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10¢“: 't was Rheumatism-n . muscles of my 1931. pa. Soon the stiffness noes. W'ent to Hot x a back a little better. drinker, but quit usn other, and carefullyf dint. One day I got ,he trouble was worse d to lay off for three lad similar attacks at knee, each one worse ssor. Had headache. ll of the back, urine find scalding. Began noold’s English Toxin ie ago, and am already proved. Feel confio. cure me, and I shall n'hance and report. I > well for years as! in using you: gills. 'STâ€"SUPPER. Toxin Fill the oak medicine an by kill n; the yam that raga-u. u: 75a. 3 box; anal. mi on receipt of price. 1y '1‘). limited. Canals Lilo mam. 5.â€"Here in a letter me of our readora will 39 years old. Ha." for four years with [EATER- Adelaide on “0059‘ °f “ 1t News to 813 Feb Citizens. '0 MERCHANT COB NUTRITIOUS. HT LEWIS. Yongo St” Toronto. SEON 'rice MFORTING. M f 37 inch” "33, ‘0 «men... OLD CEREALS. 32% way In the jars and. vases of these old tombs Amelineau has found various iiiIiZIil' cereals. like wheat and rye, proving icarvi the agricultural tastes of those people. ibrou‘; Date stones are excellent evi- :man i whet 1 H. . ' .erte teat the date palm was even Ewell then appreciated for its foodt products. ithese Nor were these pre-historic people Ltook vegetarians. for if they were why if?“ should there in: the bones of oxen and be: it in: horns of the: gazelle in their tombs? ghead lmefineau has actually taken us. back mine :0 the stone age and: the beginning of {gigs the use of metals in. Egypt, for he has Ediori lound innumerable arrow heads cun- ibeen tin-0'13- tthped out of flint, and kniVes, iofTh scraps“ ani saws made of the same $018; hard material. The decorative instinct corn was already alive. or why should these gcrys old workmen have spent days on P01‘ 353.! i i ' ,- 1 1' .2 . ' ' ' snug, anl chipping stone bracelets? too, INLAID Vs'OOD. men _ . , . - brov .Bt'filttes the common pets for kitchen ‘mak 05c, and the fine vases tor the parlor. is t] tier: were discovered pieces of wood monnerfu- y inlaid with pieces of color- Tl W Kiss, showing that the secret of Lfor I . a ‘ngntgtaczurtng glass was known even fix”. l {then This seems to indicate a long able perm“ of preparation or development, Ithat l A for men did not invent glass When they ‘23: were crude and uncivilized. In! fact, i the the gist-overies at Abydos Open so Wide I use of possibilities that. We are i. Namely surprised to hear that the If {cums oi the gods of Egypt- have been tom it" :nlzy found. But before this an; .Lng discovery was made. M. Ame- liar-tn stirred up the world’s Egypto- the leg-.sts by the announcement that he goo hm found. the names of; 16 royal per-l 1“ 8m. .ges hitherto unknown. lie knew lly cj t‘n they were royal. for their names E the] W: 1‘9 written in a public devzce. and it itur: Was. just as if the sculptor had engrav- land at; King So and So. it ts Lromthese ltoo] designs that the word. Pharoah 18.46" g . rivel, or rather the devxse sngmhesi Phuroah, from the Egyptian Per-aa. sum "Great House.” that is, the place of: the court. _ - l the. r I r \ rem years B. 0., lived, what: they ate, how bay dressed and what. was the range of mind and civiéizaLion in that 311-: Ion , . . 50W '0 this question is being 3 has man been on earth? ’1 urn of the explor-i ! ' of Pennsylvania, . at work at N offer, has, ; " h Proi. Hiipmht, its Assyrioâ€"i J, set, the date of 6,000 or 7,000; ~ on some of. the monuments dis. L" Now (tomes :‘I. E. Amelinean e dates by discover-‘ it: prehisioric Egypt. The full re-' 'iscoveries has not yet been ‘ but this investigator has; I I i grad. wenforce ihes .f his account! of the ex- 15L Voiume i ' use at A” y-iois, the sacred real-g REC” of Osiris. Here he has fOtind§ ”historic tombs, some 150 in num-l .ier, the contents of which go back at 1 fig; 8,006 years. Fortunately for us, :20 feel curiosity as to the doings of. hose dist-tint ages and the men who fired then, the Egyptians had the 30.1011 zhtzt death was but the bridge 'ozn tbs gife to the next, which would {testable this one so closely that the yer; food and furniture used here maid be useful there. On this ac- wint. they furnished the tombs as may would iux'nish homes. Therefore game-m have been found the very food. iii the utensils which the men and women of that time used while alive. it is to this fortunate accident that Mue the exaccness with which a zineteenth century excavator can say 5reciseiy how those who died 6,000 ms FROM V ERY ANCIENT Tombs OPENED IN EGYPT. 1- ’1 lfsod Then -â€" The c Wore Very In- "om “hat They Are Now- 1 “aV Ff“. (111C etc. Of course. there was no thought ‘ then of emba m'ng an: it was entirely due to the dryness of. the soil that the body had been preserved at; all. In the tomb of the- Pharoah whose name was in-‘ic ted by a serpnt. it was found that there was anumbcr of adjoning chambers, probably intended for the bodies of his wives or of his promin- ent court officials. '1‘ he tomb of one of these, by name Nebnofer, “good lmaster,” a royal scribe, was among those found. Ehe floor of this timb iwas made of heavy sycamore planks, which may well stand as the oldest 'p anks in the world, being some 8,..(00 iand odd years old, as well as can be iestimsated. lnstead of having been 5 n 1iled down to cross pieces, they were ;simply tied together by bands of brass, which were still found: in place, The mortar, too, was found to have been mixed with fibres of palm leaves, ;much as hair is now used to min wigh plaster, proving that this secret was known a few thousand years ago. CIVILIZATION TRACED. l l g It is almost possible to trace the dev. :elopment of civilization step by step '2 lthrough these remains, for here are 1 learthen plates so rudely shaped as to t lprove that the potter’s wheel, one of 1 gthe first inventions of primitive man E gthe world over, was not yet known,l {Then come other plates and pots and E 1jugs just as surely turned on that very s use-tut machine, showing the next: step E gu‘pward. The foilowing evolution of ; ;inventive genius shows itself in thefi {more elaborate pottery, and the use of E {metals for making rude tools. Hardi {stone was now out and shaped, diorite, lonyx and rock crystal jars and vases l {were made with so much art that their 5 ihighly polishe.l surfaces astonish the; {modern discoverer. It seems as if the! {use of the diamond or some otheri Ehard substance must have been known ! Eby the people who hollowed out some :iof these vases, on the inside of which E ware still to be seen the marks of the E . gcutting implements. It was found ‘ ,lthat some of the tombs were paved l iwith a kind of rose-colored marble, f Enot native to Egypt, and therefore this ' ;in which the shading of the plumage is Wmust have been imported from some . ‘distant country, showing that the . 1 men of that time travelled and believ- ied in imported goods much as we do. PERFECT WORKMANSâ€"HIP; ’ {From stage to stage the perfection " got the workmanship and the care dis. gplayed in ornamentation increase con- tstantly. The primitive geometrical idesigns on the earliest pottery give 1:Way to drawings from life, and there 3 {are representations of ostriches so llifelike as to be easily recognized; a 3' gcarving of a duck’s head in hard schist :. gbrought out, and a carving of ahu- - iman hand in the same. hard' material, a gwhere the lines of the finger nails are gwcll defined. As to wood oarvrng *- lith-ese old artists were experts. They e took the ebony which they had to im- y fip-ort and carved perfect statuettes of ilions, or of Nubian women; which,” can .1 V be identified as such by the Low fore- head, angular face, small eyes, pro- minent cheekbones, large mouth, thick lips, and hair parted intq a number of tresses. Here is a frog carved: out of diorite, as unmistakable as if it had been done by a modern artist. ' The men and women were alike fond of personal adornment, for beads, of clay covered with blue enamel. of cornelian, amethyst, emerald and rock crystal, all pierced for stringing, the swings having long since rotted away, {were found in large numbers. Here, too, were ivory and wooden instru? ments with which the eyelids and brows were colored red on black to make the eyes appear larger. Vanity is then at least 8,003 years old. ROTTEN woonwonk. The furniture was only found in bits, for the woodwork had generally rotted away, ani all that remained we the ivory legs of sodasâ€"the most remark- able finds made. These were so large that it is certain they. must have been made of the tasks; of the hippopota-r mus. That this animal was hunted) by the early Egyptians is well established by wall paintings, but the proofi furn- ished by the finding of these tusks is far more conclusive, carrying the cus- tom back several centuries, The man- »ner in which these legs are carved to lrepresent the legs otf oxen is one of ithe marvels of all who have had the {good fortune to see them- i The work of the jewelers of this ear- Ely age is by ‘no means primitive, for lthere are bronze bracelets, cunningly iturned into serpents, alloys of silver land gold, capper and brass, {Niel other Etools of the earlier stage when pure Ecopper was used. To illustrate how énear akin mankind has been through jthese myraids of years it is only neces- ésary to mention the discovery in one of lthe tombs of what) must have served ins a baby’s nursing bottle in the long iago. It was an earthen’ vase, with a shole in the side. into which a bit of .clo'th‘ might be inserted that the baby gmight draw his milk from the vase. ls ithere anything new under the sun? Real Animals Valuable, lint Bark at uae W'ron: Time. There is only one drawback that can possibly attend the taking of. dogs on war eXpeditions, and that is that they may bark when a night surprise is in- tended; but even this does not apply when due‘ precautions are taken, and In the German army a great num- ber of dogs are trained in connection with the ambulance corps. At the command “Seek,” and a gesture indi- cating some point of the compass, they start off and- when they come across one. of the men specially lying down in imitation of the wounded, they take up his cap, heLmet or handkerchief and and bring this back to the ambulance man, whom they lead back to the spot. These dogs were a striking part of the show at the last maneu- mtécéfit eam-paigns the presence of favorite dogs of officers has been reâ€" peated_ly [eterred t9. _--._. A “-An+ ““m_ VPI'B. DOG 3 OF WAR. Km Bark at the WAR ROW LESS HORRIBLE One can only deplore this struggle, Ewhich brings into play so many hu- Eman vices and destroys so many lives 1If it causes joy to the monstrous but ghappily scarce apologists of war, un- Eder the fallacious pretext that wars Eare regeneratory, it plunges into con- Esternation and too often into mourn- ; inf; those who do not think men were Ecreated to detest and destroy one an- Eother. EFFECT OF IMPROVED MACHINERY AND MODERN SURGERY L0": Range Bullets Store Humane Than Those of aidâ€"flansl-zo-ll.\nd Conflicts Relegatcd to Ban-burnt“ of the Past- Interesting Sabjec: niscnssetl. Powder has spoken. It rests with that great agent now to put an end to the Anglo-Boer conflict. A signa- ture of blood will alone settle the proposed suggestion to intervene. Each people seeks to do better than; its neighbor. It is a constant tend-1 ency, a regular game with a record to‘ beat. In 1886 the Germans held the: record with the needle gun, but this; record has often been beaten since. In: 1870 they held the record for superior‘ ity in numbers, thanks to which France was suddenly invaded. 1 In the days of Napoleon victory was! largely a matter of speed. So it may be said that the. great Captain won Lhis battles with his soldiers’ figs T0- ' day, when railways have made the con- .centration of trooys rapid and easy, ithe god of battle does not favor as ' much as at the beginning of the cenâ€" ‘1 tury those who arrive first on the field of action. And this because a new ifactor has made its appea1ance â€"â€"-the .rapidity, precision and efficacious- lness of fire. How VICTORIES WERE WON. ‘Vagram were only armed with rudi- mentary flint guns, the smooth bores of which took only a round leaden bul- let, carrying from 60 to 80 meters. And, even then, rain had only to {all during the .battle to silence their weapons, since, if the powder in the pans was wet it would not light by the spark from the flint. As for the cannon, they discharged solid shot and bombs, but not to any great disâ€"- tance. “ - After 100 years nearly all the con- ditions which govern the art of war are changed. Hand-toâ€"hand fighting is a mere accident; engagements be- gin at a distance otseveral kilometers, and with weapons so perfect that the two sides hit without seeing each oth- er, and generaily produce wounds suf- ficient to stop a man’s advance and put him hors do combat without seri- ously endangering his life. For the last 20 Sears ballistics have progressed continuously, and fireg 1 l arms have undergone, and are con-; tinually undergoing, fresh improve-i ments. The modern weapon, at once more complicated in its structure and more simple in its use, has the enor- mous advantage over the old of. a more powerful fire and perforation, more simple, more sure and more ra- pid, which requires of the. snoorers a minimum of instruction and effort. Projectiles have been fitted with a metal casing which enables them to be made longer. The use of smoke: less powders of. great explosive power has extended. Lastly, as a conse- quence of recent researches, it has been possible to reduce the caliber of weapons, thus reducing the weight of the rifle and projectiles to a minimum, and consequently enabling each marksman to carry a larger number of cartridges. GOOD LONG RANGE VCORK. It is sufficient now to shoot in front of one to be a practxcaily useful marksman. As far back as at Saint- L 1 Ann Privai in 1870 men were shot at Luau. meters, 3:} in 1878, at Plevna, the: Turks. though .--y inemzierirenoed,‘ Opened fire at diSLanes of 1,500 and 2,-i (:00 meters. At the present time 1,- 501) meters is no longer a great dis- tance, but a normal firing distrmce,i especially in defense. The perfor-f ating power is sue‘n that it is mn.ni-' tested far beyond 2,033 meters. . At a distance of 2.00:) meters an- 8‘ mm. bullet has still ens. h force to pass through a front rank man and wound the man in his rear when troops are drawn up two deep. At the average fighting distance two or three men may be wounded by the. same bullet at that short distance, without saying anything of the greater thickness, now given to works of fortification on the battle- field, a single projectile would have force enough to go through four. five or six men. Thus. in Dahomvy, it was ‘ These are astonishing feats which will not be seen in reality as often a some peeple say. For this to be the case it would be necessary not only that the bullet should undergo no de- viation, after having passed through the first obstacle, a thing which al- ways happens at least after the sec- ond, but also that its point should not be deformed. Now Lagarde‘s ex- ?periments have proved that this hap- pens in half the number of shots. IN THE BULLETS WAKE. It is seen nowadays that the wound- ed are morenumerous, but the lulled much fewer. A supreme consolation 1878, at Plevna, the ..‘y inzex1perienged, lies in the fact that the wounded not only receive less serious wounds, but are surrounded with such immediate care that they more frequently re- cover their health. As a last analysis the wounded, though they are more numerous, Show a lower mortality \Vith the ballistic power of modern weapons men are hit at great dis- tances. Under these conditions the bullet only passes through the tissues without tearing them, or perforates the bones without producing real se- QueSIrum. And the dressing to be done is much more simple. It: is suf- ficient to place at the orifices caused by the ingress and egress of the bullet pads of aseptic or antiseptic gauze kept in place by a bandage to see the wound become cicatrized. If. the wounded man shows a little fever on the evening of his wound the dressing [8 taken off and the passage made by the bullet syringed with antiseptics to drive out the foreign bodies which cause the fever. .What happened of old? Many sol- diers succumbed to slight wounds, carried off by complications which it was not known how to foresee or pre- ‘ vent. It is a very little thing not to; touch the wound, but simply cover it With stuff from which all the germs have been removed. And if thel wound is infected either by earth or| by fragments of clothes, or from any; other cause, the use of. sterilized probes to sound the flesh, or asceptlc bistouries to open it if necessary, and of antiseptic liquids suffices to put matters right and to keep the wound- ed man from the danger of putrid 1n- fection, which used to make so many Victims. OPERATIONS LESS PAINFUL. Supposing that it is a question of the shattering of the knee by the burst- ing 0f a shell, or the comminutive fracture of a thigh, the present pr0- gress of surgery gives the patient imore chances of recovery than of death. Formerly the limb was sacri- ificed. and the operation was accom- [panied by the most horrible suffer- i i'l’lg‘S- At the present time the use of icther. or chloroform renders the 019- 5 eration as easy for the operator as It I. . . . . I 18 _p_aimess for the patient. The average traumatism necessitat- ed a great use of the knife. .I‘or an Open fracture ocf the tibia necourse was at once had to amputation of the 198‘- Injury to the bones of the foot led to similar consequences. NOW. neither the knife nor the saw comes into use, except in very rare cases. It is aSBPiiCS and antiseptics which allow of seriously wounded soldiers being Preserved from complications. The Preservation of limbs is the general rule, and it is only when everything else fails, when everything is shat- tered or torn off, that the surgeon de- cxdes to amputate. A surgeon had to possess an unusual 1 degree of nerve to preserve the nec- essary calmness during an amputa‘l tion made without anaesthetics. Asl a consequence the principal idea wasl speed in the carrying Out of opera-l tions‘, with, as a result, an unfavorw able influence on their success. The. skiél of this or that‘ surgeon was leg-i endary; to-day this equality is rele-: gated to the second or third place.§ There is no necessity to hurry; chloro- form allows the operator to proceed quietly, Surely and efficaciously. 'l‘hei Surgeon has all the time he needs, but 3 his work must be irreproachable. Accordingly, recoveries are very rfmld; generally there is no suppura-g “‘50, Whatever, may have been the; condition of the limb, While fox'mer13’§ they were very slow, even if death did not follow. ADVANCED SURGERY HELPS. The performance of an amputationl resembles but little that of former; times. though the cutting of the flesh and bone. is necessarily the same. But what was not done formerly. was the forcing back of the blood toward the base of the member by means of an elastic band, thus preventing the flow :of the vital fluid, and allowing the isurgeon to operate “a see.” Then there is the cleaning with soap, alco- hol and ether of the parts to be operâ€" ated upon, the heating of 130 de- Igrees of 140 degrees centigrade of the instruments and the bandages, the isterilization of the hands of the ,operator with soap and prolonged im- mersions in antisespitc liquids, the employment of absorbent ligatures, the minute coaptation on the wound and the exact suture of its edges. The consequence is a rapid local recovery, {so much so that in. 12 or 15 lays the g wound of: an amputated thigh is heal- ied, which formerly was a matter of -months, if indeed, no fatal results : supervened. --' A ansâ€"A Pr â€"â€"r'â€" - During the Crimean War of 1854-55, hospital gangrene broke out at the same time as the cholera, scurvy and typhus, and showed a high degree of severity. It was observed in the Chersonese, in Constantinoxile and on the transports bringing the wounded from the Crimea lo Consl'antinOple and from Constantinople to France. It made equal ravages among the Eng- lish and Russian wounded. During the war in Italy in 1859 it reappeared in the Italian, Austrian and French hospitals. It broke out during the Civil war in the States, in Germany during the wars of 1864 and 3.886. and finally during the campaign of 1870-71. It has even reappeared in more recent wars, but in a less in- tense form. much more mild than at th[3 beginning of the century or that of 1854-55. Hospital gangrene is a microbian malady and gives way to antiseptic treatment. \Var must be made against it unceasingly. A comparison of the surgical results of wars in former days and those of the present time is all to the advan- tage of the latter. A remarkable piece of disembarka- tion work was accomplished when the Hawarden Castle. reached Cape Town recently, Her troops, which num- bered 1.700 men, together with stores, ordance and rations for 14 days, were landed and entrained in ~10 hours. QUICK DISEMBARKATION. THE AMMUNITIUN TRAIN. MORE 'BRAVERY NEEDED| Tm IN ANY OTHER SERVICE. Always In the Thickcst of the Fight, Bu Are Defenselcss-Th cu- Business to Sun! I“! Shot and Sheik h ‘hc l-‘Irlng Lina Regardless of Consequences. It. has been announced in the news- papers of late that among the troops leaving for South Africa have been“ many men of the “ammunition col- umn.” This tells nothing to the aver» age reader, however. He has heard of the Lancers and of the Dublin Fusi- liers, but the “ammunition column“ is a body of whose existence he has previously been ignorant, and at whose work he can oniy guess. Briefly, this ammunition column is a branch of the Army Service Corps. a bod} which acts as a sort of “Uni- versai Provider” for the British army in the time of war, and its duties are to keep well up with the firing line during an engagement and see that it is well supplied with ammunition. When setting off to attack the toe, the ammunition is distributed as fol- lows: Every man of the infantry and cavalry has the magazine of his rifle or carbine, as the case may be; filled, and he carries 100 spare rounds in his pouches. Further supply of 2‘00 rounds per man with a suitable al- lowance for the quick-firing machine gun which is attached to each infantry battalion is conveyed directly in the rear of each regiment in a wagon bearing a distinguishing mark to show ito which corps it belongs, and this 'form the first reserve, from which ithe soldiers’ pouches are replen-shed as fast as they are emptied. ’MDST FLYING BULLETS. 1 A small detachment of the ammuni- ; tion column accompanies every regi- Zm meni. into action to convey the sup- i Pd its from the wagon to the firing line {The work which these men perform i 1s 1 rhaps the bravest of any on the lfield of battle, but it is a work of ‘which we hear little. Their duty l compels them to keep well up with lthe firing line, and yet they take no part in the firing, though the enemy’s bullets may be telling round them in 12111 directions. ' Their business is tc 1hu1r5 forward the ammunition and l never m1 nd what is happt hing in front iof them, and to this they devote them- selves. As the battle rages, however, the supply of ammunition in the wagons at the rear of. the position becomes depleted, and it is at this stage that the real work oi the main body 01 the ammunition column commences. This body has for some time previous- ly been hanging in the background. well out of reach of the enemy’s shells, in charge of. a long string of wagons filled with projectiles of ev- ery descriytion. From these the re- gimental wagons are refilled. Not only does this column carry the am- munition for the small arms, as the rifles, carbines and machine guns are described, but the shells for the ar- tillery as well. These shells are of man) kind, such as common shell, plugged shell, shrapnel, and canister, and wherever the guns go these wag- ons must be close behind them, no matter what the hazard, for a bat- tery without ammunition in abund- ance is in the same State as a first- class modern battle ship with empty ooal bunkers, and with the warships of the foe rapidly bearing down upon it. in the campaign detailed so many of its men to take charge of the regi- mental ammunition and to distribute ;it,bu1 this somewhat rough- -and- . '1'ead1' system has been abolished in all 'jmodern armies, as it was found that :one regiment might have ample amâ€" munition, and yet the next one to it might be reduced to its last cartridge; ’but the feeding of the fi1ing line of the British army has now been reduc- ed to a perfect state, and it should be next to impossible nowadays for a iregimen't to be put out of action 011'- ng to the failure of the ammunition 1supply. This 11' as the case, however, with the two British regiments at Nicholson’s Nek a few weeks ago, but that was an abnormal circumstance brought about by the stampede of the mules which bore the spare ammunia ttion, thus leaving the men with only ;'1'1hat cartridges they had in their :pouches, and it is unlike ely in the ex- treme that such a case will ever hap . we again- The stock of these wagons is in turn replenished as soon as possible from the main supply, which is maintained at the base of the army UNDER A STRONG GUARD. Tho ammunition column as consti- tuted to-ilay is a modern innovation. Formerly every regiment taking part In addition to feeding with ammu- nition the soldiers actually engaged in the fighting line, the ammunition column has Other duties, such as at- taching the fuses to the shells, and aiding the artificers in the repair 01 damaged guns or gun carriages, and during the whole time a war lasts one. of the hardest worked bodies of men are those employed in serving out the ammunition. A RENEGADE ENGLISHMAN. The editor of Voortrekker, a Krug- ersdorp paper, which has gained no- toriety of late by its violent attacks“ on the British race in general and the troop:: in particular, is an English curate, and late head' master of Ali- wal Public School.