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WM County seems to be typical «mmutitudemngardtoal- manuauunmome hated to man; in that county this Seedind’operattons in Ontario are in progress from as far west as Rainy River to Glengarry County in the east. Reports from the Agricultural newsman“: would indicate that the land is working up in a very friable condition. Pan wheat is reported in ex- oellent condltlon and the majority of countlesfeport Red Clover and Alfalfa having withstood the winter much bet- ter than was entlclpated. Sweet clover seems to have fared the worst and hung at a convenient height on the Cheese factories are opening up and farmers are anxious to get their cattle out on grass as feed is getting scarce. Prices for hogs, eggs. butter-lat and lamb: are very disappointing. Orchards we looking well with a goodly number a! fruit but! in those orchards where When liquid milk can be had the milk powder is omitted. Rappers of chick The animal feed mixture used Ls mule up of equal parts ground beef Tests made at the Central Experi- mental Farm, Ottawa. have shown that better results are attained by feed- lng chicks early than by the methods of delayed feeding formerly in vogue. The following is a chick starter, that has given excellent results at the farm: I part shorts, 1 part mlddllngs, 1 part grants. ‘5.» part animal feed mixture. 3 1 pa cent. cod liver oil. Among publications recently issued of interest to farmers are the follow- ing: Report of the Ontario Veterinary college, 1931: 53rd annual report of the Agricultural and Experimental Union. 1931; and a bulletin on the subject of Draft Horses. by J. C. Steckley, Pro- fessor oi Animal Husbandry, and M. W. Staples. Lecturer in Animal Husbandry. at O. A. C. Copies of these publications are obtainable free upon application to Your local agricultural oalce. ‘practice. Lime is not a fertilizer, but simply neutralizes the acidity of the toil, and should be thoroughly worked into the soil during the preparation of a seed bed to become efficient. It is poor business to farm land that is lacking in lime and strongly acid in reaction. The productive power of the soil is reduced when it becomes acid. Correcting this condition with the use at ground limestone increases the effi- ciency of the manures and tertilizers applied and therefore contributes to the cutting down of costs of crap produc- Whethhpflyljme A test of the soil should be made to make sure that it requires lime. If the soil proves to be acid then the answer to the question when to apply lime might be "when you have time.” Lime is for the benefit of all crops in the rotation. but particularly of benefit to legumes. The best time is possibly just before sowing a grain crap that is needed down with alfalfa or clovers. Liming land plowed for fall wheat which is to be seeded with clover in the spring is a convenient and satisfactory canbesownassoonasthesoilhas dried enough to permit working with- out injury to the texture. Beet, carrot, parsnip and wrinkled peas may follow, with beans and other tender crops sown or planted alter the danger of Who-brunt GardenSeed A timel'y suggestion with respect to he planting of the home vegetable gar- den is that the hardy seeds should be sown as early as weather and soil con- ditions will permit. Smooth or dimpled peas, onion. radish. lettuce and spinach Obie. especially at the low price of hogs. Grain alone will not give rapid development. u to avoid a setback. It growth is flawed up at any stage a loss is prob- Judging by the crap of early lambs the past winter has salted the flock. In my flocks there is an avenge of two lambs to a ewe, or 200 per cent. in- crease. The pleasing feature is that the hmbo seem particularly strong. growth. It is a. good plan to have the Pics are rapid growers 11 well and mly led. But. they require plenty PAGE 6 NEWS AND INFORMATION FOR THE BUSY FARMER Interesting Publications WeeklyCmplcpofl (Furnished by the Ontario Department of Agriculture) While the millionaire and his chance acquaintance hummed along, they en- tered into conversation. Suddenly the car overturned into the ditch, and Gen- eral McRae was pinned under the wheel, while the tramp was thrown clear. After a long struggle which in- volved almost superhuman effort, the stranger managed to achleve a rescue. He lifted the car and successfully ex- tracted General McRae from beneath it. and gave him first aid. He then hailed a passing car and had the in- hospital. Undoubtedly the smart work of the tramp saved the life or the dis- tinguished Canadian politician. A pro- gram then presented itself of how best to reward the tramp. General McRae recognized that if he was to give a large It was at length decided to present this tramp with credentials, and every month he could go to any bank on the North American continent with these credentials and draw credit from Gen- era! Mom’s man walking ahead of hlm. It was get- ting hard, so the general good-natured- ly stopped his car and gave the man a lift. Hts passenger was obviously a tramp. He was down at the heel and out at the elbow, unshaven, and very dusty, but he accepted the ride. sum- of money it would be of no per- manent value and on this point the tramp himself was in agreement. No matter where he may be, all over the North American continent, this tramp with the wanderlust can present himself every month at any bank in either Canada or the United States and he will receive an allowance which will continue as long as he lives. The name of this tramp is unknown, but the name of his benefactor is a household word in Vancouver, 8.0., and a prominent word in political life, for it is that of Major-General A. D. McRae. Several years ago, while on a trip through the Canadian Rockies, on work for his party, General MeRae saw a Somewhere on the North American continent is a tramp. a hobo, a knight of the road. or whatever else you may like to call him, who has a drawing ac- count on a Canadian millionaire. very rapid and seems more than desir- able that Ontario farmers should weigh the milk from individual cows, have it tested for butter fatâ€"thus being able to eliminate poor producers. in order to compete with New Zealand or any other country that follows a system of scientific improvement. Here in Ontario our dairy farmers are not cow testing to any great ex- tent, herd improvement has not been Ontario has .22 per cent. of its cows under test: New Zealand has 19.7 per cent. of its cows under test. The fol- lowing flgures show a remarkable in- crease in cow testing in New Zealand: 1922-23, 84,825 cows; 1923-24, 151,214 cows; 1924-25. 196.850 cows; 1925-26, 169.776 cows; 1926-27, 170,150 cows; 1927-28, 224,130 cows; 1928-29, 259.594 cows: 1929-30, 283,731 cows. It has been estimated that in the last ten years the average production of butter fat in New Zealand has in- creased by 50 pounds per cow. Environment is an important factor with children. The constant contact with the beautqu things of nature which well-kept home grounds affords is too important in the welfare of the home and the child to be overlooked. i “We are influenced to a greater ex- itent than we realize by our surround- ings." observes F'. C. Nunnick, chair- man of the More Beautiful Canada Campaign Committee of the Canadian Horticultural Council. As he points out "children are particularly responsive to home surroundings and wheret these include lawns. shrubs, trees and flow- ers they make a much better place in which to bring up children than in a home where no attention whatever is paid to these friends of the plant king- Eyears has been due to the develop- ment of hardy strains along with the outstanding merits of alialfa as a for- age crop. Being a hardy deep-rooted perennial legume alfalfa improves the texture of the crap, adds humus and aids in the storing of nitrates. It be- gins to grow early in spring, helps to control weeds and remains green throughout the season. Alfalfa now stands sixth in area among all field crops grown in the Province of Ontario, and occupies about 650,000 acres. According to James Laughland, Field Husbandry Depart- ment, 0. A. C., Guelph, the great in- crease in this crop during the last 20 HOBO’S REWARD rs account with a generous Alfalfa N ow Sixth Sum Lndings Count may readily deveIOp either mosaic or leaf curl if planted in close proximity to diseased bushes. The diseases are spread from such buhes into the new planting by the agency of sucking in- sects. It is strongly recommended. purchaser of such stock is assured that it is not only healthy and vigorous, but is the best obtainable for planting pur- poses. Where such stock is not used there is great danger of high percen- tages of mosaic and leaf curl deve10p- ing in the new plantation since these diseases are spread through suckers arising from diseased parent plants. The inspection during the growing of certified stock therefore, ensures a healthy plantation which has a decided advantage in developing into a profit- able planting. over one where ordinary stock has been used. There is one point in the use of cer- tified raspberry stock, however, which growers should keep in mind. Certified stock is not immune to disease and season of all canes for certification purposes is a guarantee to the pur- chaser of such stock that the plants are free of the virus diseases. The use culture, through its Plant Pathological Laboratory at St. Catharines, super- vises and regulates the productlon of The diseases affecting raspberries have been studied duringa number of years at the Dominion Laboratory of Plant Pathology. St. Catharines, On- tario. From these studies it has been found that the most important diseas- es the raspberry grower has to con- tend with are mosaic and leaf curl, which are diseases of the virus type. Plants found to be infected with these diseases showed reduction in yield, im- paired vigor and general unthriftiness. It was soon evident that great losses were being sustained by the industry through these diseases and it was nec- essary to secure some means of over- coming or controlling them. This has been acomplished by the above insti- tution in its deveIOpment of certified! raspberry stock. : The Dominion Department of Agri- CONTROL RASPBERRY DISEASES ( By Use of Certified Raspberry Stock) apply commercial fertilizers. A soil which has become heavily infested with club root can only be rendered fit for growing turnips, cabbages and allied ,vegetables after such susceptible crops lis free from club root, it is safer to have been totally eliminated from ro- tations for 5 to 10 years. In addition every precaution should be taken to prevent the growth on such land of weeds susceptible to club root, such as mustard, shepherd’s purse and pep- per gras. A certain measure of control can be obtained by soil treatment with lime. Heavy applications of lime (2 to 5 tons per acre) 3 to 6 months prior to sowing are usually necessary, however, for a commercially satisfactory control on most club root infested soils. The use of basic slag as a phosphatic fertil- izer failed to control club root'success- fully and air-slaked lime was found to; be of questionable value in preventingI the disease. The extravagant use of lime should not be resorted to if po- tatoes are included in the rotation on account of the tendency bf lime to pro- duce scab. Treatment of infested soil with disinfectants such as corrosive sublimate formalin and organic mer- cury compounds failed to reduce thel severity of the disease. Contrary to or- dinary belief, club root is not borne by the seed. In consequence, seed treat- ment is of no value in the control of this disease. The most hopeful line of control appears to be the use of resis- tant varieties. Certain varieties of' turnips tested at this laboratory ap- pear sufficiently resistant to be of commercial value on most soils mod- erately infested with club root. These include selections from the White Swede, Bangholm (Heming, Sludsga- ard and Olsgaard strains). Certain new varieties recently developed at this laboratory also show a favorable de- gree of resistance to club root even on heavily infested soils. !pose and the parasite enters the soil where it is capable of persisting for many years. Experiments conducted at the Dominion Field Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Fredericton, NB. reveal that the severity of the disease can be re- duced by the observance of certain cul- tural practices. Inasmuch as the para- site causing the disease is capable of passing through the intestinal tract or domestic animals unharmed and exist- ing for many months in the dung, manure so contaminated should not be applied to soil intended for crops sus- ceptable to club root. If there is some uncertainty as to whether the manure F'armers who grow turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers and related vegetables find that the yields of these crops are often severely reduced by attacks of club root. This disease is caused by a min- ute parasite which enters the under- ground parts of the plant and causes an abnormal swelling of the roots. The diseased parts ultimately decom- CONTROL OF CLUB ROOT THE DURHAM CHRONICLE tained int he so liol by deve10pingny tained in the soil by developing in the root nodules, and if a legume is absent from a soil, the bacteria peculiar to that legume tend to die off, and under average conditions their numbers be- come so depleted after two or three years that reinoculation is recommend- ed. Thus it is not only in cases where the legume bacteria are completely ab- !sent from a soil that inoculation is of ‘value. Even is some nodules may ap- pear on the roots the extra bacteria contained in the inoculation will fre- quently be of definite value in produc- ing a more abundant nodule develop- ment, and thus permit of more active assimilation of nitrogen for the benefit of the plants. Reeearch work has been conducted by the Division of Baceriology of the Dominion Experimental Farms on var-T ious points concerning the practicali value of inoculation. Not only has in- oculation been found to be of value for alfalfa, sweet clover, soy beans, etc., but also in many cases for red and alsike clovers, peas, beans and other legumes. Investigations have indicated that the wet method of inoculation, whereby the seed is moistened as the culture is ap- plied, is more reliable than the recent- ly devised dry method in which a dry powdery culture is used with the seed dry. Although this latter method is Inoculation is strongly recommended when a legume crap is being seeded for the first time, or in cases where pre- vious crops have been unsuccessful, es- pecially of soil and climatic conditions have been otherwise favorable. It is furthermore advisable when a legume is to be grown after a lapse of several For full information regarding rasp- berry diseases and the certification of stock, write the above office or the Do- minion Botanist, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, for comes of Dominion Department of Agriculture Pamphlets No. 120 and 130 New Series. SOME POINTERS 0N certified stock at least 320 feet from nearby or culitivated raspberries as this will minimize the amount of spread which might occur from such sources. Lemons ...................................... doz. 25c Grapefruit, ............ 5 for 25¢: 3 for 19¢ Garafraxa St., Durham LEGUME INOCULATION whispered: “Shall we let them enjoy themselves a. little longer, or do you think you’d better begin your speech It was getting very close to the time for the celebrated guest to make his speech. The chairman, looking about the table, came over to the speaker and chance for the culture to perform its useful work. ulate, since inoculation costs little in comparison with the price of seed and in many cases may be the deciding fac- tor in success. It should be kept in mind however, that inoculation is but one factor in legume production. and thct the better the seed. climatic and cultur- al conditions, the better will be the handier, comparative tests have shown the older wet method to produce better nodulation of the plants. Experiments have also shown that it is best to in- oculate just before sowing and that fresh cultures are better than old. Some of the most dependable commercial cultures now on the market are labelled with the date beyond which they are not considered reliable. When there is any doubt the best policy is to inoc- DURHAM Let Us Quote On Your Next Order Counter Check Books Quality and Workmanship Guaranteed. The Chronicle We have them in all styles and sizes Mincemeat, special ...................... lb. 5c English Multiplire Seed Onions, lb. 5c Celery Hearts .................................. 25c “The sanded. career my woman cw haveistobethewtfeofamepofcen- tumâ€"Mrs. A. A. Milne. Keynes m mm m that demand was a policy which benentted the deb and banned the poor. [about evolving plans to improve con- ditions. Mr. Massey is a patriotic and unselfish Canadian and had used his Opportunity of meeting people across Canada to acquaint them with the ad- vanced program of the above mention- ed professors and citizens. Mr. King in dealing with the money question. inflation. deflation, etc., can- fuaed the two and quoted Proteuor Keynes presumably to prove that infla- Universities by well-informed and high- minded professors and citizens who. aemmgthebocourcounwnmm organizing for the Liberal party; that he had become interested in the League for Social Reconstruction which has Continued from page 3.) Plenipotentiary in Washingtoc M.Iny5.lflz MACPHAIL‘S LETTER Phone 58 It