. to be of its greatest value on the road should be nearly free from sand and clay. Dirty gravel. while it unites readily and forms a good roadway in dry weather. dissolves, turns slushy and ruts with equal readiness in wet weather; where- as with clean material the stones as- sume a mechanical clasp the one of the other, that will not yield to all the same extent in wet weather. Colonel Hunt, says that a private in the First. Regiment, Ohio. refuses to go to the war because he stutters. When the young millionaire who is visiting the city called upon a lady ac~ quaintanoe who is a born match-mak- er. she urged upon him the necessity of getting manyigianiwttling down. Fuckâ€"Can him a musician! Why. 1.. doesn't know the difterenoe between t nocturne and a. symphony. Flak-Yon don’t man it! And they hurry to get away from one mother. Each is terribly afraid tint the other will at: By the way. wlut in the «Intel-om. - Earth and sand attract moisture and after a few hours' rain the road be- comes softened. In this slight rut: are formed which hold water; the wboie structure becomes saturated. breaking the bond and permitting each succes- sive vehicle to churn these ruts deep- er until the gravel coating is cut through. PURCHASE OF GRAVEL. A great many townships buy grav- el by the load. This is very much like buying water by the pailful instead of digging a well. Gravel should be bought by the pit. or by the acre. and should be available at all times for any farmer who wants to increase the value of his land by improving. the road past it. Especial care should be taken by councils to see that. prion to the performance of statute labor. the pit is stripped and the gravel other- wise. treated if necessary. This material. is purchased at from 5 to 10 cents a load. and when mixed with an excessive amount oi sand or clay is the most expensive road mater- ial for much travelled highways. When we consider the number of pits in some townships and their immense size. rec presenting that thousands of loads have been taken out, and then consider the short mileage gravelled. we must readl- 1y see that something in the quality of material and the mode of construction is radically wrong. In some instances He simply disuvoin any intention of making more than one woman his wife. nnd enema before aha ran iod 1 five (Bur eligible nieces, 350 said. and all would__makb good wives. In searching for gravel. the clearest indications are usually to he found along the banks of streams. where an extensive strata is apt to be expose . A Dost-hole auger affords a convenient means of making tests over the sur- face of the soil for gravel. but the best implement is generally a simPlO form of drill. There are cases in which gravel beds may be entered at the level of a stream bed. and water is thereby obtained for washing the metal by natural drainage. affording 3' Cheaper means of freeing it from sand and earthy matter than by screen- 1118'. Gravel is still being deposited in drifts and bars by the agency of streams; this will be found to partake of the character of the pit gravel of the locality but generally will contain less clay. although sand may easily be in excess. This is usually one of the best sources. as the gravel. can be washed by natural drainage. Lake gravel is often a good metal but vari- es greatly. It is apt to be slaty. an undesirable quality; It will be (res from dirt and clay, but contains suffi- Cient sharp sand to secure consoida- tion. capacially if a roller is used. Gravel which retains a perpendicular face.in the spring. and shows on trace 0‘ Slipping when thawing out may gen- erally be assumed to be sufficiently clean and free from clay for use on. the road without any treatment othe.’ than is necessary to break stones Greater than one inch and a half ir diameter. much more than the value of a wholo farm has been paid for by gravel pur- chased by the load and taken from a small corner. It first-class matgrial were used un~ der ordinary traffic the annual re- Daim rendered necessary would be very slight. TOO GENEROUS FOR HIM. THE WAY WITH CRI’I‘IC‘S. A STUTTERING SOLDIER (To be Continuod.)