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*â€" The Great Need of This Country is Good Roadsnflow to Build Them Economically Explained by an Expert--Useful Hints and Diagrams to the Road "u“ - § aâ€" ..‘BV‘ v“ _W LMB‘O stones at the surface. moreover. em more apt to become loose. to roll under the horses' feet or the wheels. For a. country road there should be placed in the roadbed. lst. a. layeg 10% Inch ring; 23d. 0n thus a. layer of stpnoa such as wi'll pass through a. one Ind) “118‘. 8rd. on this a coating of qcreen- mksâ€"that. is. the dust and chips creat- od in crushing. m â€" ' -L-..,.:...,. ‘ Care must be taken in o-hoosmg we “mm to be used. Some limestone: make good metal; but. limestone of a nluty nature. or limestones which de~ 08y rapidly on exposure to the air Ihould be rejected Sandstones are brittle and do not unite well in the road. Granites. which are found in many ptrts of Canada. make good road metal. Trap rock is the best. obtain- able. Gneiss in very frequently a. pond rock The latter with other gnod rock The latter thn 0Lucr ardstones. are frequently found as boulders scattered over the southern parts of Canada. In using field bould- ers. care must be taken to reject such Itones as are evidently softened by 0“ FORUM. ROCKS which crumble readily under successive blows of a hammer; or which show iron stains when brok- IZL‘I.‘ AV- "I 'V IIILu DHUVV luv- 'v*â€"- on. should be discarded_ A littlgex- parlance will quickly teach a Judlcupm madman to detect boulder stone which Is unfit for road purpogifrso. L ‘_.‘J-. A, “ Uflllb l'Jl‘ luau. PULr‘ltnn-o There must be sufficient body of broken stone to consolidate into a com- pact layer. A sprinkling of stones over the surface is useless. It merely impedes travel on what might other- wise he a good dirt road. Six inches of broken stone is the least which would be used in making a. durable roadway {or any purpose; and it should be the aim of councils to thicken this Covering as circumstances will per- PLACING THE ROAD METAL. To know how gravel or stone Should, be placed on the road. it is necessary! to have a knowledge of why it is plac- ed on the road. This is a matter to which very few of our roadmakers have iven slightest attention. and very ew could give an intelligent answer. to the question The popular idea is; that the stone makes a sort of carpet for a while; in a short time it will be forced down into the soil to form a bottom; on this more gravel or stone ' will have to be placed; and that this: process will have to be continued indeâ€" finitely until a good road is made. There is even a very general belief that it is nut necessary to drain a road; but that the only means of ac- complishing the desired end is to pile on gravel year after year; and that water. unless it actually floods over the top of the road. has little to do with the matter; and that so long as the actual surface of the road does not get wet it does not matter how boggy‘ it may be underneath. ln the intelligent construction‘of a road» the intention of the gravel or stone coating is to form a wearing surface and protect the soil under- neath. Of course. gravel and broken stone cannot as a matter of fact. be entirely impervious; but so far as the coating of these materials does pre- vent the water passing through-to the sub-soil. 't fulfills the greatest por- tion of its mission. A. w\’- vâ€" -v‘ vâ€"â€" To accomplish tins to the greatest possible extent there are several points which it is necessary to_ pay attenfion to. lat. the road must be crowned or; rounded up in the centre; 2nd. the mm; torile must be as compact and as solid as possible; am. the surface of the‘, road must be smooth. ' CROWNING. CROWNING. } KEEP THE ROAD DRY. } B! having the F034 crowned 01". Keep the roads dry. and with vety lit-‘ rounded up in the centre. water is atl tie attention they will remain good once thrown to the sides where it can: roads. A little moisture does com- hecarried away in the drains. H the l paratively little injury. Against some road is flat on the top. or if hollow.': moisture it is impossible to guard. But as many roads of Canada are. water; with proper precautions. the excess stands on the road. soaks down through moisture can be removed before great the road covering, and softens the soil: damage is done. The means to be tale- heneath. Then the trouble begins!“ with regard to the actual surface There is nothing to support the of the road have already been com- gravel. so that when a loaded vehiâ€" mented upon. ole passes over it. the wheels are forced THE OPEN DRAIN. down tug-ought» gravel)“ man}: The open drains at__the sides of the loll. The soil is plowed up. mixed! with the gravel and the eerviceahilitfl d the road is largely destroyed. g The means of providing a. proper. crown must depend on circumstances.i For an avenge country road on which 5 greding machine is used the best: nethod will be to first round up the: natural soil giving it a less crown‘ than it is intended the finished road? ‘U‘heve. Thispompleted. pace the; grader are: one side of the centre. cutting at the tap and turning the loosened dirt to the side; then pass tb grub: beck elong the other side. turning tb loosened dirt to the side. n:- will lane n flat surface -in- thd “tr. at tho roadway. along each side dwfiolhtlhonldorol loo-o euth. Bu'ilders of this Country. BROKEN STONE. forming a shallow trench. In this the gravel should be placed, spread with a rounded surface and’the loose dirt at the sides levelled off to conform to the shape of the roadway. Old gravel roads are commonly flat. in ridges. with square shoulders at the; edge of the ditches. In this case. the better plan is to cut off these shoulders throwing the loosened earth outward. The ditches are usually very wide and flat. the road having been graded by drawing the earth out of the ditches with a scraper; so that these shoul- ders thus turned outward merely wid- en the graded roadway without inter- fering with the drain. If. however. .these ditches are sharp and deep. the [loosened earth may drop down. so as W'VVVâ€" â€" Usually a. sufficient depth of grav- el will be found upon these roads. re- Quiring only that the centre should be raised by cutting off the sides. After this is done as above described. a light coating of clean gravel to fill the rats and depressions and restore the crown will frequently make an excellent road. to obstruct the water in which case It will have to be thrown across the drain to the roadside by bandâ€"a proâ€" ceeding seldom necessary. .. CONSOLIDATING THE MATERIAL. The road covering should be solid} and compact in order to shed the wet-l er. Under present methods, the grav-i el or stone is dumped in the centre of the road and left as it fails, a mound of loose material, avoided by the users of the road until late in the fall w hen the muddy and rutted state of the side of the road compels them to drive along this mound. Gradually it is flattened down and. after a year or so. during which time it has been mixed largely with the soil beneath. it assumes the shape of a road. The utility of roads made in this way is largely wasted. Roads must be made for traffic. not by it. ‘- ,____. ‘â€" This loose stuff absorbs the rain as it falls even before it is cut into ridges hy wheels and the feet of horses. When it has been cut into ridges it acts ae a. surface will receive. In this way the whole surface and foundation of the (lest rory ed. “‘1‘," I- V The best remedy for this waste in roadmeking, is to spread the road met- al to conform to the required surface of the finished road. and then there oughly consolidate it by the use of a. heavy roller. It can be largely rem:- died also by taking proper care of the road. if a. roller cannot be had. By raking the loose material into the rats and wheel tracks as fast as they appear“ nearly the same end will be accomplish-l ed but less perfectly. and requiring a. longer time. The first vehicle passing over the road does comparatively little injury ; it is when ruts have been form- ed. which hold water. and other wheels ' It is evident that a smooth surface gis essential to a good road. A rough gsurfaoe is necessarily such. as will im- :pede the flow of water. Ruts run- ‘ning lengthways with the road form' itrenches to cut off the flow of water: {from the centre to the drains. To isuch roads rain is always an injury. 2 With roads properly built. on the con- :trary. a good dash of rain will flush g away the dust which has accumulated; ‘, and which if it remains on the road in » time of steady rain and slush. acts as l . g a sponge to absorb monsture and soften ithe surface of the road. AN EASILY MADE STONE CULVERT -Cross~secti.on. follow in thnae tracks. that the great- est damage is done. The open drains at the sides 01’ the road should be sufficiently deep to hold water in times of freshets. and 'should have a sufficient fall to carry it quickly aw.ay The fall should be uniform. not a, series of rises and falls. , .knolis and holes. Vâ€"Most important. of all. in View of the neglect which it receives, the out.- let mugt be qmplet _ qnd always {me from obstructiod. It is useless to dig u drain Without providing an outlet. for the waiter. a. _thing Yery. cqmgnony done. The water merely stands in tin trench. soaks into and softens the road- bod. Unless a. drain carries the water any. it is 11081888- "“-â€"‘~v" -vâ€" 'is softened. is iéadily cut. up and , FOUNDATION. Tb importance at keeping the road. SMOOTH SURFACE. / / I/LLK’ In this @119 pressed. will support from . square foot. of surface. according to lity of the clay. It only moder- ately dry it will support only from 2 to 4 tons per square foo . . . If the clay is wet and soft it Will yield to almost any load. Gravel. it well compacted. forms a '3 less yield- ‘what. But the real strength of the '11. Vegetable moulds and alluvial soils are weak, hav- UNDERDRAINING. . In order to keep the l‘oadbe dry. and secure a strong foundation. it is fre- quently advisable to use tile under- drams. Owing to the weakening effect 0‘ Water on clay. also to the retentive nature of clay. that soil is usually most ' In gravel ‘ 11) need of underdramage- ° dinarily 3" de- ‘ structive unless when acted upon by “'98“ at the same time. , 80118 usually provide bett _ underdrainage. as they are more 90" one. and artificial means of underdrain- 383 are usually less necessaril- “ “WV unuuuaJ .g-uw up 6" - Underdrainage may be had by means of common field tile. It is usually best t0 place two such drains, one on each side of the roadway underneath the open drains. One tile drain placed underneath the centre of the roadbed is sometimes used. The extra cost of two ‘ drains is largely reduced. however. by , the lesser cost of excavation. since, on ' the majority of road allowances. deep! Open drains now exist. and the soil 131 softer and more cheaply handled than that in the hardened centre of the road. It 18 very unwise to excavate and soft- 1 en the hardened centre of the road ‘ oughly; they intercept the soakage wa- éter from the adjoining land before it passes under the roadbed. Any thoughtful farmer who knows the effect of underdraining in his fields Will at one» recognize its usefulness in road-making. In the fall. water will be rapidly removed from the bed of the road and the destructive action of frost lessened. In the. spring. the frost will come out of the ground more quickly. and each of those periods in fall and Hprlng are shortened. when. with the foundation and surface thoroughly sat- urated. the roads are not only impass- able on account of the mud. but are 1!”tired by traffic more than in all the remaining nine or ten months of the Hear. One year's statute labor with l the annual appropriation, spent in pro- viding proper drains for the roads of the hrovince would do more than can be done in five years with thé present method of merely filling the holes which appear, with grave) or crushed Underdraining and grading should be carried on simultaneously. Unless drained, the traffic during the ensuing autumn and spring will usually leave a graded road as shameless and rough as a. pioneer wagon track can be. If (Vained. there will be a foundation for the gravel or crushed stone to rest; on when applied. A GOOD ROAD COVE RINGâ€"Cromwtlon. ' no largest stones in the bottom and the amotlast at the surface. and and clay; and thoroughiy rolled. .v "‘4..- \-II‘I.~‘_I“. , A Porous soil, like a sponge. retains Ln its texture, by attraction. a certain amount of water. When water in ex- 9683 of this is added. it sinks to the first {mmnetrahle strata. and from there it rises higher and higher until it finds a lateral outlet; just as “so ‘0? poured into a pail will rise high- er and higher, until it finlls an outlet :11 the side of the pail. or until it flows over the top. Underdraining supplies the necessary outlet for this excess moisture at a p-rOper depth tom the surface; it “ lowers the water linez" With plastic clays the process is slightly different. Clay will absorb nearly one-half its bulk anl weight of water. In drying. it shrinks and is‘1 torn in different directions. The fis-‘ sures thus commenced by a tile drain become new drains to lead water to the tile. and so the process of contracting and cracking continues until a net work of fissures is produced. and the stiffest clay is thereby drained. THE EFFECT OF FROST. The injury done to roads by frost. is caused entirely by the presence of wa- ter. Water expands on freezing. and the more there is under a road. and above frost line. the greater is the min- jury. 1n freezing. water expands. The particles of soil in immediate contact with the water are first compacted. When room for expansion ceases within the body of the soil itself, the surface is upheave-d. I‘Vhen thawing takes place the sub-soil will be found honey- comhed. ready to settle and sink be- neath traffic. It is therefore of the utmost importance that the soil should be relieved of the water of saturation as quickly as possible by underdrain- age. The impassable condition of most I roads in Canada during the spring. of- 6.5a axle deep with mid. is to be at- tributed very largely to a wet sub-soil which has been honey-combed by (root. MAINTENANCE. It in not merer necessary to make the roads good; they must be kept 360d. It is not shfficient to provide drain}; care must be exercised to keep the drains open and tree trom obstructions, It is not enough to merely place the gravel or broken stone on the road 1: it. ought to be placed; can nut be V.-- “DC _ weakening effgct > to the retenuve .11 is usually most inane. In grayel W'I‘t ioâ€"ébéofuioly essential to the main- tenance of a good and economical sys- tem of roads that provision be made by the township for their repair as soon as signs of wear appear. H‘owever ex- travagant it may appear at first sight. to recommend that a man be constant- ly employed to go over such a mileege of roads as he can attend to. devoting his whole tune to the work. there can be no doubt that it would in the end be the most economical plan. It is the . same system pursued by railways 1n' the care of thetr roadhed. and railway corporations are noted for their. econ- . [om'wal methods ‘ A man constantly employed in this‘ way could fill up ruts and wheel tracks as soon as they appear. before water has been permitted to stand in them to assist in deepening them A decay- ed plank would be removed from the‘ culvert or bridge before an accident was caused thereby; and before the weakening of the bridge at this point had caused other portions to be de- stroyed. An obstructed drain would be opened before injury resulted to the roadway. Loose stones would be re- moved from the road where they are rolling under the wheels and the feet of horses. Loose gravel and stone would be kept raked into place until it had become consolidated By these and many other simple means the roads would be at all times kept in a more serviceable condition; and of greater Importance. repairs would be made in I Some municipalities have adopted the i lplan of employing a foreman end 3‘ icouple of laborers to devote their whole . 1: time to the roads of a district or town- i fshisp. and in such cases, a grader andl tether road machinery is employed. 3 Whatever the details of the system. the principle should be the same through- 1 out. that wear must be repaired es‘ Esoon as signs of it appear. it economy . iend good servine is to be had. ROAD GRADERS. A road grader is one 01! the most ne- oessary implements for s township to , possess. To depend upon manual lab- or tor the first grading of roads. and ' the nepsir of others thst require re- ' shsping is suseless waste of lsbor end ’ money. Imprmved rosd machinery is ,' Is greets. soaring in roedmsking as is l the self binder or the stesm thresher ' in tum’ opsrstions. To neglect to uses 'grsdsrisesunw-ise ssgit time to save the road from injury Wthh could not be remedied; and in time to save much labor and expense in making possible repairs would his to return to this old time cradle and flail. It every ratepayer- took tbs «no potions!“ interest in the much that he does in his tut-m. no muni- clpalitioa would'be without modern ma- chiller] for md work. The grader in the hands of a skiltul operator will do tho work at titty to seventy-tin tree from V m“ in Grading and leveu'm'm way. .‘ I A ROAD ROLLER A most valuame. ' ‘ construction L3 (be. it can be mixod up Wlth th ' mmra the surface Coating more able and flammable in ever. "‘I‘ show roller of hen Lon. “£00 -1 fine for the majomty at rum: oipalities. but In sum imam.“ ship! could rent. from g to“ in district. which owns one, A her.“ or of six or elght tons 1! 1m “N and some mun'Lcimlltiea mu w to purchase In the construct“ broken stone, roads the loose Ito... aolidatea under tram-3 less MM” does gravel. and Without . tollm‘ mains for some Luna var, 10°.“ C mums. to purchase. In the 00m braken stone. I'Otinifl (be [00‘ solidabea under traffic less does gravel. and without mains for some Lime verl rough. the Amt-beta 311- water omil road a: hi my tweable ai spots. The ind is out WMNVBI' 300i grave} mnnflh where stone for crusbmg is - t stone crusher Ls must metal. can be broken by this means an.- within the range of every we‘ll.” law township, although “UNI s'wo work when mrfurmed by h.“ crusher can be umrated by the" engine used for a threshmg M which can generally be ream crusher will manure from m h cords per day A rotary srzwn a‘tasbfid (0‘ crusher “A“ 's‘rwgu‘. L1e We 5M”. grades .‘me‘dmg M we, read“, placed on thu mm :1 11334-3 M at in the UOHMm o?‘ I'm m“ HIV- étb “)0 first blush of spring .11,” 1-0. the proprietor of Fat be: S“, ad I“ nope toward Home 1‘, (ran tin emperor’s-3 hand a u er in the hotbmn n' the xi)“ WAqu TIME It Would than!) as 'wmgh J” thing the mm» (1‘ nu-Lhwis :11: to roads All Cunmid c116 mnfnryto judgment. (junâ€"ml ,r ux‘ukpnm dumped lwacly “1"qu ewugp ing. on 1 badly gl‘i'hsd, badly L sub-soil. In the use of thesem same recklessness. gs glarmgly eat. “'hen wude. Urea have univ replaced the narrow tires which now found JD farm Wagonsw port of the road question Will's: ed. Narrow tuna of two mi inches in width have 001] one the bearing on the mad Which be provided My (11"‘8 of proper ' By referrmg to UN summrting of soils discussed m the pangnfi "Foundutmns," the effect of ' ,mnne apparent. By the use of“ inch tire. the roadway will in! without yielding. twice: L119 MN it could Support with a three inch! Narrow tues mnnn: he wwsfm condemned. They gut md gnnd' it could éupport with a three inch! Narrow tiles :‘unnu: he Lousuu condemned. They cut md grind mad. plow and upbcave it ‘ tines on the mintrarv. are 3 ha rather than m iniury to the: inasmuch as they act as mllmto serve a smooth. bud surfam. In! mums wide. fires are wwjectedu dot the argument abut the! i“ the draft required 'u {nave the This may occur unriwr serum! ill-(ml oonrlibitms vi vet] watt“ ill-01 conditions vf vety wet“! roads. But “then Mde tumult “anally L189“ ”bi.“ objectitl} WW appear. as thu murwmed dr N to the tuts 21ml mud wurd by tires. For the 3V (5’11ng Gaunt,” l 81341311 roadway Mwmy-tmr f Wldfll between the mslde Md 99811 drains. W111 ’ue ample w date travel. For um: average the central eight feet is memllod' gravel or make“ “pm" rum . lcient. The dumb and widthd’ oyen drains will have m . ‘ mrcumsmumes sum ‘wn' v-a a N 110 provided to carry away tn!“ “mt. Th» JHmh mug-3L 0% W also on the fail oi-mmahle WM nude-rdrains. dtwp open dud!“ m 'needed to drain the run The use of tile was my W" dbep and dangmmus ape-n dW‘M' may Otherwise. he nave. . “109‘ (If the mad should he 9 M m" ' " A ‘ 6. .3 l w Hills are among Huw 0‘ ”16 and U) m,nstm‘,{.« - {at N by “he Mdhide. tin-l puu hills, frequently to {land '1‘ surface. It, is um. “10 centre of {Am and C §ower Uhan tnc upon drum If there are drzuxu at a“ ' 'ashmms $4 the simple remedy 18 m uwr; water before it ma 0 had. the Mimmu yeying it {Abmugh . if necessary. 'l‘l‘w mummmsw‘ the greater amuun? 0‘ “we: 4 . o «5 carried in deep {1111:1083 W “J . m Atgother common' 111 u m t oozing (mm 1 '1‘ 5 ' m a. mu». m 15W tweablo after N spots. the surf-M 01 ° “h .russ drums jhfluldw ta ob .me“ on \(I the wet . flwt Eewdbng [0 mai 00m.” rut... DIMZENa‘hZINS A STONE CRUSH“. 5 OF ROADS It‘ dlffi‘ .s't 1110‘ I! 0 ”Wm letter signed J! L- a... then in SW M in the morning sun. I ”a mum stands silently Def 0! pt: of Winged Victory. “Chasm. II the bead 01b»! L “W. Something 'm L] at” created his ItteDNOD mi“ Cinnem the soldier mm “uni-ted With the death of (‘0 ”ad the perfidy oi Dolabella. t Int-ole quivered. not a soul fl Hm but a deadly OOJOI blow alumni: (we. when the soidn antiro Cinnero'e hair was I I u mrblo. ‘wfllnot forget that I am a Ruma handler. No one shall kmm m emperor." The imperml edict e the an of Pomybas Doiuhu' Mutants-1 tablets was a my mud to the wedding {m ' Chum and Julia. d:.ugm ' the philowpber. Hn- 9! M joinad their hands 2. much lyres. H19 («mole .Mlfle. The emperor (m Kahlil. fox 3 story. :1!“ old [)hUUSUKIhCl‘ heynl _ fine-go there was takrn .‘u ”the body of a beautxfux g :thm buried only the day :‘ then: "moved to a Isa-re: (m VII 3‘ 0009 placed on a “at *Nfl with the hands and 19 It. Icrysul dxscus. A st:- “r‘wthecl'ystal with iezdhe N Mme audible a (Tm-km “9“! “fish! of faint light wk :11!” to and from the body 11. “h. it I mistake not. (‘innmv h tot-Milt but thee. my humid It Wt, 08 I Live, I love .11 I] hurt." ide 00 hex: and virtuous scua "‘3 omp‘hltic oi. fen”, dear mt 3 we pt or“ i hi