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DURHAM CHRONICLE An Essay by Mr. E H. Burgess. 1111th Master in the Owen Sound Colleg- iate Institute. Read Before the South Grey 'i'eachers’ Institute, May 26th. 1900. DURHAM, JULY 12TH, 1900. activities of life Such are GeOg- mphy. Ph3s 010"). etc. Then, there a1e diSciplinmy studies that exercise and strengthen the mental power that increase the mental capacities. Some of these p1epare the wa3 for other subjects, as Arithmetic for Algebra. "I‘he3 have also some guid- ance value, but the ey are character- istically formative subjects; such are Mathematics, Science and Language. Then again there ar 9 culture subjects. Culture is a hard thing to define, but let this definition snflice; “ Cul- ture is the slowly maturing fruit of a silent feeding of the soul upon nourishing ideas.” Discipline in- creases the mental power, Culture looks to the tone rather than the in- tensity. The Studies have not all the same value. but rathar a comparative value. i think, too, that the differ- ent studies have a different value for different persons. One gets more discipline out of Science, another out of Language, etc. In History the subject matter is facts. Knowledge gained by observation from the daily papers, etc.. is called by Dr. Fitch "' Folk-lore.” Similar knowledge of what has gone on in the world is His- tory. The newspaper deals with curient lifeâ€"History with past life; History deals with man in his human capacity. and it is thus the working of his intellect. as revealed in the facts of laws, battles, cities, religions. It is moral knowledgeâ€"knowledge of the play and activities of his mindâ€" nature. There is a wide difference between History and Mathematics. History is a. fact study. Mathematics begins with definitions and axioms and pro- ceeds by logical deductions. The} process of reasoning is one of necesâ€"; sary influence. History moves inl the field of moral freedom. Thel material of History must be elaborat- ed and organized. é Organization is essential :1) real; knowledgeand it is necessary ) 1.5.; retention. The memo: ' 1:3... COpe with 11. 11.11155 of 11111~?....:¢.â€"i . uno1ga11ize1l facts. They can no: he 1e111e1nbe1ed out of 1elation any . ore; than they can be eXplained anl cone- prehended out of relation. As Eng formation no school study ranl s so; high for experience is the great guide: to man in the afiaits of the world. Oral knowledge is of great value, but in the long run the pages of History convey to line the past expenence of the race. In politics, religion. mor- als, education and in the economical. social and industrial life, an histor- ical knowledge is essential. for no individual 01' generation begins life anew. Tne progress of life is con- tinuous. and therefore is an historic- al deveIOpment. "The present. is the fruit of the past and the germ of the future,” says some one. No man who disregards the lessons history teaches him can give anything to the future. 1‘ History is Philosophy teaching by examples,” is an oft re- peated quotation. It is the only study through which Philosophy can reach and influence the mass of mankind. The facts of History will be graSped by minds that the abstract subtleties of the philosopher can never influence. It is the case of the particular and the general. the concrete and the abstract. The prac- tical value of History has many ad~ vocates, among them Milton, Guizot, Locke, Macaulay. Carlyle and Glad- stone. History has a. disciplinary value too. Evenwlien taught in an nq. organized fashion. it trains the memory and when taught phiIOSOph- ically it surpasses all other subjects in mnemonic value. I have said that History is a fact study; but to stop short with a memorized multitude of facts in their separation and not to see them in the unity of their relations is not to learn the lésson of History. The mind thus simply filled, or crammed, is not instructed. There is no insight. By means of. asswiations of time. place, and cause and effect, the facts are capable of complete organization. . ‘ Q . vvâ€"v _‘ Then it. has its value in training the imagination. It is, as I have said, a great mistake to think that THE VALUE OF HISTORY- W. Irwin, Editor and Proprietor. 10m. The the most practic; beelaborat- reasoning. I haves iect. matter is the d “,1 to realtlzeings, and is {on M -. -. held of freedom a: 83:3!) LONS! q, . ‘ :3; can notipmbatbmg” bence‘ urelated andi “‘7 ‘3 the ”1:5: ”0 :5. can nor. be? L138 moist p‘racucd'k on anymore; We 31. Wul surety zed and com-E purpose of, teaqhm on. As in- :0 cram me: mmd slates {yet these a | f nth: rank: an‘ 'dk vironments, to discover causes, etc., is thinking as well as solving scien- tific or mathematical problems. At the outset I stated that historical knowledge is moral knowledge. The exact sciences deal with certain data and the method is demonstration. They start with definitions and axioms that are preceived by intuio tion and the method is one of neces- sary influence leading to inevitable conclusions. There is no gathering up of facts, no balancing of opposite arguments There is no looking at the other side, for there is no other side of the question. How difierent are the problems of actual life :â€" problems arising out of the relations of human beings In History data are collected, the force of argument and acts are weighed, and, finally, a probable conclusion is reached. Lord Roberts can not with certainty pre- dict the result of a battle. If such results were predicted, battles would not be fought. Parliamentary can- didates are never sure of the results of an election. In historical matters, one comes to a” conclusion by weigh} ing the value of the items on one side. then on the other, hence in the business of politics, law, war, etc., a very important, if not the most im- portant gift, is the ability to select the premises in the solution of the important problems of a~ practical life, for nearly all the problems and situations of the world, certainly all the difficult ones, combine opposite and confusing forces In Mathemat- ' ics and Science the mind deals with lsubjects in which demonstration en. l ters. The data of the mathematician are all provided for him, and he is ; no: allowed to add to, or to take ffrozn, hence we must resort. to some ‘ Other source than science or mathe- f maria-s to obtain what is of all things DALI; ‘IVLngvv v- .t.. trial of Warren Hastings, and the many other historical events, with. out having his imaginative faculties cultivated and strengthened ? This is good, but the study of History does lar more. It disciplines the thinking powers. 'l‘o point out relations, to contrast and compare times, institutions, events and men ; to discover likenesses and differences is to promote thinking. to enlarge the mental horizon, to induce the habit of mind of ineStimable value. In doing this the analytic faculty is exercised and strengthened, and also complex facts have to be simplified For example the Rebellion of 1837 has to be thoroughly analyzed to comprehend it. I have frequently heard a boy of ten years passing judgment on the characters of His- tory, on such men as Caesar and Hannibal. on Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great. Judgment then passes into reasoning. To ob- serve chronological connections, geo- graphical conditions, and other en- vironments, to discover causes, etc., the subject is taught by committing to memory masses of dry unorganiz- ed and unrelated facts, dates names, statistics. clauses of treaties, etc. Does Hiswry not reveal to the men- tal eye the whole movement that constitutes the life of a man, a city, a nation, or a part of it. What boy can read the story of the death of Caesar. or the Syracusan Expedition, the victories of Marlborough, or the mos: practicl. viz. historical reasoning. l ha. e said that the sub- ject portray: is the doings of human wings. and is 2'9 and in the broad if: 5" freedom and therefore of a ..;:;;.e I cl im that His- : .;. .-l - .43.; :J'Ujecz that gites .e mas: gratin. Kind of discipline. 0's a... If. tn. ~: ;: agree that the 943.2%: '~..::..'.L'.'.:-,; Hir‘ory is not 1‘) ‘; 4.1: “is; min: with {ants and tat-:3. ye: these are necessary and '.'.“‘t'.. a:.; noteac'ac-rs'n oull neglect 3'3 . :hetn . but to arouse .hou rht, and especially to teach the habit of think- ing intelligently about the political and industrial events of our country. 'Sometimes the objection is made that historical questions are not practical ‘ things, but come from books and documents musty with age; that they are not the thoughts and doings ofliving men instinct with thought and passion and will. That is very true, for no proper school subject is just like real life, but certain forms of History can be made as abstract as Euclid. As long as we deal with dates. names and unorganized faCts, inStead of the activities of human beings the subject will be without interest. History and politics are great educative powers. but History has the advantage over politics inas- much as it is freer from passion and prejudice and so is a better :chool for judgment, hence Bishop Stubbs argues that ancient and mocern His- tory surpass modern and present History as such in discipline, and yet. he says “ the subject matter of modern Historical enquiry has pec- uliar advantages for the training of the powers most constantly in exer- cise in a practical generation.” Again, there are Studies, that on account of their peculiar influence on the mind are called humanity studies. They are the man-studies as the Germans would call them. They liberalize the mind and free it: from prejudice, narrowness, and selfishness. History is one of the group, if not the noblest of the group. The student of History is like the tourist. he is transported into new States of society. He sees new peo- ple, with new fashions, diflerent ideas and he thus gets broader views and an enlarged mind. Again, I would say History fur- nishes a motive power, as well as guidance, and one of the best known forms of motive power is the pat- THURSDAY. riotic sentiment, and it is on History that patriotism is nourished. No nation was ever more patriotic than the Jews-~in them it passed from‘ enthusiasm to fanaticism. No doubt the cause of this was the stress laid on National History as a means of: forming youthful character, During} the last year or two, and particularlyi this last six months more attention! has been paid to the teaching of; patriotism to the children of our country. This is right and the spec? tacular means often resorted to serve a purpose, but in the long run the highest and truest patriotism must be founded on History and Litera- ture. Rightly studied, History has a Schering efi'ect on the mind, in which fact is much of its value. Taught as amnemonic exercise it be- comesa burden and an obstacle to progress. I need not tell you that China is a country thoroughly sat- urated with historicalism. In the Study of this subject the individual will must count for something, other wise it becomes a bar to free individ- ual and social advancement. Then it must be remembered that the ex- clusive study of the History of one’s own country tends to a haughty and arrogant conceit, and especially so if the boy or girl is narrow minded to begin with. . n In conclusion I would add in words quoted from “ Psychology for Teach- ers ” by Lloyd Morgan, that “ in the study of History splendid. opportun- ities are given to the teacher to give an indirect impetus to the develop- ment of splendid ideas both of him- self and of the community. For History presents us with concrete ex- amples of strenuous efforts towards the realization both of individual character and of an improved social condition of the community at large. There can be no question that hero- worship is of great importance in the development of character, hence it is saied, “ Tell me a man’s heroes and I will read you his character.” Led Mr. W. F. Leflar, of Williamsford, Ont... to use Dr. Arnold’s Eng- lish Toxin Pills. THE DOCTOR’S ADVICE He Nine of every ten persons in Can- ada suffer from nervousness and genâ€" eral weakness of the syswm. The misery caused by these complaints is immeasureable. More money is spent every year for medicines for these diseases than would buy out hall-a-dozen millionaires. And yet there is a cure simple, sure, and per- manent, one that costs little and produces an efiect that is absolutely unparalleled in the history of medi- cine. The medicine is known throughout the English speaking world as Dr. Arnold’s English Toxin Pills for weak people. It has the ef- fect of‘ permanently cleansing the system of disease, and it has this ef- fect by killing the germs that cause the disease. Besides killing the germs of disease, it counter-acts poisons (toxins) they create in the blood; it braces the nerves, purifies the blood, and revitalizes the whole system. Dr. Arnold’s English Toxin 151119 are prescribed by many of the most. successful physicians in thenr private practice. Here is a. case that shows the power of this wonderful medicine over nervous and wasting diseases: “ I suffered for months with nerv- ousness andgeneral debility. , I was utterly miserable, unable to sleep, and constantly in the most depress- ed spirits. My nerves were twitchy, I had Splittin! headaches, and was as weak as a. child. My family phy- sician, Dr. â€"â€"- , advised me to use Dr. Arnold’s English Toxin Pills. I bought and used three large boxes, which, I am happy to state, cured me completely. I am now hale and hearty, Strong and vigorous, sound in every muScle, nerve and limb, thanks to Dr. Arn- old’s English Toxin Pills. - Dr. Arnold’s English Toxin Pills are sold. by all druggists. 750 a large box; 25c a small box or sent. post- paii on receipt of price, by The Arnold Chemical Company" Limited, Canada Life Building, 44 King Street West, Toronto Williamsford, Ont. Council met June 29th. Minutes approved. , Councillor McIntyre re- ported that he had let a contract of building two bridges at Lots 7 and 8, Concession 3, to Jas. McMeeken for 822, work completed, payment re- commended. HastiemRobbâ€"That the foregoing report be adopted and order granted, and Mr. McIntyre be paid $2 for letting and inSpecting the same. Carried. Councillor McQueen reperted that. he let the removing of the landslide at. sidebank road, Concession 8, to W . J. Caulfield for 810, work com- pleted, payment recommended. Robbâ€"McIntyre -Tha.t foregoing report be adopted and order granted. was, in Consequence Cured of Nervousness and General De- bilityâ€"A Case that Shows the Wonderful Power of Dr. Arn- old’s English Toxin Pills. EGREMONT COUNCIL. M Q.’ W. F. LEFLAR. (Merchant.) THE DURHAM CHRONICLE. Pumps of all Kinds. Shop open every afternoon. All REPAIRING promptly and prop- erly attended to. \W. D. CUNNUH. W. D. CONNOR and Councillor McQueen be paid 50c commission. Carried. Hastieâ€"McQueenâ€"JPhat Councillor McIntyre interview commissioner for townline Glenelg and Egremonc in regard to preparing road at Gras- by’s pond and report. at. next, meeting of council. Carried. McQueen-«Molt;tyre--That we in- struct the clerk to ask the Arthur township council to give us a de- tailed statement of expenditure on the Arthur and Egremont townline in 1899 and 1900 both in statute labor and money grants, and when said account is adjusted we shall Supplement their grant of $30. Curried. By-law No. 129 to repeal byaluw No. 128 and appointing Geo. Klempp road . commissioner for .Holstem passed the usual reading, c. Hastie-n Robbâ€"-That \V. '1‘. Pinker be allowed to build a cattle-pass at the. 2nd and 3rd division of Lot 1?), Concession 1, and the clerk prepare a by-law for the same. guarding the travelling public against, any dam- ages arising from the construction of it and holding: the said W. T. Pin- der responsible for all damages and repairs for all time. Carried. McQueenâ€"â€"Hasxieâ€"That we in- struct the clerk to have 100 blank forms for road notices printed at the Review office, Durham. Carried. Resolved that the following ac- counts be paidzâ€"Angus McEachern, gravel, $1.86; McLachlan estate. $1.63; John Dory, ditto, $3.25; John Kerr, ditto, $168, Normanhy half cost; Jas. Swanston, ditto, $3.93; Wm. Cameron, ditto, (SOC, Normanby half cost; Wm. Cowan, ditto, $1; John Garvey, ditto, $2.36, Normanby half. cost; W. Ovens, ditto, $3.24, Normanby half cost; Jno. Corley, ditto, 83,84, Normanby half cost; J. McDonald, ditto, $2.83; H. Adams, ditto, $5; ll. Reid, timber, 32.50; J. H. Brown, goods to Mrs. Barclay {or six months, $6; reeve, two days distributing pathmasters’ rolls, $4; clerk. one day ditto, $2 ; clerk, quar- ter’s salary, $35; clerk, postage and stationery for six months, $3; J. Fisher, printing voters’ lists, $32.80. McIntyreâ€"Hastieâ€"That we now adjourn to meet again at Holstein on Friday, Aug. 20th, for general busi- ness. Carried. D. ALLAN, Clerk. WORKING OVERTIME. Eight hour laws are ignored by those tireless. little workers --- Dr. King’s New Life Pills. Millions are always at work, night and day, cur- ing Indigestion, Biliousness, Consti- pation, Sick Headache and all Stomach, Liver. and Bowel troubles. Easy, pleasant, safe, sure. Only 25:: at all drug stores. Mrs. Clark and family. of Otter- ville, are visiting their parents and grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Arch. Little. Mr. R. Pettigrew, after spending three or four months in the West, returned home on Thursday last looking hale andhearty. Bob thinks a. man is just as well in Ontario. Mrs. Crawford was up to Desboro last; week attending the funeral of her brother. “Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Petty, of Ben- tinck, were the guests of Mr and Mrs. T P_etty one day last _w eek. ‘ Mr. and Mrs. Chas: Gadd were the guests of Mr. and Mrs J. Petty,one day last week; Mrs. Chas. Petty, of Bentinck, was the guest of Mrs. Thos. Petty one day last week. Sir. and Mrs. William McCalmon and Mr. and Mrs. John Carson were the guests of Mr. and Mrs. Jae. Eden one day last week. _ Master Roy Simmons, of Ham- ilton, is the guest of his grand parents, Mr. and Mrs. Arch. Little. for a. few days. Mr. and Mrs. R. 1. Eden were the guests of Egremont friends one day last week. Galvanized and Iron Pipâ€" ing; Brass, Brass Lined and Iron Cylinders. this summer ? Then add a SOOTT’S EMULSION to his milk three times a day. It is astonishing how fast Is BabyThin he will improve. ff Manna. let the mother' take the Emmion. sac. and 83.09; Pumps from $2 upward. Manufacturer 0? ' And Dealer in -â€"â€" [Intended for last wank] VARNEY . Wm. McCalmon, Importer of and Dealer in Swedish, Scbtch Canadia Monuments Repaired and MCINTYRE BLOCK, -â€"- DURHAM. $1.25 each. Big 4, 'Granite and Marble Work OF ALL KIND. IMPLEMENT WAREHUDMS FOR THE FARM we have Deering Harvesting Machinery, Maxwell Binders and Mowers, Chatham and Snow-ball Wagons. Car- riages and Buggies of all the very best makes. Now We Have a FOR THE HOUSEHOLD we have the Bell Pianos and Organs. Woodstock Organs and Pianos. ' RaymOnd Sewing Machines, full line of McClary’s Stoves. go Malott Cream Separator No dairy is complete without a Malott Cream Separatorâ€"the best and easiest handled separator in the market to-day. No less than eight large bu§iness c01- lqges have .fpphed to us withm the last snx _\s_'eeks or our gmduaje§ to_ take REPAIRS of all kinds constantly kept. on hand. Call at the new premises a few doors ' south of the Middaugh House. six weeks {or our graduates to take positions as teachers in their schools. As many as five business firms have ap- plied to us in one day for office help. l‘his is surely the best school for you. It pays to prepare for profitable, pro- gressn'e and permanent employment. Catalogue free. Tens and Coffee: are a Special value. Fresh Groceries Farm and Demegtic Inplements and Machinery. Inscriptions Cut. on Shortest Notice. Scuflers, Turnip PIOWS, Sewers, Cultiva- tors, and in fact everything the farmer needs. Having moved to our new stand a few steps south of the Middaugh House, we are pre- pared to do business better than ever, and at. the lowest figures and best terms. The undersigned wishes to announce to the residents of Durham and vi- cinity that she has Opened up 3 Grocery and Confectionerv Store one door east of the Post Office, where xho will be pleasod to fnrpish. all uvu-\r â€"--"- -.- goods in her‘ fine at reasoxiable prices. W. J. ELLIOTT. Principal. MRS. ANGUS CAMERON. C. McKlNNON. Lower Town, Durham. a full and com- plete_ 1_ine of %%%%%%%%%%é% “’ s? f ‘6 % (é ’é ’4 \‘0 I; \ (é 77% ’m‘ ’i’\ 7°W$Z°fi°$7afiifi°v 74* fl Larg‘ .4 ’(fi ’1‘ Of new goods jus 7% so complete that you ca if SOME 4;? fig \Vomen’s Dongola But: «0% Girl's Dongola Buttone In Women’s Canvass Oxfo Girl’s Canvass Oxfords. Child’s Canvass Oxfords Men’s Plough Shoes. w Women’s Dongola Stra Men’s Canvass Bals, we Men’s Dongola Oxfords The abov them up at once. Th ‘ . PEE CASH SYSTEM. s' ’44 LAMBTON STREET, ’ West of the Middaugh House to 23:: Ivmgs John L' 73% £12. ‘0 ‘i? 5 lb A a ’m :2 ’m‘ {x A ’1‘? I J Great MINING SALE. THE . . . LOWEST PRICE. .3: CASH SYSTEM ' g; «94%;, V9359» w, 41/, A11, 4'5 AM ’I‘iS «$9314 $743\ “IA/13$ Headquarters for Best Binder TwiDG- PLYMOUTH BEST AND CHEAPEST SOLD. A Few good secondhand Mowexs. Also Binders rebuilt and “(Wk gumanteed. Of new goods just. arrived. Our stock of SHOES. etc., is so complete that you can get Footwear in any Style at any price. Women's Dougola Buttoned, were $1.40. now ...... Girl’s Dongola Buttoned, were $1.25. now ........ . Women’s Canvass Oxfords, were $1.15. now ........ Girl’s Canvass Oxfords. were 900. now ............ . Child’s Canvass Oxfords, were 80o. now ............ Men’s Plough Shoes, were 31...:3, now ............. . Women’s Dongola Strap Slippers, were $1.20, now. Men’s Canvass Bals, were $1.50, now ............... Men's Dongola Oxfords, were $1.130, now .......... The above are all good, reliable goods. Pick them up at once. The room is badly needed for other lines. FIRE INSURANCE A FEW BUGGIES LEFT. promptly attended to. Large All ready set up. SOME GOOD SNAPS: They must go. Every article np todate Come and investigate. If you want bargains now is your time, Ready-made clothing, boots and shoes and groceries are to be handled at ‘_ W9 :2 N C. McArthur Call and see them. Eggs Wanted. July 12, 1900.