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h l BUT have been civil conflicts waged among the peOplo of the same country. A civil differs in many important respects iron a conflict between independ- ent states. It is characterized by greater bitterness, and, being carried on by the people rather than by the armies, rages in every country town and neighborhood and is protracted by the personal animosities of the people themselves. The American civil war lasted four years, the last insurrection in previous insurrection among the Basques continued from 1830 to 1840, while the civil strife in the same reâ€" continned seven years. These are the longest wars of this century; the re- mainder were seldom protracted be- yond the second campaign. success of the Japanese on sea and land rasnlted in the complete collapse of the Chinese military system, and over- tures of peace were made as soon as the fact was clearly apprehended in Pekin. The next serious conflict before that was the war between Turkey and Bus- cia which began early in the spring ofi 1877 and lasted through the summeru Military operations were suspended during the winter, and in the follow- ing spring peace was concluded before the season for campaigning began. The passage of the Danube, the heroic de- fence of Plevna, the bloody struggles for the Shipka passes, the naval opera- tions on the Black Sea, the sieges of Batoum and Kara, the Bulgarian mas- sacres. the complete defeat and disper- sion of the army of Suleiman Pasha, the interference of the British Gov- ernment, the passage of the Dardanelles by the ironclads, all were crowded into I. period of less than a year. The tremendous war between France and Prussia lasted only one your. War was declared in midsummer. and be- fore the following spring the conflict was over, Gravelotte and Sedan. the sieges of Metz and Paris. the occu- pation of all northern and central France BY THE GERMAN HOSTS. the horrors of the commune and the suppressions of the insurrection by the troops of the line in the streets of Paris. crowded upon each side like the incidents of a melodrama, and before the astonished world fully realized the actual state of the case, France was prostrated and united Germany. consolidated into an empire, was the leading State of Central Europe. The war of 1866 between Austria and' Prussia is known in history as the Seven Weeks’ War. The war was pro-; claimed June 18, the battle of Koenig-l gratz followeed in a few days, and the decisive overthrow of the Austrian arms on that memorable field led the Government at Vienna to ask for peace at once. The petition was grant- ed. and on August 23 the treaty was concluded by which peaceful relations were resumed. The Schleswig-Holstein war lasted but a few days. all the active campaigning being over in a week; but then this conflict was not really a war at all, for the helplessness of Denmark against the two power- ful robbers which despoiled their ter- ritory led theGoyernment of Denmark to cénserve the lives of its men. and only a. show qur981§tanpe wag made; The war which freed northern Italy from the dominion of the Austrians. and made the peninsular kingdom a possibility, was waged between May 12 and July 12. sixty days covering not only the preliminary operations of the war, but also the negotiations of peace. All the actual campaigning was done in three weeks, Magneta being fought on June 4. and the battle of Solferino on June 24. The latter vir- tually concluded the war by satisfying the Austrians that there was no hope of ultimate success. The last war between England and Russia. commonly known as the Criâ€" mean war, lasted about two years, be- ing declared on March 28, 1854, and peace being proclaimed March 30, 1856. The Crimean war originated in a dis- pube between France. Russia and Tur- key as to the guardianship of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jeru: Elem. Russia claimedâ€" the honor, of controlling the holy places by virtue of the fact that they were qoqfinally finger the rule of Greek ecclesiasticé. whllo the Sultan. u lord of the land doclmd that THE SBRJNES OF THE HOLY CITY were his own. peculiar property. War botmn Rust; find Turks} beggn, 9nd was continued for at considerable time before the other powers of Enmpe par. ticipnted in the struggle; but when the purpose of Rum: to lay violent MonumnchofAeielfinorae could be eppropri eted became evident. England end France interfered. end “to: Emmanuel. the: m at Her- ms CONFLICTS ARE sevens Winn: THEY LAST. CONTINUED TEN YEARS, W38 v- wâ€"-- ievéislatfie fiaiéév are such as often foi- bid their personal ambitions or ani- mosities from involving a. nation in over 200 Years Old and Still Keeps Good Time. A most interesting time-piece is the clock standing in William the Fourth’s bedroom at Hampton Court,and which Messrs. Gaydon 8: Sons, of Kingston, were recently commissioned to repair, says the London Mail. The clock was made by Dan Quare about the year 1660, and is one of the most remarkable pieces of automatic mechanism in existence. It is what is commonly known as a “grandfather clock,” standing in a very tall oak case, with heavy ormolu mounts. There are several particulars in which this clock is almost, if not quite unique. In the first place it goes for twelve months at a time without winding. But most remarkable than this is its in- genious mechanism. It is what is known as a “calendar” clock, and be- sides recording the days of the month, and the months of the year, it also *automatically shows the time of sun- lrise and sunset. The last time the clock was over- hauled was early in the present cen- tury. For the last forty years, how- ever, the clock had not been wound up. It speaks well for the splendid work- manship of our ancestors that, with slight exceptions, Messrs. Gaydon found the works in as perfect acondi- tion as when the clock was original- ly made, and there is no reason why it should not last {or another 200 years. ' Treasurer Below Par Railroadâ€" me help you to some more of money. _ - First Directorâ€"No thank you, I have all I can spend without attracting at- tention. ' n‘reasnrerâ€"Permit meâ€" md Directorâ€"No, No! Thanks, no. I couldn’t carry another cent. Pockets all bursting now. Same way with all the others. Treasurer, in despair-What shall I do with all this pilot It’s ten times ,too much-tor the ginking hind. ”First Director after devopr Egtiitation .731 Joye! I We it. Let’s declare a AN INTERESTING CLOCK. A HAPPY THOUGHT. the ping stations should not extensively such bulky crops . potato. Forty .bushels to a about as much as most farmers do care to take to market, and if the roe be hilly, thirty-five bushels will make over a ton weight, which . y for most teams to take over hilly roads to market. As a successful potatg grower aims to secure two hundre bushels per acre, it will take five loads 1i ,at forty bushels each to clear an acrei ‘ Whether these loads have to be carrle 000. two, three or from that up to ten or twelve miles, becomes the all-im- portant. question when a farmer has many acres to market. Twelve miles will allow only one load to be car- ried per day, and return with the team at night. \Vhen ashipping station is from one to three miles distant sever- al loads can! be marketed per day and this cost can be reduced to the low- est amounts. It is usually the habit of large potato growers to send off most of their crop in the fall, even though the price be then low, as it usually is. Nine years out of ten the time when farmers are busily digging their potatoes is the best time to lay in a supply for the whole year. When the farmer is digging potatoes, if their skins have become hardened so that they will not easily peel, he can well afford to sell potatoes 5 cents abnshel Cheaper than after he has been to the trouble to pit the potatoes, or to carry them to the barn basement or cellar. Where there is a good crop of pota- toes, it is easy to load up wagons from the field as the potatoes are dug, tak- ing out only those of marketable Size, ’ and leaving the small and unmarket- ’ able ones to be picked up later. By ‘ picking up the potatoes, making 893th wide enough for a wagon and far en- , ough into the field to load it, a load of thirty-five or forty bushels may be very quickly gathered. This makes ‘ only one handling of the potatoes, and ’ any one who has been used to hand- ling this bulky crop understands that . farmers who have two thousand bush- ; els or more» to handle are glad to get. ‘ rid of a large part of this burden, even ' if it is at a lower price. Besides, at potato-digging time the roads are bet-| ' ter than they are likely to be later 5 and it is easier work drawing of! the l crop, thus making an additional argu- ment for early marketing. \Ve have known farmers who lived several miles from the shipping station to either build storehouses there, where their potatoes could be kept, or to hire room of some shipper for this purpose. Then the potatoes can be drawn to the storehouse, which should have a coal stove in it, to secure protection against sudden cold spells. Here the potatoes may be kept. all winter, ready to take advantage of any rise in the market. The trouble is, however, that if farmers generally do this no rise in price is apt to come. It sometimes: happens that potatoes become suddenly scarce in some cities in very cold wea- ther, because it is difficult and un- safe to move potatoes very far in such weather. Where the potato crop is grown largely, most railroads are will- M ing. to provide lined cars with stoves, in which potatoes may be carried even through zero temperatures without 18 being touched by frost. All that is '3 necessary is a snace of confined air be- 2h tween the potatoes and the outside of n the car, which when it cuts through air . at zero temperature is very sure to be r, at thesame temperature itself. Where there is snow enough for good sleigh- re ing, potatoes may be drawn on a sleigh several miles if the weather is not too . cold and the potatoes are properly pro- 10 tected from, exposure to the air. A t 'i'tdoQ-auaamwtmn I : DT' 16 team will draxz', on the largest; w;- gon box, all that can be put on to it if the sleighing is good. We once drew a wagon box 'with thirty-five bushels of potatoes in it nearly four miles when the temperature war. below freezing point. But we cmered the top well with blankets and nailed cleats on the inside of tho box, so as to keep the po- tatoes from coming in contact with it. wood is a poor conductor of beat any- way, and possibly the potatoes would not have been frost bitten if we had not taken this precaution. Besides this, we put the potatoes in bags in the cellar, so that they were probably several degrees above freezing, as 'also the air in the bags, before we started with the load. Yet with all the trou- ble we took those potatoes brought no, more per bushel than those potatoes we had marketed from the field when dug the fall before. Potatoes are ott- gen higher late in the spring than at any other time in the year. But the potato by this time has wasted from shrinkage if not from rot, and unless kept at very close to the freezing tern-I perature it has had to be sprouted once or twice, thus still further less- ening its weight, and also its nutri- tive value. The moral of .all this is _' rwJ _â€"-â€" v- “-uw‘i Lulu- era to keep potatoes for higher pricee. Those who have the facilities for keep- ing potatoes at nearly freezing tem- perature may do it with 'leee loss, but even they cannot make sure that it will pay. But for all others there in almost a certainty that there will be bouto crop, down thg spring to pay the on" until that time. way u.“ Tho second crop of common red clover roduoa an abundance of seedsa' A few heads should be rub- bed out and this fact determined be- fore any labor is spent upon securing it as a seed crop. ‘ --_L I”; u u v- vvw-â€"‘â€"-'â€" OF-the cilia?! which fallsâ€"nearest to'the mill, of course, will still contain seeds. This is put back upoh the .floors and __ 1 LL- Lulu ‘u raw IL'U-yv- wrv the horses put upon it again and the greater part of it again recleaned. In this way most of the seed which the chaff contains can be secured. Or, if the seed is wanted for home use, it may be sowed in the chaff. Unless clover seed yields two bushels to the acre, it will hardly pay for the labor of Saving it. MANURE. Farmers have not yet resorted to which no corresponding benefit is de- rived; but it has been found an ex- cellent plan to reinforce the manure with such ingredients as may be lack- ing in the heap. It would occasion a loss to add any kind of nitrogenous substance to the manure heap, as de- composition would cause the gaseous nitrogen to escape in‘ the form of am- monia. The insoluble phOSphates can, however be added to the manure with advantage, as chemical action will ren- der the material soluble. A great ,many combinations occur in the ma- inure heap, and the heat generated is 'evidence that all the substances com- posing the mass are breaking down and gradually changing,new forms coming out of the old, and plant food prepar- ed that will be immediately available ‘ in the soil. Such material as ground bone, bone meal, and phosphate rock, are not proof against the destructive influences of the manure heap, and when combined with the manure in the fall bwome suitable for plants by the time Bprmg opens, their decomposition however. being too slow to permit of any 10.88 of consequences in the heap. Fertilizers may be mixed with man- whether such work is performed at. this season or in the spring. One point to observe with fertilizers is that the phosphates are not always soluble. and they. are also liable to “revert" 1n.th.e sml, even when the phosphoric acid 18 free, but the potash compounds are always soluble and may be carried off by rains, melting snows, or from the surface by being washed away. The nitrogenous fertilizers are nearly all soluble also, and the same risks as , With the potash compounds are incur~ red. hence the time to apply fertilizers 18 when there will be less loss through +‘IA naâ€"Aâ€"A-- -‘ vlv AIM?” IUW ‘Ult’u5’| the agency of water. Phosphates m8?- therefore be applied in the fall and nitrogen and potash in the spring. Lime is never applied to manure in the heap, as it assists in liberating am- IMIXING FERTI LIZERS Rich' Uncleâ€"You might as well stop mooning about Mien Beauty. She has- n’t been in love with you. after all. She’s been after the money she thought you would inherit from me. NOPhBW-Impoeeible! Why do you think 00! Rich Uncleâ€"I have proposed to her myself and been accepted. Nb 130911.11!!!“ picture. and he‘s a with and one littlo tot proudly to manure W88 A FAMILY AFFAIR. HARD ON DADDY. cut- lend. equally tree of the“ W 1 only knowledge which tn M: i of snakes may be found in H“ of a monster called the Wm, M- ourning which authorities (utter a b "a at. recollection of a snake or of snakeless. Westward from down among the Gilberts and the!“ shells and the Carolines. the "m bodied water snake begins to make“. appearance in the lagoons and 1mm By the time the Philippines are M ed the water snakes become bothcm. mon and deadly, and the jllnglea‘ those islands are abundantly “wild with snakes. From the Philippines.. one follows down the chains of island.’ snakes are found both abundant m venomous. In the wild lands 0111,. Western Pacific the reptiles are fre- quently objects of worship, and in mm. legends are credited “1th the cream. of the world. Hum, Samoa seems to lie just on the duty line of snakes in the Pacifm eastern islands of the archipelago. u: snakes are to he found; in Upoln .? fey}: are seen at rare intervalsana. vau, only a few miles to the west“ they are common and attain create; in the case of! some kinds at leastxm of them are venmunus, and the ill“. ers neither fear them nor exhibits; of that yepugnance to their pm which is commonly called instinctive. This indifference to the reptile“ made most markedly manifest st tb hamlet of Iva, on the northeastm of Savaii. Here are to be fonntlmll snakes of a most. brilliant red cola. They are so common that abuhthl tmay be easily picked up in any has-I patch. The dancing girls of thiston are in the halnit of employingtlu gaudy snakes for personal edema in their dances. They tie them than their necks, their ankles and their wrists, festoon them in theirhetd- dresses and tuck a few extra email the belt in readiness to replacesld “-' â€"â€"vâ€"' -â€" as escape in the dance. At'theirhfli these sivas danced by the Samoansm either dull or revolting shown of any cry. It can easily be imaginedthtt they we made no more attractiveth the taupou or village maid md ll crew of attendant girls go matrix about with an assortment of writhil red snakes. Still the Samoans, I! have no stock of snake prejudices. lot upon this as one of the most snooedll‘ and artistic dances in their islandt Rapid Profit” “‘ \" There's a {um-spur terminal m “'0 ." Stanley P0013 as?” W ‘0 tbs ‘ to the. Belgian hv'ulquarters.01161015 workmen's camp. 0H? ‘0 the ' ‘0‘ alumna! mission. one to the Dutch Comma" Which m t compound. and one to the loner rap!“ [Old ll 1): This is the. end of the Congo mm“ “In! the c the most pmturwque m the ' Ind “re Consider the \ meties of queerW Md Yield at work upon itwllunrovians. ' ,Thll. . madam “unit. 1 negroes whose capital was M m up t0] President Monroe Sierraâ€"M0005 Kr; Ml, to boys, Popos. ScncgrfxliS. Bathurstl- . ' no we 0 v v .‘ , ‘ . . . me. (a. ( mlnas, \Kgdahb, Hausms, ' mflable even Chineseâ€"to do the WHO" W. W, Belgians. Swiss. Italians. ’Dutch. Danes. Englishmen. Luxemjburgerb as engine-"5 a y“; men Ten lumpean lung 03 Wu twenty African dulccts ares m who 11 right ‘ sand the Tower of 1m 1 bands 8 , for h} It was only 1th March that 1i!“ "I on motive triomphanot" reach“ m “Vet. Pool, over a way by no meanb n“, i but ,‘ The black laborers are "1 an n , ‘ " numbe some 20,000. Officially the! ' to him l Signated by numbers hung “be; la neCks. As all coons 001‘ a p , for I bosses, it is Impossible to ”a much of them otherwise. “19 oun coming detachments, unable 1.0 Egg“ here u ' 11 the” most mean [names (‘A "BO“ ". Wham: short time. mam well. II-Vv ' _ All {he laborers an: 7 Africa, fairly midâ€"4mm ‘7 w ' moat and “found." W 1 r 100‘ nd othf .t a, “ ALL ABOARD FOR coneor” tuba in and third. '1‘ for legitimate im lat can find :1“ they want at very DPOVided thev arr or the “film Ball“!!!- terminal It t. b ”i had! only by slujci: aground be worked in summ .thhflllidu tnd benches the bmatively shallow and In nu. Consequently it is W from that of last ye. “kw tint the name of LI “N my be neon. There a all] nearly two thousand men “a bench claims on Eldora Inn-ll» creeks. and a mago M W hill claims. became Hauling else open. It now i» Ilflll to the surprise of eve! it tho hillside pay dirt e1 H Italy the whole length 01 and Eldoudo. Pay dirt h: I found on Bohr. Hunkcr am ranch in the similar depmiu ma THAN EXPEC'J‘EU Very few of the claim ownm flaunt what they are {skim [lb royalty is still on. but ill pi they Inc 111 working haul "" “v ‘V wuwu (O “9. WT 7581!! nearly if nm “H“ “h u. With the ylcui ‘3 china. will bring 11;. “tomore than 81’“ l and...” [b p, dirt is washed in : Iuhm «it. Up to two I pm little bonCh mining wa. nqt at French Hill and 81: In. but u the laboring me III-t “Bend of the drifting ”who hld staked on (be h h. and not dulply prospami hi proof that their Mum I well. These bench ( 1‘ Wodnoo this summer m- ”hi .LWMX), and possibly "Illa. To th; musk” Outta "10°81! monev Is ”9913' the dew i' "it no. the bulk of ' "i" Who owns a claim I“ N reputation is hub, [‘73. 8119 many w I ’ “I Dominion {1nd or. wages promlse {I need for a I“ h“. and there wi “'3“;ng t0 adv m M Give longâ€"‘65» N G..- . dull be a great n W in over the pa. “than: outfits, food ‘ “I am next win t,“ “Gamer loads h .9" boats are on 3nd one that Many new for g