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disease. iatm‘e bv Fymptom 0f going Ldachcs and new a of months, and per infantry ant: ‘ ding additifim‘I ecessity for 811?1 hrds. hiei d guns, in efficient fol leg 111 been ru 1 {31119113. Eir¢l"}"*entmry of Ger- itlery must b“ with infant!!- arngd artillerymen w the protezti'on 0‘ in. action of the Tug-61a tiller? “’35 10“ ow“ eve that Dr. “721 eniam? ment RN ART 'ought afaez‘ it was made t0 101' ha) 8 an. pr 1232 K61 alf sectil 81‘“ fie :38 of >orts of experiments in French field gfig itb infantry fix-8,8110! h b: ttexies mssess,“ 3 1,200 yards, the man- a fuli’ division of'in- animate holds good, 1:1,xshe1her based on mlery res; 383 us, put in line, H mparauv 16 mes‘ Suéh weak that I w 1t yar \'ar 18 W11 'y. Director 0‘ 9 England. de- h officers 1111133t ; that the ‘1‘308’ ,et in the field In well-served good shrapml in large 3313‘ on the field 01 ,sented one 01 reaily e:fi:ient I that 8118339. 6 mowed down 3. Om‘ilux‘man) respectively. truth-g; date the infanmy and a.- nms of ninety- 18 inlan'tryfired Linn-s and inde- z'gets were em- a‘ried from 890 ILLER Y. ands carried 1 dx‘x'bfion ne, or the Led by the they >resent fluent: ing at its head a percussion fuse, I which ignites on impact. The inter- lor is fiLIed with cordite. ' It is used against fortified or intrenched camps and towns, and against masses of troops in the open. Shrapnel, on the other hand, is used almost exclusively against troops advancing in extended orvlrr. The fuse, as well as the burst- ing charge, is situated' at the base of Lh- shell, the whole interior of. the fon'ard part being fiLled with from 2th) [0 630 half-in. h bullets, according to the caliber of the gun. The fuse is a “time” one, and can be “ set" to expxode the shell at any time between time and thirty seconds after it has left the gun. It should explode, by rights, about 20 or 30 yards in front of the enemy. The bullets then spread out fanwise, doing fearful. exe- cuziou. Case. is only used at close quarters. It is merely a hollow me- tai canister, in appearance not un- iik: a small oil-drum or a large pre- srrnul-meat can, filled with a number of builds. The shell is burst and the baivts scattered; by the gun’s dis- ‘1‘." n many more or less techni- Tb_.rP 3. . “iviry terms brought into promâ€" ”.UL‘. ans clear to the average civi- z-"n Inaâ€"e is lyddite, for instance. "8mg terrible substance is practi- ~ c313 identical with the French me- ga, and the German soburite, the gase of all three being picrite, which is. it its turn, a preparation: of picric “M. It deriVes its .name from the ring” of Lydd, in Kent, where was conducted the series of elabOrate ex- riments which resulted in its ad0p- ion as the “high” explosive of the British army. Lyddi'te is not used for Charging shrapnel but is tightly packed into thin cylindrical bombs of forggd steel. These burst into hun- fift‘dS of fragments, which fly in every direction with incredible velocity. The bursting of. a large lyddite shell m ans almost certain death to every living thing within 50 yards’ radius, WhELe absolute safety cannot be count-l ,d upon at a less distance than 1,000 yards. The fumes given off are deadly within a twenty-foot radius. PACKAGES OF DEATH. Six different kinds of projectiles are known to modern artillery officers. They are common shell, shrapnel, case, pallESer, segment and star shell. Only the three first-named, however, are film) to be used extensively in the present war. Common shell is a hol- low, elongated, conical projectile, hav- (runs are either mountain, field, gar- rison or sis e. The formei are, gen- cxa i} spea ing, the lightest and.2 smalest of all; the latter are the} heaviest. Among the former are! “four-pounders”â€"that is to say, guns throwing a shot of four pounds’ \1.ight.Among the latter are found gigantic llu-ton pieces of ordinance,§ 6:19:1'0 e of throwing a steel shot, I bul'lg three quarters of a ton, to a 1: \t 1111,e of nearly 12 miles. Guns; ar officially classiiied according to (a); 111». W1igh,t of the projectile; (b) the. “ $731 of the gun; or (c) the diameter‘ 0f th bore. Thus, the pieces of naval orinance which were used bx the Bri-i tish 11 Ladysmith were spoken of asi 4.-i11ch guns, meaning, of course, that} in } m. asured 4. 7 inches across the in-i trim of the bore at the muzzle. This. Paxthui ar type of gun, by the way,’ is about the best all-round weapon, for 11 is a quick firer, a breech loader, l I l for tnd oh“. Ind wt". ~take indifferently 8118113 obiâ€"""3111 with either lyddite, oordite. or ordinary black powder. Its larger list-‘1‘, the 6-inch quick-firing gun, 13 Gambia. of course, of throwing 3 hr-avier projectile, but, on the other ham. it is infinitely more cumbersome am cannot be fired so rapidly. SA F EG U ARDING A POSITION: , A lrermanent position, once taken up, 18 safeguarded by the defenders 1n “Ficus ways. The Boers 1'30 ”1‘0 lam-r," which means, in plain Eng- fish. that they surround themselves With a sort of zeriba, or wall of wag- one. This is an excellent defense “'h'r22- {he attacking force 18 uan‘Of'l‘i- N “"121 artillery, but shell fire quick- 13' Phys havoc with it, besides sending deadiy splinters of iron and wood amfi'ng the defenders. Trained troorps r91? principally upon earthworks, 311;’p1~mented by a more or less ela- bOFatz' system of wire-entanglement. The latter is constructed of telegraph Wire. crossed and recrossed, and fast- emed firmly to pointed stakes driven ill-to Ill-3 ground at a height of about 18 inches. To the advance of cavaer ‘1 Pmperly-constructed wire entangle- ment offers a well-nigh insu-perable barrier. while even to infantry it proves sometimes very annoying, 85" Mialy at night-time, and when. 88 mustructed by the Spaniards in Cuba, Lt is made of barbed wire. it is the most troublesome 610g to the enemy S meshes that could be devised. Earth- works are usually strengthenedfiy “blowâ€"cylindrical baskets 11871118 Either t0? nor bottomâ€"and sand neither , RIFLE PITS. _ early always. too, the defenders of ?8 USED IN WAR TIME VARIETIES OF G U33. mm: hanera ly m the : L‘Rasdnvd and Dcfensln- :2m\'nâ€"â€"Soule Intel-emu“; :mvrs That Are “ration the South African me a beleaguered camp or garrison con- struct both shelter trenches and rifle pits. A very shallow trench will ren- der a man, lying down, invisible to the distant enemy, and a very slight earthen parapet is sufficient to pro- tect him from the effects of shrapneg and rifle tire. Indeed, it has been as- certained from actual experience that the penetration of rifle bullets into newly-excavated earth does not ex- ce-ed 21 inches at 5‘33! yards, and three feet of earth may be considered safe at any range. A typical shelter trench is formed by digging a shatlow ditch and pi.ing in front of; it the earth ex- Lcavated. A rifle pit is dug: in a simi- Lar manner, but it is isolated: in place of being continuous, and: is a deeper and more caninily constructed piece of work. A Shatter trench; takes one man half an hour .to excavate; a rifle pit occupigs two men. for one hour. This stiil constitutes a very great honor, and used to be even greater in days gone by. The Generai in supreme command, when sending home his re- ports, selects this officer or that for special commendation, either on ac- count of his valor, his ability, his energy or some other distinguishing trait. The rmport is in due course rub- {ished officially, and a synopsis of it afso app-ears ever afterward in the} “Arm; List” Opposite his name. . An ordinary reconnoissance may be carried out by a party of ten or a (Dozen unmounted men,. or by' as few as two or three cavalrymen. Its object is to learn, as far as possible, the strength and disposition of the enemy. A reconnoiSsance in force is a far mare serious and elaborate affair. A bat- talion, a brigade or a divisionâ€" ac- cording to the enemy’s presumed strengthâ€"marches out in battle ar- ray, but without any intention of giv- ing battle. It often happens, how- ever, that such a reconnoiissance de- velops, against the wish of the General commanding, into a very serious en- , gagement. A cavalry screen is an extended line of vedettes, mounted sentries, which fulfills the double purpose of obtain- ing early and accurate information re- garding the approach of an enemy, while preventing him from surprising the force it covers. A cavalry screen usually consists of one or, at most, two regimen-ts, but where very large armies are in movement the screens are, of course, promrtionately denser and more extended. Very Much the Sazm- Nomads ”3:11 As In Our Timm There was a ray of vindictive com- fort for the modern schoolboy inthe fact "that for thirtysix hundred years his schoolboy progenitors have been worried by just such desperate prob- lems in arithmetic as annoy him most. Among the recent archanIOgical discoveries in Egypt is a papyrus in excellent condition, dating from a period about 1700 B. C. This roll, which has a long heading beginning, “Directions how to attain the know- ledge of all dark thfings,” proves be- yond a doubt that the Egyptian of. that time had a thorough knowledge of the elements of arithmetic. Numerous examples show that their principal operations with units and fractions Were made by means of ad- dition and multiplication. Subtrac- tion and division were not known in their present form, but correct re- sults were obtained, nevertheless. Equations are also found in the papyrus. Here is one. which brings the Egyptian schoolboy home to us: Tenmeasures of barley are to be di- vided among ten persons in such a manner that emh subsequent person shall receive one-eh ht of a measure less than ihe one before hi m. Anoth- er example given is: There are seven men, each one has seven cats, each cat has eaten seven mice, each mouse has eaten seven grains of barley. Eachl grail: of barley would have yielded seven measures of barley. How much barley has been lost? . -V The papyrus also contains calcula- tions of area, the calculations of the area of a circle, attempts at squaring the circle, and finally calculations of the cubic measurements of pyramids. The most touching memorials made by hands are not the Statues,‘tablets and inscriptions erected over the dead, but the simpler offerings of spontan- eous affection. 9 In the crypt of St. Paul’s cathedral in London lies buried Lord Nelson, chief among the naval heroes of Engâ€" iand. Leaning against the marble tomb be done,’ ” and was brought thither by a child whose heart was in this tribute to his hero. The rules forbid the encumbrance of the stones by miscellaneous offer- ings, but the verger stood by and watched the offence committed, and PROFESSIONAL DINNE' MENTIONED IN DISPATCH ES. "“'vâ€"â€"' the authorities have never true “ In Memoriam,” to A curious profession for a woman is that of dinner taster. She is a proâ€" duct of Parismn refinement, and spends a portion of each day visiting houses and taming dishes intended for dinner. She suggests improvements, and shows the cook new ways of preâ€" paring dislres. The duties are pieaq ant. and the compensation ample. ARITHMETZC BEFORE MOSES. LITTLE HERO-WORSHIPPER. LR TASTI'IRS. Edema this be removed. GREAT BRITAIN HAS FACE!) SITU- ATIONS FULLY AS GRAVE. A COALITION 0F POWERS. The Empire "as Often Been on (he I’olm of DIM-notion, But “as lleri-loz'ore Ear erged “'lth Renewed Strength am: Prestige From livery fonflirt. A coalition of European powers against Great Britain is threatened in case of either victory for defeat in her war with the Boers, and there are many straws which seem to show that the wind sets in an unfavorable quar- ter. It may be that at last this great purer, vested in .1 little island, has reached its zenith and entered upon its inevitable disintegration, as all great nations have done 3:11 the course of time, but the doughty English have faced some formidable combinations of foes in years gone by, and have seen dark days 'when her highest; Minis- ters have despaired of preserving their empire. ! The first of these coalitions was what is known as the “ Family Compact” between the branches of the house of Baurbon, by which France, Spain and Lhe two Sicilies bound themselves by an alliance, the main object of which was to ruin England both by land and sea, but especially to wrest from her her maritime supremacy. Spain under- took to deprive England of all her trade with the Spanish dominions, in America, and transfer these commer- cial advantages to France. France, in return engaged herself to support Spain upon the sea and help her to recover Gibraltar. A FORMIDABLE ARRAY. In the war which commenced in 1739 England had arrayed against her be- fore the close, France, Spain, Prussia, Bavaria, Sweden, and Sardinia. But she held her own against them all, al- though she hud on her hands at the same time the Jacobite rising of 1745. \Vhen peace was signed at Aix- la-Chapelle, on October 18, 1748, they came out even, for while England sur- rendered all that she had won by sea, France and Spain restored all their conquests on land. A But that peace only «,afforded a brief breathing space, and then came the ‘reat Seven Years" \Var, when Eng- land had to fight ifor' her empire both in the “feet and the East. France had made up her mind to oust them both from America and lndia, and again Spain was her ally. Disaster after dis- aster fell upon England. The Due de Richelieu captured from them Port Mahon in Minorca, then believed to be the key of the BIediterranean. Admir- al Byng, who shouid have relieved the place with a British fleet, hung back, did nothing, and was shot for cowardâ€" ice. The Marquis of.MontcaLm was ev- erywhere victorious over the redcoats in America. The British General, Brad- dock, was routed and killed. In such desperate straits was England that the usually impassive Lard Chesterfield, in the House of Lords, exclaimed: “\Ve are no longer a nation,” and he only echoed the thoughts and fears of the bulk of his fellow-countrymen. Then it was that William Pitt, “the Great Commoner ” came to the rescue of his country. "I know,” he said on first entering the Ministry, “I know that I can save the country, and I know that no other man can.” And he spoke the truth. No sooner was his hand upon the helm than: the ship righted herself. Victory followed victory in quick succession. First, came Minden, ’where six regiments of. English infantry, mistaking the order given, advanced in line against the whole French cav- alry, rolled back charge after charge, with their volleys, and in a single hour changed the fortunes of the day, turning a retreat into a victory, “I have seen,” said the French General, Marshal de Contades, “ what I never thought to be possibleâ€"a single line of infantry, break through three lines of cavalry, ranked in order of battle, and tumble them into ruin.” Close upon the heels of Minden came the great naval triumph of Quiberon, where Admiral Hawke, on a lee short, in the midst of :1 winter gale, with the sea rolling mountains high, got between the French Admiral and the harbor for which he was running, and simply wiped out him and his fleet. That. put an end to the projected in- vasion of England. Then away in Lagos Bay the old Cornish sea dog, Admiral Boscawenâ€" " ld Dreadnaught,” as his sailors " 1d Dreadnaught,” as his sailors called himâ€"smashed up another French fleet under De la Clue. From India. came the news of Plas- sey and the marvekms triumphs of 01% which extinguished 3.1] French dreams of empire in the for East, while from across the Atlantic was borne the wel- come tidings of W'olfe‘s victory over Montcalm at Quebec. ’ All the \Vest Indian possessions of France were taken from her, and Spain was despoiled of Cuba and the Philip- pines. Britain was everywhere trium- 4 LL‘ “Latin 1", ‘)v)1‘;fl tion. plnes. DILLHUI "no g-vâ€"Jv._-__ _ _,_,_ phant, and when the peace of Paris was concluded in 1762, while compelled to give up much that she had covet- ed, she was left in excellent condiâ€" lulu“- The next coalition was a am) more formidable one. the most. ternble com- bination of foes that Bntaln. has ever had to face. In the war whzqh began with the American Revolutlon, and ended in 1793. Engiand saw. marsh-9,1- ed in arms against her, France, Spam, Holland and the revolted colomes of d - ..._ AL‘nn- D“ Mma n n'Jllauu lbuu America, whilvszvevery other European THE TIDE TURNED. Single-handed, Britain faced the wxld, with Ireland, too, in semi-re- bell‘ion,__orippling her hands at home. The fleetâ€"s. of” Ffangé: "ép'é'in’fili Holland Eyreatened her supremacy on :he sea. The surrender of Cornwallis to \Vashington at Yorktown, gave a :leadly Lluw to her military prestige. Spain would listen to no proposals for peace unless Gibraltar were surrender- ed her. France made it a first con- dition of negociaticn that all the Bri- rish possesson in India, excepL Ben- gal, should be handed over to her; The American Colonies would hold no parâ€" ley with Great Britain uniess she ac- kn' wledged their absolute independ- ence. - Stripped of her colon: es, robbed of her rule in India, deprived of her su- :L1rem.acy on the sea, what would have been left of the great world empire on which Britain had prided herself? Nething. And then came the turn of the tide. Rodney, the greatest of England's sea i-.ings next to Nelson and Blake, met the Spanish fleet, nearly twice as large as his own, and out of twenty~ seven sail of the line only four got back, battered and half sinking into Cadiz. Then, after standing asiege of three years against the most tremen- dous armament ever arrayed against a fortress, .Gibraltar w tS saved. Finally, on the 12th of April, 1782, Rodney intercepted the great Frenvh, fleet under the Comte de Grasse, in thc‘ \Vest Indies, and thanks to W'arren Hastings, had vastly increased her 905- sessions in India. She rose grca ter than ever after that war. And so ended tthe third coalition. FOES TH'AT NEVER SLEEP. The fourth coalition against Britain was in 1797, when France, Spain and IHdland unitedto drive her tram the {seas But Sir John Jervis, afterward ‘Earl St. Vincent, gave the Spaniards at Cape St. Vincent such a thrashing as they had not had since the Arma- da. Admiral Duncan settled old scores with the Dulcn once and forever at Camperdcwn, and annihilated the fleet which was to have covered the invasion 01' rebellious lreland. Nelson swept the French 1mg ircan the Medi- terranean in the battle of the Nile. Sir Sidney Smith saved Syria from Na- poleon by the heroic dielence of Acre. Sir Ralph A.,ercrcmby crushed the French army in Egypt, at the bat- Lle ol' Alexandria, and once more Briâ€" tain triumphed over all her foes. But the snake was scotched, not killed. in lbol, they had the fleets of France and Spain united against them once more, while the Czar Paul had formed a great naval confederacy in the north, tn whsch Russia, Den- mark and Sweden were to work to- gether with France and Spain for the destruction of Englands empire of the see. But the prompt attack upon Copenhagen and the complete des- tructionof the Danish fleet knocked the scheme in the head. The last naval coalition against Great Britain was that in which Na- poleon massed the fleets of France and Spain 1n one mighty armament to swetsp England forever from 'the seas; and lay her shores open to the great army of invasion which he had gathered at Byulogne. But therein he reckoned without Nelson, who met that vast fleet at Trafalgar and shattered it, leaving Britain undisputed mistress of the sea. from that day to this. One last card Napoleon had to play,i and he played it at he famous Ber! lin decree of November 21, 1866, when he declared the British islands in a state of blockade, and prohibited all commerce and correspondence with themâ€"all merchandise belonging to Englishmen was pronounced lawful spoil to whomsoever should seize it, and all trade in English goods was entirely prohibited. Britain retoried with reprisals, in a similar spirit, and these brought about, as Napoleon had foreseen, a wair with America. But though the wonderful little Corsican had Europe at his feet, and could sway it as he willed, his ” Continental System,” as he called it, failed. Russia doggedly refused to enforce it strictly, and brought about the campaign which ended in the fatal retreat from Mos- cow and the overthrow of Napoleon. ’What shall happen next is more than prophets can foretell, but that something will occur is almost cer- tain. ‘ The late Florence Marryat was in- teresting, not only [or her own achieveâ€" ments as a novelist and an actress, but also as a link with the literary past as the daughter of our most clas- sical writer of sea stories, Captain Marryat. She was his sixth’ daughter, and showed quite early in lite agreat taste for books. She was married at the early age of 16 to Captain Ross Church, of the Madras Staff Corps, and her first novel, “Love’s Conflict,” was published as long ago as 1865. Miss Marryat took an intense interest in the subject of Spiritualism, wrote a life of her rather, and was at one “lime well thought of as a comedy actress and an entertainer, touring the Brit- ish provinces and America with her own company. She was married a second time to Colonel Francis Lean. RAGE OF DWARFS. The Isiand of. Luzom in the Philip- pines, contains one of the recognized races of dwarf men, the Aetas, whose average height is only four. feet eight inches or four feet nine inches. "Dhey dWcll among the mounsains in the in- terior of the island, and are allied to Lit-.2 Andamanese, thabiting islands in 1h" My or Bengai. It; is remarked by a rs-sz-m writer that all ,of the dwarf races survive oniy in the most inaccessible parts of the continents or islands to which they belong. THE LATE MISS MARRGAT. May Yeomans, an English girl, whc settled with two brothers in Califor- nia, has developed a profitable indus- try in catching butterflies. She had some knowledge of butterflies when she went there. One day a flock of yellow p....sy-like butterflies hovered amoment over her and then flew up the mountain side to a patch of yel- low honeysuckle. She followed the but« lerflies up the steep mountain side She thought she recognized them as a species known onlsr in the higher Alps, and very rare and valuable. “ \Vhen at last I did get one in my hands I was sure it was the very kind,” she said in telling about her new business. “I was too excited to wait till morning, which is the best foliage. I caught six before night, and the rest of the flock in the morn- ing. I pinned one out carefully and \‘ketched it in water color. I had to be saving of my postage, so I sent the sketch instead of a box of butterflies home to England. Such a long wait as it was! And fancy my delight when I had word at last to send all the butterflies to London._ You would nev- er guess what they offered me for themâ€"$25 each, and as there were twenty-three of them Ihad the tidy little sum of $575, all my own, and the first money I ever earned in my life. That was my beginning, and I was always on the lookout for but- terflies. \Vith my money I bought ten fancy sheep ” Miss Yeoman’s cellar is not for eat- ables, but is her nursery for beetles. What appears to be unsplit stove wood lies in rows on the floor. Each piece has been sn-lit, but tied together again. ,and in each piece are different species of beetles. They eat the wood. makn ing their way out, and lay their eggs in the wood. "I keen watch. and when a heetla gets to the. surface I put it back“ she said. “ The most valuable one? If all dependcx upon the demand. Abee- tle is worth just what I can get for it. Dr. Le Fontain. who came out from France to study the insects of Cali- fornia. came to our house by change. He did not tell us who he was, merely that he was a stranger passing through the country. but when Ichanm ed to see him before dawn. creeping with a candle in his hand under the pine tree: I knew he muat be after insects. He was in raptures over a beauty he had found. and when I told him about mv butterfl’ea and ahnwed him what I had. he forgot all hi: ENZ- Iiah and rhapsndized in French He taught me a great deal about beetles and told me Of a certain one he was moot eager to find in Cal'fornia. He believed. it wacz here, though he cnu'd not find it. It had been faund only in Itnlv. and had almoqt disappeared. Ah! You had better not look at it. you will be disanpointed.” She poked ahfiut in a box of twigs, and produned what seemed a mast or. dinary l‘Hle black hug. wfih Kong, slender legs: and then she placed be- side it a little round red one. nu larger than a pin bead. “ The tiny one is the one wh§ch Dr. Le Fontnin travelled mfles and mi’es to find and could notâ€"I found it. The other is the beauty he caught under the pine trees. You understand. aeol- lention of beetles is not compIete without all the different snecies. Some are verv common. hut others are most difficult to find. Dr. Le Fon- tain made me a sketch of the beetle he was looking for, and then we went out to find a mate for the beauty he had caught in the ‘morn?ng. for where one is. more are sure to he. \Ve found four and they were the ancestors of the ones I have here. He showed me how to ma‘re what. we called a series. That is, a butterfly or a beetle in all its stages from the egg to the perfect creatureâ€"each stage shown by aspe- cimen and tacked in order on a card. I always make dates as to time each stage requires and food and where the life was lived. He was so kind and in- terested I was delighted when at last I found the beetle he wanted. It was three summers later and I made a long journey for it. I had wanted for so long to go back to the Redwoods we passed coming up. You stopped in the woods and know how that silence of the great trees haunts one who has once known it. Brother Tom and I made the journey on horseback, and camped a week right in the heart of the belt. It was there I found my bee- tle. I carried a white sheet along and spread it on the ground. Taking up an armful of dried pine needles. I shook it over the sheet. If any of the fallen particles scuttled off Iknew it was an insect, and one of the scuttling specks was my long-wished for, much- desired beetle. “ The Indians know about butter- flies. and know where to find them and they are the onlyones who have ever helped me to any extent except a Chinaman. I have a. great respect for Chinemen and Indiana; they see things which few of our own White civilized men can comprehend, even though it. means dollars.” A PERFECT 'WOMAN. A woman of perfect figure should weigh 138 pounds and be 5 feet 5 inches tall. She should measure 5 feet Sin- ches firm the tip of one middle finger to the tip of tho. other when the arms are extehded. The’length of the hand ought to be just one tenth of ihvs and one seventh should be the length 01