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“ WE WANT GOOD ROADS.” The Great Need of This Country is Good Roads--How to Build Them Economically Explained by an Expert-Useful Hints and Diagrams to the Road Builders of this Country. tax. If Uhese culvert; are in their proper locations. natural watercourses, and other fixed places. they will always be required and their construction in the most durable manner is the best and most economical plant Far small culverts there is very lit- tle difference in the cost of timber and Vitrified pipe. If properly laid the lat- ter will withstand the frost and is dur- able. Tlhese pipes may be used up to 18 inches in diameter; and the capacity may be increased by laying two or more rows, but the pipes should have at least one foot of ewrbh or other fill- ing between them. Culverts of 5 001‘ 10 feet span Should be cement concrete arches. which is permanent. if the con- crete is pnoperly made. The concrete should he composed of first class cem- ent: clean. s'blu'p, silicious sand. {1‘98 from earthy particles and coarse en- ough to pass through a twenty mesh. Sieve; clean gravel screened through an inc-h and ahalf screen. the largest stones to he not more than two and one half int-hes in diameter; or in place of gravel broken stones that will D333 through a two and one half inch ring. These materials should be mixed in the proportion of one cwbic foot of cement. two cubic feet of sand and three cubic feet. of gravel or broken stone. with just enough water to make the whole Into a plastic mass. The sand and cem- ent must first be mixed dry, then a Sufficient quantity of water added to make it into a tlhick paste. It should then be thoroughly mixed again. spread w°“-_y “tr-V“- out. the stone or gravel added. and the whole thorwghly mixed until every stone :3 coated with the mortar.., then Put It in place. "Ilhe walls should ex- tend well below the frost line and have we must again commence tube recon- struction of the first, in this way the QOXpendiLure [Wes perpetual. and fixes {large percentage of our annuel “it periods. makes the maintenance Ivory costly. and this class of structure the most tompomy and expensilve. No sooner have they all been rebuilt than 30f decays quickly. and while cheaper than steel in first cost. is more exyen- Jive after a term of years since the host of repairs is very great. Generally speaking the cost of an ron superstructure is more than that 1! wood. The substructure of stone or merete is more ”pensive than pile or :rib work. but as in other structures a firm foundation is most serviceable and {(‘onomicai. \Vooden foundations from 1 wing at the ends to protect thenem; oankment from wadh. . BRJDG ES. . “'oodon bridges. except. where timber is very plentiful in we immediate local- Lt‘y,l_are apt a good investment in View CUILVERTS. In no branuh of municipal work is so much money wasted as in the con- struction and maintenance of sluices and culverts. In most townships these are built of timber. Timber is perish- eble. culverts are subjected to repeated changes of wet and dry weather. the severest test to which timber could be subjected. Eadh year a large number of these culverts are renewed at a cost of from 05 to $50 eadh, in some town- ships aggregating from $500 to $1,500, and this is an anunal outlay. The life of these structures is so short that it Is not more than five years before re- pairs are required and these repairs in a short time amount almost to renew- cl of the most expensive kind. A brok- en plank. or stringer, a rotten log or any timber replaced with new at differ- hcay and other causes settle and the Least settlement in the foundation mists the timber causing a disarrange- nent of the strains and frequently ;ransfeving the greatest load to the weakest point. Wherever timbers have ‘ 8004 road. 03‘ a change from a. steep lo a gentle grade. the slight inconveni- Om‘e ereated by the alteration of boun~ dry [mes will be many times repaid. 3 seat. or hearing exposed, decay goon mmences, and when least expected. aollapsea under a_ hegvy load. “'L A I in the original survey, and property owners prefer to have their farms bounded by straight lines. At the same time the value of good roads to the term Should not be overlooked, and whenever a change in the road allow- unoe means the change from a. bad to There are very many instances where, :2! changing the course of a road iglhuy, municipalities would save a large sum in construction. and at bhe nme time produce a better road. A 01W deviation would frequently avoid lwampy or wet ground. or would do away with the necessity of expensive outs and fills. A bill can sometimes be avoided or the grade very much reduced by altering the location of the road. There is a prejudice against tak- bg the roads from the lines laid down LOCATION OF ROADS. A. W. Campbell, C. 5., Road Commissioner of Ontario. 000. in this way; in 1895 $400,000; and in 1896 $600 000.1t is intended that ul- timately about one-tenth of the entire road mileage will be built as state high- way.s In Michigan. upon a majority vote of the rate payers in any county, 9. county road system may be adopted. A board of commissioners five in number, are elected by the people to lay out. and construct certain of the leading roads, to he paid for and thereafter main- tainedby a county rate. __ READY TO RECEIVE THE GRAVEL.â€"Cross-section. Showing earth shoulders as turned hack by the grading machine. ity of the state commission. Also on labor returns clearly; show What world petition of two or more cities or towns, has not been done. a road between them may be made a; See that the council collects the am- state highway. The “state oom- . ount from the delinquent parties and mission” is cornposed of three comâ€" ; have it expended the next year. missioners w‘hlo compile statistics. make 5 The pathmaster should inspect the investigations, advise regarding road roads under his charge after every construction and maintenance, and hold heavy rain-storm. A few minutes' public meetings for_t'he‘_di_scussion of . york i‘nmfreeing drains from obstruc- road matters. One-martin the cost of construction is paid by the county the remaining tihtree-tourhhs being paid by the state. In 1894 the state spent $300,- A bill 7has just passed the New York may be adopted as state roads. The pe- tition of a county council, oerrtain roads ma y be adOpted as state roads. The pe- tition is first presented to the State Engineer. If he approves of the see- txon of road thus sought to be imprqv- ed, he prepares plans, sepcifications and estimates. These are presented to the legislature and, if approved by that b0dY~ 50 per cent. of the cost of con- struction is paid by the state. The New Jersey Highway 13W DTO’ vides that on the petition of the owners of two-thirds of the land bordering on a road. the state Commissioner of Public Roads will cause the road to a county. the state road commission may. with the ass nt of the Legislature, adopt any road wiflhin the county as a. state highway. Except that the grad- ing and bridging is done by the county, the work thereafter, both construction and maintenance, is under the author- be imprlolved in accordance with plans and specifications prepared by him‘ sub- ject to the approval of the Legislature. Tlhe ow ners of the land affected by the improvement pay c-ne -tenth of the cost; the county pays six-tenths; and the state three- tenths. Connecticut has introduced a plan of highway improvement providing for the appointment of three state com- missioners. \Vhen a township votes in favor of constructing a road under the Provisions of the State Highway Act, specifications are prepared and submit- ted to the state commissioners. If the commission approves. the township council lets contracts for the work. to be performed under the supervision of the state commissioners. One-third of the cost is paid by the state; one- third by the county; and one-third py A small sum apetnt in securing reliable advice is as much a matter of economy in public as in private affairs. RECENT ROAD LEGISLATION. The State of Massachusetts is one 01 those which has taken advanced steps in road improvement. On petition of an experienced builder of iron bridges as to the plans and specifications sub- mitted. This is a matter in which few township engineers and surveyors are qualified to decide, and certainly the wisdom of councillors entirely with- out professional training in such mat- teors, is not to be trusted. Cases have occurred in which a difference of five dollars have influenced a council to ac- cept a tender for a bridge which was manifestly, to a man of eXperience, worth less than the other by several hundred dollars; and Which was indeed unsafe offering every likelihood of fail- ure with attendant loss of life and great expense for reconstruction. It is difficult to understand the action of some councillors shrewd in other mat- ters, in the construction of bridges and other public works proceeding with such apparent dis-regard for the true interests of those whom they represent. the township. The’éxpenditmre byâ€" the state in this way is limited to 873,000 angualiy. __-... aawuvaa. DVL The State of Rhode Island has apâ€"irollers. pointed a commissioner of highways.§ Improved maahi When a council represents to the com- f for good and eco missioner the need for improving a cer- '; self-binders and tain road. an examination is made by] .Employ one an him. If he considers the work necesr. the machinery. sary, he prepares plans, specifications parienced and do and estimates; and reports to the mun- i work . icipalities affected. at» to the state legâ€" i 'meflmetqama Islatnro an to the Martian in which played talo‘p'o‘mtg The course pwrsued by some, indeed most municipalities in erecting iron bridges 1s likely, however, to result dis- asterously, and bhnorw iron and steel into disrepute. A council advertises for tenders. The companies responding Supply their own plans and specifica- tiorns.T1hus far the pnocedure is en- timely satisfactory. 'Dhe difficulty arises when councils accept the lowest tender without obtaining the advice of The cost of renewing a wooden bridge in which a man has to be sent to put in a new timber from time to time. will amount to twice the initial cost of the bridge. In this way the ultimate cost of a timber structure becomes very great. that each member Indy oaI'ry its fair share of the load, than: all nuts are ‘kept tighteped Let no pathmaster return a rate-pay- ars’ statute labor as performed. unless It has been dome to his satisfaction. Have the work properly laid out be- fore the day appointed to commence work. Only call out a sufficient num- ber of men and teams to prOperly carry out the work in hand and notify them of the implements each will be requir- ed to bring. COMPOSITION OF THE AVERAGE Daily gravel is dropped on the roadn without further treatment. The stones are forced down into the mud, and the mud comes to the surface. It is impossible to do satisfactory work on clay roads which are very wet. or which have become baked and hardâ€" ened by. heat. apd drought. The Opera- With the money which can Le spent. build permanent culverts, permanent bridges. buy machinery, buy gravel pits, prepare gravel for hauling. con- struct drains. operate the machinery. Use .the statute labor as far as pos- sible in drawnng gravel or broken Do not leave the gravel or broken stone just as it drops from the wagon. Spread the metal. Crown the road With a rise of one inch‘ to the foot from side to centre 30 as to shed water from the roadway to the drains. Give the Open drains a good fall to a free outlet. Lay tile underdraina where needed. Drain thoroughly. Keep the road surface dry. Keep the earth under: heath the surface dry. The patbmaster should inspect the made under his charge after every heavy ruin-storm. A few minutes' work in freeing drains from ol'rstruo- tions. filling holes, diverting a current of water may save several days’ work if _neglected. tor of the grading machine should have instructions to commence work on clay roads as soon as the ground has be- come sufficiently settled in springâ€" and not to leave this work until the time of statute labor, usually in J une, Renamed "“1 do better anav 13363.5(; works ‘Iihesamgitgama should be always em- ployog' pagoparata the graders. They ; If scfeening or cruShing is paces; Gary. let this be done before the tlme o statute labor. If statute labor is to he made suo- oessful the work must 1:9 systematical- 1y planned and some definite and kept in View. when the ground is hard and dry; \U: n. 4‘...- ---â€"-~ RBads,‘ 'c‘uivéEta' 1513' {rages “-111 el- Vfi'aYS. he required, and their construc- txon 1n the most durable manner, suit- able to requirements, is most econ- omlcel. Inc-v“; wuu vnkuv L 'Lulllv.v ' ' ' Specify the width of grade. amQU-nt. of crown, plan of drainage, kind. Width and depth of material to be used. a?“ Beet that these specifications are carried on . Purchase gravel by the pit not by the load. Use clean road material. Strip the clay and. earth from over the gravel pit, before the time of P8X" fogtmneg statute labor. .m‘n'OEéCvz'L-éter money in making tri- fllflg Ifep'airs on temporary strucy‘lreg. Is ernarmed by con-trace. bu'te largely in the form Off while. Indianna, Kentucky and others contribute to a less degree. bare outlines of the systems have been stated, with the object of showing .th" prommence the question of road “n" Drovement has attained of recent years adopted within the past five years. In adopted within the past five years. In all these systems, safeguards are vltced to prevent the expenditure exceeding. for any state at any locality, 09143.31” reasonable limits. according to require- ments and ability to meet the payâ€" ments. In most at these states the t9; 18 so levied that the towns and cities pay the greater portion of the cost of state road construction; for 81;" ammo, In the State at New York ‘ltn‘ls V ‘‘‘‘‘ vuv euvwvw r-â€" - cost of state road construction; for ex- ample, in the State at New York it is estimated that the people outside of the towns and cities will pay only 10 Per cent of Uhe cost, Whether by statute _ labor or 0W“ [99308 undertake roedwork SYStema‘ tlcally. Appoint a supervisor who will have charge of all the roadwork. . Make road bea'qs five miles in length. choose the best men as pathmastefs- and keep them in office . Classify the roads according to the nature and extent of traffic over them: IN BRIEF. Road: that “break up" are pad roads. Make road improvements m such 3 way thélt they will be pgrpnanent. --_- ,_. A‘1nlfi 3:1 uffi’ewgunicipiitiea benefittggi the state legislature “Wm” 13 jertarmod by pqppracp -‘nt‘ 0n In juBtlce to others make the statute- MUNSHI ABDUL KARIM. The Queen’s Indian Secretary. the Royal household is in charge of her private Indian secretary. Hafiz Habdul Karim, who belongs to a good family all: Agra. and has been in Her Majesty’s service since the jubilee year, 1887, dischargincr his duties faithfully and well. The Queen speaks and reads Hindustani with consider- able proficiency, and she also shows devotion to Indian art. Nothing gave the Indian cavalry officers who form- FLOORS OF PAPER. In Germany. it is said. paper floors are well liked because, having no joints. they are more easily kept clean they are poor conductors of heat and of sound. and they cost less than hard wood floors. They are put down in the idrm ot a paste. which is smoothed with rollers. and after it: has hardened. painted of any desired color or pattern. further. tailor. or contented one, though some of them, it is recorded, established rela- tions in Rome. which advanced them to high positions of honor about the Caesars. Some such idea or a deveIOp- ment would appear to apply to the Hindoo attendants of the Empress of India, and our Gracious Queen. She has at the present time three Indian at- tendants, who look to her personal comfort, and a chef over the Eastern kitchen, which is called into use when distinguished visitors from India go to London. The Oriental department of THE QUEEN’S HINDOO ATTENDANTS In the days of Roman Empire the Caesars brought captive to the Eter- nal City, Princes and potentates of their conquered outposts. The lot of the captives are not always a happy LU” UH IOVOL vauusu. U Change the location of the road it steep hill can be avoided. Do not use wood for culverts. U concrete, vitrified pipe or stone. Do not build wooden bridges. U! _ Adopt every means to secure a 00 wate oof surface. ' ”120211131: let fines roll loosely on the road. . Do not let rwts remam. The road travelling difficult, and spofl thfi b): Pplding water. - .- l-Ahn Anfmt 'Make repairs as soon as we (10qu appears. Use wide tires. IInflow; the drainage of the hills. Make the crown of the roadway hlgher than on level‘gro-lynd. ‘ ‘L‘ ‘AAA 8' n Dickâ€"What was it 1 Jackâ€"She told him he Pickâ€"ind 1}th 9.!)de Jaokâ€"Did. you know that Jones, the Lilor. Inked. Miss Swell to marry him? Dick-So". And Whht did she say? Jackâ€"Shh. gave him a fitting ans- on, stone or concrete. Build good roads- IMUMTAZ HUSAIN. The Queen’s IndLan Chef. GARTORIAL he oic‘n t as the defect hi6 â€"mit "Guance rewarded; uu .....u- 1805 the enemy broke away 2 ' _ of! to sea. It enacted a .iunvxun “”h the Spanish fleet at Cadiz. a 1m: “1' 800 had determined to prevent “19" the alljed force sailed to ‘hv WP" '“‘ (has .vnth Nelson in pursuit. "1 ho» vhfds" continued back to EUI‘Ope again. \Hlb‘ Opt 50.00688, and Nelson lhm‘vuwn '9“ h“ Ship Md returned temporariTF ‘0 England. It was 110'; until ONQM‘!‘ 5~ 1305. over eight months after the French force had escaped from 'l'OU'M harbor that Nelson finally met it and EM .SPMWBII allies in battle of Two Years Forcing a Trafalgar and Tim Months (Itching lhmmmrlv. Lord Nelson was the. greatest and most successful admiral the void WO' duced. down to the days .v, steam pow- er, yetan more than one (winismn he [Gt hi8 enemy slip past and imd him ‘ heart-tending chase for uumths before a blow could be struck. Bonaparte's expedition for me mn- quest of Egypt and the Urivn? ii iii been Organizing for may [months :i'. l'uulon. On May 9, 1798, Nelson mm with . fly i118 Squadron from Gibraltar 10 sent“ 0“ the French port. and msvex‘miu U10 mission of the French fleet. But the enemy eluded him complei ely. left 'i'oul' on with Bompute's army and disap' peered at sea with NeLwn none ibe wit or for having appeared in the Gulf of Lyons. O l--.- ”W‘s?“ Started in pursuit. 13m 1w k0 must-118 the French fleet. - c; ‘ Alpxandria in Egypt. but fihlop W38 there. Then he ('h'trw Syrmwe. but still an enemy. Hm“)! a'fls'er QUOut three months of Vtii amt P8 appeared on Augux't 1 off Afex- ”“1”“ a89/111. and there. he innuld 1110 0!.)Ject 0‘ his search MIC-1101011 in A'Mu' Ru 3‘5“ The army of Holmmrw had been “rely lflnded. The vioumlett‘ (10' Btruction of the French Hem fulanPd. howevpra ‘nd the ultilmne ruin of 1m ‘YIB infinitely more trying hence of both Nelson and tho‘ , . People than any before it.. The lmhsh admiral blockaded 'l‘oulon. wlw‘e ”10 French fleet was fitting fur mt. a year Mid a halt. and in all I : ad, 0006 did he touch {OOt (m the hind- Apd how were his mrsm'emnne and "Gimme rewarded? On January 1805 tbfi enemy broke away and swept 0“ to see. It effected a junctum “\f‘lh t. - the Swish fleet at Cadiz‘ “hivh H) n ‘ - A - ' e In 1762 the English took Havana. and Santiago for a while was left, out 0! consideration. but not for long. In 1766 along came an earthquake. wrecking half the city, and putting 10H w'uple out of the misery of being Spanish suhjmn. Since that tilnfl the town has lived I pretty even existence up to we present time. Lnoking backward. we see that - 4L- uuwskuw - had either hidden or takrn all valu- ables with them. so thew wasn't en- ough plunder to go arnund. The in- vadera. however, confiswuwi 111 1.11.2 sil- ver church bells and ‘he gum from the fort, and, as if just] to shmx' :h~ir spite blew up the Murro Cow Iv 'md destroy- 6d the cathedral. The Mmro “as [‘0- built in 1663. and renmim 10 111i; day- or rather till the. other (my. \\ M1 Yan- kee guns 0006 more battered it. Phiiip I. was king of Spain at 1hr time. and be was an ry that the Engiisb should be 80 roug With his hefonthgs. It always has been part of the Spanish nnfnrn tn ant mrv about, little. thing! kee guns once more mun: I. WM king 0f Spain at. he was an ry that, the F. be so mug with his he! always has been part of nature to get angry about, and rave in helpless rage. â€"_.. . as Lu. W rtal and the headquarters of m. “ri- ous murderous expeditions of the sill- ish against the mainland. Com. "Mo it his rendezvous during his (‘01,un of Mexico. De Soto started from S“. tiago in 1528 on his first exmdition of exploration. By Lhe middle of century the place had rich and important. There w“ all kinds of wealth there, the accumm {mun 01. wcuwbu Luau}, mm 800mm tum. doubtless. of the plunder taken frun the defencel-ess Aztecs and 1h. countless other victims of Spanish 1m and avarice. In 1553, 400 French landed in the hu. bor and didn't have muv'h trouble in capturing the city, not. half as much trouble as Sampson and Schley are bu. ing now. This handful of French held the town till a. ransom of some 3m. 000 was paid. Atteg' this there wen by the Americans and English. When Lord Winsor, with 15 WNSLiS and less than 1,000 men, English and Americans succeeded without much opposition in effecting a. landing at Aquudmes, tho very same town where Sampson wan said to have landed men to effect 3 junction with the insurgents. of toâ€"dsy. These L000 men walked .111 the way from the sea to the city, and after a. little brush with the ineffivient form 0f Spanish sent. to oppose them. wiped them of! the face of the Him 11 and {Oak possession of the town. It is not exactly known why Lord Winsor attacked Sunlingo rather than Havana, unless it was Um! he thought it easier and richer. The English wen disappointed sorely to find Hm me in- habitants in leaving [m 01 her part; frequent: attacks by the numeroui bands of buccaneers and pi'rales that infested the seas of than time. But the renal attack was Ln 1662. just 100 years before Havana “as Captured HOW NELSON HUNTED FLEETS. smuao's CAPTURE m E and of the otherâ€"suffering plum“. disorders and other. it not at pra “5 gm, very shortly b“ hid up 'Wlth It for thre “the end of Which time England was attadmd in Very good; they loth Some few momhs 1m strength. was laid up 1 ATTACK OF BRA” The annownoemem of to the parents_ by a : How land who had the boy i] armed in the post as'u meat concerning the. din, who certainly hm lug anything likely 1c 3 malady. Again the; .11, though the lad in ”midernbly longer 1 hi Cher. Some years 1m fled of tho same :11 wi'thin eight or him: “her. l have accounts of 1 uses of similar syn): baits,“ £0 “Jimmie? Often the diseases ‘ with which twins are: “(listed the am 01mm lawn of heredityâ€"than Dome victim: of affiivd their parents suffered has degree; and it is‘ lble that when one u finance the other twin: hd they not been t hue inherited and u: taped the disease. ht not by any m9: K thin kind explaine Ind I don’t think saw] Would fit the ($3.59 '1 Of which I haw jug! positively certain it v Ugh! case I kiluw. "‘0 W88 19!) to :11 he “’88 kept. for a fox Cent to his lodgixuzs fillings. "AR Von suf BROKE N